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None of these things is taught explicitly in Zen. Instead they<br />

are discovered waiting in our consciousness after all else has<br />

been swept away. A scornful twelfth-century Chinese scholar<br />

summarized the Zen method as follows: "Since the Zen masters<br />

never run the risk of explaining anything in plain language, their<br />

followers must do their own pondering and puzzling—from which a<br />

real threshing-out results." In these pages we will watch the<br />

threshing-out of Zen itself—as its masters unfold a new realm of<br />

consciousness, the Zen experience.<br />

TAOISM: THE WAY TO ZEN<br />

Taoism is the original religion of ancient China. It is founded on<br />

the idea that a fundamental principle, the Tao, underlies all<br />

nature. Long before the appearance of Zen, Taoists were<br />

teaching the superiority of intuitive thought, using an antiintellectualism<br />

that often ridiculed the logic-bound limitations of<br />

conventional Chinese life and letters. However, Taoism was<br />

always upbeat and positive in its acceptance of reality, a quality<br />

that also rubbed off on Zen over the centuries. Furthermore, many<br />

Taoist philosophers left writings whose world view seems almost<br />

Zen-like. The early Chinese teachers of meditation (called dhyana<br />

in Sanskrit and Ch'an in Chinese) absorbed the Taoist tradition of<br />

intuitive wisdom, and later Zen masters often used Taoist<br />

expressions. It is fitting, therefore, that we briefly meet some of<br />

the most famous teachers of Chinese Taoism.<br />

LAO TZU<br />

One of the most influential figures in ancient Chinese lore is<br />

remembered today merely as Lao Tzu (Venerable Master). Taoist<br />

legends report he once disputed (and bettered) the scholarly<br />

Confucius, but that he finally despaired of the world and rode an<br />

oxcart off into the west, pausing at the Han-ku Pass—on the<br />

insistence of its keeper—to set down his insights in a fivethousand-character<br />

poem. This work, the Tao Te Ching (The Way<br />

and the Power), was an eloquent, organized, and lyrical<br />

statement of an important point of view in China of the sixth<br />

century B.C., an understanding later to become an essential<br />

element of Ch'an Buddhism.<br />

The word "Tao" means many, many things—including the elan<br />

vital or life force of the universe, the harmonious structuring of

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