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Analysis of Ancient Mosaic Images for Dedicated ... - Institut Fresnel

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xviii<br />

14.4.1 Direct Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419<br />

14.4.2 Inverse Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419<br />

14.4.3 Experimental Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421<br />

14.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423<br />

14.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423<br />

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426<br />

15 Digital Reproduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Mosaic</strong>s 431<br />

Sebastiano Battiato, Gianpiero Di Blasi, and Giovanni Gallo, Giovanni Puglisi<br />

15.1 Art and Computer Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431<br />

15.2 History <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Mosaic</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432<br />

15.3 The Digital <strong>Mosaic</strong> Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434<br />

15.4 The Crystallization <strong>Mosaic</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435<br />

15.5 The <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Mosaic</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438<br />

15.6 The <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Mosaic</strong>s in a 3D environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442<br />

15.7 Final Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446<br />

15.7.1 Final Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448<br />

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449<br />

16 <strong>Analysis</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Mosaic</strong> <strong>Images</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Dedicated</strong> Applications 453<br />

Lamia Benyoussef and Stéphane Derrode<br />

16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453<br />

16.1.1 Some Historical Facts about <strong>Mosaic</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454<br />

16.1.2 <strong>Mosaic</strong>s, <strong>Images</strong> and Digital Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455<br />

16.2 Recent Image Processing Projects Concerned with <strong>Mosaic</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457<br />

16.2.1 St. Vitus Cathedral <strong>Mosaic</strong> Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458<br />

16.2.2 Arabo-moresque and Islamic <strong>Mosaic</strong> Pattern Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458<br />

16.2.3 Roman <strong>Mosaic</strong>s Indexation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459<br />

16.3 Tesserae Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460<br />

16.4 Tessera-based Segmentation and Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462<br />

16.4.1 Segmentation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Mosaic</strong> <strong>Images</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464<br />

16.4.2 Tessera-based Coding and Lossy Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464<br />

16.5 Guidelines Estimation <strong>for</strong> <strong>Mosaic</strong> Structure Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468<br />

16.6 Open Issues and Research Directions in <strong>Mosaic</strong> Image <strong>Analysis</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470<br />

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474<br />

17 Copyright Protection <strong>of</strong> Digital <strong>Images</strong> <strong>of</strong> Cultural Heritage 479<br />

Vito Cappellini, Roberto Caldelli, Andrea Del Mastio, Francesca Uccheddu<br />

17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480<br />

17.1.1 A Brief History <strong>of</strong> Watermarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480<br />

17.1.2 Watermarking Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480<br />

17.1.3 Watermarking Application Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482<br />

17.2 2D Watermarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485<br />

17.2.1 Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486<br />

17.2.2 Insertion <strong>of</strong> Multiple Watermarking Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487<br />

17.2.3 Robustness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487<br />

17.2.4 Blind and Non-blind Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

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