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Tibetan legends his parents sent him away from home at seven<br />

because an astrologer had predicted his early death and they<br />

wished to be spared the sight. But he broke the spell by entering<br />

Buddhist orders, and went on to become the faith's foremost<br />

philosopher.<br />

Today Nagarjuna is famous for his analysis of the so-called<br />

Wisdom Books of Mahayana, a set of Sanskrit sutras composed<br />

between 100 B.C. and A.D. 100. (Included in this category are<br />

The Perfection of Wisdom in 8,000 Lines, as well as the Diamond<br />

Sutra and Heart Sutra, both essential scriptures of Zen.)<br />

Nagarjuna was the originator of the Middle Path, so named<br />

because it strove to define a middle ground between affirmation of<br />

the world and complete negation of existence.<br />

Reality, said Nagarjuna, cannot be realized through<br />

conceptual constructions, since concepts are contained inside<br />

reality, not vice versa. Consequently, only through the intuitive<br />

mind can reality be approached. His name for this "reality" beyond<br />

the mind's analysis was sunyata, usually translated as<br />

"emptiness" but sometimes as "the Void." (Sunyata is perhaps an<br />

unprovable concept, but so too are the ego and the unconscious,<br />

both hypothetical constructs useful in explaining reality but<br />

impossible to locate on the operating table.) Nagarjuna's mostquoted<br />

manifesto has the logic-defying ring of a Zen : "Nothing<br />

comes into existence nor does anything disappear. Nothing is<br />

eternal, nor has anything any end. Nothing is identical or<br />

differentiated. Nothing moves hither and thither."<br />

As the Ch'an teachers interpreted the teaching of sunyata, the<br />

things of this world are all a mental creation, since external<br />

phenomena are transient and only exist for us because of our<br />

perception. Consequently they are actually "created" by our mind<br />

(or, if you will, a more universal entity called Mind). Consequently<br />

they do not exist outside our mind and hence are a void. Yet the<br />

mind itself, which is the only thing real, is also a void since its<br />

thoughts cannot be located by the five senses. The Void is<br />

therefore everything, since it includes both the world and the<br />

mind. Hence, sunyata.<br />

As a modern Nagarjuna scholar has described sunyata, or<br />

emptiness, it is a positive sense of freedom, not a deprivation<br />

"This awareness of 'emptiness' is not a blank loss of<br />

consciousness, an inanimate space; rather it is the cognition of<br />

daily life without the attachment to it. It is an awareness of distinct

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