(FINAL) Chemistry Notebook 2016-17
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On your calculator you would input 10, ^, (-), 5 and you would get 0.00001.<br />
This is also the way to find the amount of OH + that are present in a base.<br />
To find the pH: -log(concentration)<br />
To find the concentration: 10 -pH<br />
Define these terms:<br />
pH scale<br />
The pH scale is on a scale of 0-14, 7 being neutral, above 7 being basic, and below 7 being acidic. The closer the pH of a<br />
substance is to either 0/14, the stronger the acid/base is. Acids are comprised of substances with a Hydrogen ion (H+), and<br />
bases comprised of Hydroxide ions (OH-). The pH of a substance can be tested using litmus paper, and bases turn red litmus<br />
blue, and vice versa for acids. pH (or pOH) is also calculated by the -log of the concentration of Hydrogen (or Hydroxide) ions.<br />
Hydronium ion<br />
A Hydronium ion is H3O,<br />
Arrhenius acid/base<br />
Acid- any substance which deliver hydrogen ions to the solution<br />
Base- any substance which delivers a hydroxide ion to the solution<br />
This theory was very limited, becuase if a compound had a hydroxide ion or hydrogen ion, but did not release into a solution, it<br />
would not be considered an acid/base. This theory assumed that acid/base neutralize each other, then formed a water and salt.<br />
Lewis acid/base<br />
Lewis acids/bases differ from the other theories due to the fact that they don't require Hydrogen ions, nor a solvent. In basic terms,<br />
A Lewis acid is a substance that recieves/accepts electrons and a base is a substance that gives off electrons. Due to this, acids<br />
and bases are more generalized, and positive ions would generally be considered acids and negative ions bases. This theory<br />
gives a more broad category of acids and bases than the other theories.<br />
Bronsted-Lowry acid/base<br />
Acid- a substance from which a proton can be removed (proton donor)<br />
Base- a substance that can remove a proton from an acid (proton acceptor)<br />
Strong acid/base<br />
A strong acid or base is constituted of a base (with a high pH) / acid (with a low pH) that readily gives away its hydrogen atoms.<br />
These mostly consist of ionic compounds, seeing as they are more likely to give away a hydrogen when reacting with another<br />
compound, which makes it a stronger base/acid.<br />
Weak acid/base<br />
A weak acid or base is constituted of a base (with a pH closer to 7) / acid (with a low pH) that readily gives away its hydrogen atoms.<br />
These mostly consist of ionic compounds, seeing as they are more likely to give away a hydrogen when reacting with another<br />
compound, which makes it a stronger base/acid.<br />
Neutralization reaction<br />
A neutralization reaction is when an acid destroys the chemical properties of a base, as well as the base destroying the chemical<br />
properties of the acid at the same time, therefore neutralizing each other.<br />
Titration<br />
Titration is a process used to determine the concentration of an unkown substance, using a substance with a known<br />
concentration.<br />
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