10 december 2017_final

DL-SW-01/4087/15-17 

Regd. No. RN 36834/80 

BULLETIN 

December 2017 

I.S.S.N: 2348 – 1137 

Vol. 37, No. 7 - December, 2017 

MONTHLY BULLETIN POSTED NEW DELHI, P.S.O. 

News and Features Agency in English and Hindi 

Price Rs - 10/- 

News From Non - Aligned World 

What’s New ? 

Indonesia-Tunisia bilateral 

relations 

NAM and human security 

Non-Aligned Movement’s efforts 

to curb increasing worldwide hunger 

Poverty Reduction strategy in 

NAM Member States 

NAM calls for comprehensive 

approach towards the issue of 

missiles 

NAM highlights the significance 

of UNCLOS 

Illiteracy a hurdle in development 

NAM attaches importance to 

promoting cultural diversity 

Website : www.e-nnw.com 

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Vol. 37, No.7 

Month of Publishing - December, 2017 

I.S.S.N: 2348 – 1137 

Regd. No. RN 36834/80 

DL-SW-01/4087/15-17 

Dr.(Mrs.) Pramila Srivastava 

Dr. Ankit Srivastava 

Himanshu Sharma 

Sujay Dhawan 

Pawan Kumar 

- Editor-in-Chief 

- Editor 

- Deputy Director, Research 

- Director, Administration 

- Director, Development 


A-2/59, Safdarjung Enclave 

New Delhi - 110029 

(India) 

Ph. No. : +91-11-26102520 

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E-mail 

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: Dr.(Mrs.)Pramila Srivastava 

: Sudhir Printers, 151, Desh Bandhu Gupta Market, 

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Index 

• Indonesia-Tunisia bilateral relations Pg.08 

• NAM and human security Pg.09 

• Non-Aligned Movement’s efforts to curb increasing Pg.10 

worldwide hunger 

• Poverty Reduction strategy in NAM Member States Pg.11 

• NAM calls for comprehensive approach towards Pg.12 

the issue of missiles 

• NAM highlights the significance of UNCLOS Pg.13 

• Illiteracy a hurdle in development Pg.14 

• NAM attaches importance to promoting Pg.15 

cultural diversity 

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From Editor’s Desk 

Non-Aligned Movement is based on the principles of peace, 

respect for rule of law and mutual respect. In this context, 

NAM has placed great significance on disarmament as well 

as respect for international law. NAM Member States have 

stood for disarmament. The Movement has thus called for a 

comprehensive approach towards the issue of missiles. 

NAM respects the principles of international law. NAM regards 

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 as one 

of the most comprehensive legal instruments negotiated under 

the auspices of the United Nations. 

Promotion of human security is also an important objective 

pursued by NAM Member States. NAM Member States have 

undertaken a number of policy measures to address the issue 

of poverty, income inequality and illiteracy. 

The Movement also attaches great significance towards the 

promotion of cultural diversity. 

Dr. (Mrs.) Pramila Srivastava 

Editor - in - Chief 

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News From Non -Aligned World 

Indonesia-Tunisia bilateral relations 

By IINS Research Team 

The recent visit of Indonesian Foreign Minister Retno 

Marsudi to Tunisia and the meeting between the 

Foreign Ministers of the two nations held in Tunis in 

October 2017 has further strengthened the bilateral 

relations between the two. 

Both Indonesia and Tunisia have based their foreign 

policy ideals on the principles of the Non-Aligned 

Movement. Besides the Non-Aligned Movement, the 

two nations participate in other multilateral forums 

such as the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC). 

“At the 10th Tunisia-Indonesia Joint Ministerial 

Session, both the nations agreed to increase 

cooperation in the field of counter terrorism, 

including in the context of intelligence cooperation, 

the prevention of funding for terrorism, the handling 

of foreign terrorist figures (FTF), as well as the 

radicalized program and interfaith dialogue. In this 

regard, the two Foreign Ministers of the two countries 

agreed to encourage the immediate completion of the 

MoU on counterterrorism cooperation” 

Indonesian contacts with Tunisia predates the latter’s 

independence in 1956. The relations and cooperation 

between the two countries started with the visit of 

Tunisian freedom fighter Habib Bourguiba to Jakarta 

followed by the establishment of Tunisian independence 

representative office in the city in 1952 to lobby the 

Asian nations support for Tunisian independence. 

Characters of the Tunisian independence movement 

were present at the Asian-African Conference in 1955, 

and then then Indonesia President Sukarno allowed 

the opening of Tunisia’s struggle for independence in 

Jakarta. Indonesia opened the Embassy in Tunis in 

1960, which also marked the opening of diplomatic 

relations between the two countries. The Tunisian 

Embassy in Jakarta opened on 14 October 1987. 

The issue of democracy is an important highlight in 

Indonesia-Tunisia relations. Tunisia has high regards for 

the successful functioning of democracy in Indonesia. 

During the transition period in Tunisia, the Indonesian 

government through Institute for Peace and Democracy 

(IPD) held a Workshop on Indonesia – Tunisia Capacity 

Building Partnership for Democracy: Dialogue on 

Empowering the Electoral Management Bodies from 

10-16 May 2013. The Dialogue aimed to accommodate 

the sharing of experiences and lesson learned on 

managing a peaceful and successful election with 

a legitimate result as well as establishing political 

consensus, particularly during the time of political 

transition. During the 2014 Indonesian presidential 

election, a group of representatives from Tunisia 

visited to Indonesia for observing the electoral process 

in the country. In 2014, when the implementation of 

democratic transition in Tunisia took place, it was 

applauded by the Indonesian political class, civil 

society, and the press. In an editorial Jakarta post 

lauded Tunisia for the nation’s strong commitment to 

transform itself into a fully democratic state. 

There are robust political ties between the two nations 

and both the nations strongly espouse the cause of the 

other in various multilateral forums. Tunisia supported 

the nomination of Indonesia in the UN Industrial 

Development Council (UNIDO) and International 

Maritime Organization Council Category while Indonesia 

supported Tunisia’s nomination in the Council of the 

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization 

(FAO) and the Inter-governmental Committee for 

Physical Education and Sport (IGCPES). 

At the 10th Tunisia-Indonesia Joint Ministerial Session, 

both the nations agreed to increase cooperation in the 

field of counter terrorism, including in the context of 

intelligence cooperation, the prevention of funding 

for terrorism, the handling of foreign terrorist figures 

(FTF), as well as the radicalized program and interfaith 

dialogue. In this regard, the two Foreign Ministers of 

the two countries agreed to encourage the immediate 

completion of the MoU on counterterrorism cooperation. 

There are strong economic ties between the two 

nations. The current volume of trade between Tunisia 

and Indonesia is between 120 and 150 million dinars 

(between 48 and 60 million U.S. dollars). The current 

investment of Indonesian companies in Tunisia has 

reached more than US $ 100 million in the oil and gas 

sector. Indonesia’s main export products to Tunisia 

are palm oil and its derivatives, while from Tunisia to 

Indonesia is the date. In 2014, the Tunisia Indonesia 

Business Association (TIBA) was inaugurated. TIBA 

is a forum of association for the enhancement of 

relations and cooperation network between Indonesian 

Contd.....On Page 16 

December, 2017 

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NAM and human security 

The emergence of new security threats has led to a 

reconceptualization of the concept of security. Security 

in a post-Cold War world is not merely an absence 

from armed threat or war. The concept has undergone 

an expansion and has been moving away from 

traditional, state-centric conceptions of security that 

focused primarily on the safety of states from military 

aggression, to one that concentrates on the security 

of the individuals, their protection and empowerment. 

The term Human Security was first popularized by the 

United Nations Development Program in the early 1990s. 

It emerged in the post-Cold War era as a way to link 

various humanitarian, economic, and social issues in 

order to alleviate human suffering and assure security. 

The Commission for Human Security defines human 

security thus: “Human security means protecting 

fundamental freedoms – freedoms that are the essence 

of life. It means protecting people from critical (severe) 

and pervasive (widespread) threats and situations. It 

means using processes that build on people’s strengths 

and aspirations. It means creating political, social, 

environmental, economic, military and cultural systems 

that together give people the building blocks of survival, 

livelihood and dignity”. As a people-centered concept, human 

security places the individual at the ‘centre of analysis.’ 

Non-Aligned Movement has reaffirmed the commitment 

to discuss and define human security in the UN 

General Assembly, in conformity with the principles 

enshrined in the Charter and taking into consideration 

the common understanding of the notion of the human 

security in General Assembly resolution 66/290. The 

UNGA Resolution 66/290 states that human security is 

an approach to assist Member States in identifying and 

addressing widespread and cross-cutting challenges 

to the survival, livelihood and dignity of their people. 

In accordance with the above UNGA resolution, NAM 

recognises that human security entails the right of 

people to live in freedom and dignity, free from poverty 

and despair. All individuals, in particular vulnerable 

people, are entitled to freedom from fear and freedom 

from want, with an equal opportunity to enjoy all 

their rights and fully develop their human potential. 

NAM Member States have implemented a range 

of national initiatives to promote human security. 

Mongolia is endeavouring to ensure human security of 

its people through both national action and international 

cooperation. Mongolia launched in late 2000 the Good 


By Dr. Ankit Srivastava, Editor 

Governance for Human Security Program aimed at 

improving the capacity to formulate and implement 

policies to ensure human security. This has resulted in 

securing national commitment by all the branches of 

the State power to its implementation; institutionalize 

the program’s implementation mechanism; and lay the 

groundwork for greater involvement and participation 

of the civil society, private sector and academia. 

“NAM Member States have implemented a range 

of national initiatives to promote human security. 

Mongolia is endeavouring to ensure human security 

of its people through both national action and 

international cooperation. Mongolia launched in 

late 2000 the Good Governance for Human Security 

Program aimed at improving the capacity to formulate 

and implement policies to ensure human security. This 

has resulted in securing national commitment by all 

the branches of the State power to its implementation; 

institutionalize the program’s implementation 

mechanism; and lay the groundwork” 

In Ecuador, the inclusion of human security in 

Ecuador’s constitution which is currently being 

realized through Plan Ecuador, a people-focused, 

preventive and multidimensional framework, aims to 

solve the interrelated problems of poverty, exclusion 

and violence. In Kenya, The Kenya Vision 2030 is the 

national long-term development blue-print that aims to 

transform Kenya into a newly industrialising, middleincome 

country. The Vision comprises of three key pillars: 

Economic; Social; and Political. The Economic Pillar 

aims to achieve an average economic growth rate of 10 

per cent per annum and sustaining the same until 2030. 

The Social Pillar seeks to engender just, cohesive 

and equitable social development in a clean and 

secure environment, while the Political Pillar aims 

to realise an issue-based, people-centred, resultoriented 

and accountable democratic system. 

The Movement further recognises that human 

security calls for people-centred, comprehensive, 

context-specific and prevention-oriented responses 

that strengthen the protection and empowerment 

of all people and all communities and that human 

security recognizes the inter-linkages between peace, 

development and human rights, and equally considers 

civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. 

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December, 2017


Non-Aligned Movement’s efforts to curb 

increasing worldwide hunger 


“Hunger is not an issue of charity. It is an issue of 

justice.” 

- Jacques Diouf 

The need for NAM back then during Cold War ushered 

in with factions dividing the world into two grabbing 

for power creating a vacuum between US led West and 

Soviet Union leading the East turning other nations as 

mere pawns to their own game of power and authority 

on the global chessboard. 

However, NAM came into existence bringing a 

balanced outlook and catering and protecting also 

while strengthening the developing countries. But 

in the present where the relevance of NAM has been 

questioned again and again Non-Aligned Movement 

has a very relevant and vital part to play with certain 

important issues facing the Southern countries on the 

globe. Of all poverty, illiteracy and space and hunger 

management rank at the top. 

In the 1994 Cartagena summit, the member nations 

of NAM clearly stated that from now on, the economic 

development of the countries will be given topmost 

priority and certain steps will be taken to resolve the 

financial crisis of these countries. In this regard, NAM 

stressed the strengthening of the “United Nation’s 

capacity and effectiveness in the field of development”. 

In the Cartegena summit, it has been stated that, 

although the general economic situation has recovered 

distinctly, in many cases, this development has 

benefited only a few who have accumulated unnecessary 

amounts of wealth and power, while unemployment, in 

various regions, has reached to an alarming magnitude 

and poverty is spreading inexorably, giving rise to grim 

social imbalances. 

The curse of hunger continues to terrorize and has 

dramatically increased and illiteracy continues, 

however, to be one of the greatest obstacles to the 

efforts to improve the living conditions of our peoples. 

Moreover, wide sectors of our societies continue to 

lack basic medical services, including drinking water, 

to satisfy their primary needs for survival. The Non- 

Aligned Movement continues to strive for peace, 

independence, sovereign equality of the States and 

non-intervention in their internal affairs, which some 

are now trying to disregard. At the same time will 

continue unflinchingly to work towards the economic 

and social betterment, the strengthening of democracy 

and the free determination of the peoples. 

This summit made it clear that from now on NAM will 

work to: 

1. “to promote the restructuring, revitalization and 

democratization of the United Nations based on the 

principles contained in its Charter, as well as the 

restructuring of the international financial system, 

including the Bretton Woods institutions, all in basis of 

the principle of sovereign equality of States.” 

2. “We consider essential the complete fulfilment of 

commitments agreed upon at the Children’s Summit 

at New York, the United Nations Conference on 

Environment and Development at Rio De Janeiro, the 

World Assembly of the Group of Education for All at 

Jon-Tien, the World Conference on Human Rights in 

Vienna, the International Conference on Population 

and Development at Cairo, the World Summit on 

Social Development at Copenhagen, and the IV World 

Conference on Women in Beijing, as well as those 

agreed on at the Uruguay Round.” 

3. “We shall persevere in our call for a once-and-forall 

settlement of the debt problems of the developing 

countries, including, in particular, multilateral, and the 

cancellation of debt of the least developing countries.” 

4. “Pursue reduction of military expenditures with the 

aim of devoting such resources towards the economic 

and social development of our peoples.” 

5. “We commit ourselves to eradicate illiteracy and 

poverty.” 

In addition, NAM has created three committees to resolve 

the issue of poverty and hunger, and to strengthen the 

economic condition of its member countries through 

co-operation, Standing Ministerial Committee for 

Economic Cooperation, High-Level Working Group for 

the Restructuring of the United Nations and Working 

Group on Human Rights. 


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Poverty Reduction strategy in 

NAM Member States 


“Lack of power is a universal and basic characteristic of 

poverty. Poverty is not solely a lack of income, but rather 

is characterized by a vicious cycle of powerlessness, 

stigmatization, discrimination, exclusion and material 

deprivation, which all mutually reinforce each other.” 

- Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona (2013) 

In post-Cold War era, with the resolution of peace and 

disarmament, self-determination, economic equality, 

cultural equality and multilaterism, newly independent 

countries yoked together and refused to align 

themselves with any block or alliance led by the Unites 

States and Soviet Russia. At the Bandung Conference, 

in 1955, twenty nine Asian-African countries marked 

themselves as Neutral to power politics and zeroed down 

five principles called “Panchsheel” based on mutual 

“Non Aligned Movement has been successful 

in retaining neutrality during and after the 

Cold War. Arab, India, Yugoslav, Africa, Latin 

America were suffering both ideologically and 

psychologically as well as economically and 

socially after the WWII. Non-Alignment was 

a means to rebuild the politics of the country 

that needed to achieve a genuine national 

renaissance. The world of newly emergent 

countries is poverty-stricken and oppressed that 

long for a revolution of civilization. According to 

NAM, it is empowerment that can aid in bringing 

the NAM populace above poverty level” 

co-existence. India’s then Prime Minister Jawaharlal 

Nehru was believed to be the architect of this Non- 

Aligned Movement. While Fidel Castro announced 

the humanitarian zeal of the Movement, Non-Aligned 

Movement was founded to meet the fundamental 

needs of people struggling to achieve freedom, equality, 

justice, peace and emancipation from the colonialism, 

neo-colonialism, racism and hegemony by a repudiation 

of regimes founded on relation of dependency and 

dominion. It is in one way a positive treatise that aimed 

to avoid hostility to other countries and safeguard 

peace. 

Non Aligned Movement has been successful in retaining 

neutrality during and after the Cold War. Arab, India, 

Yugoslav, Africa, Latin America were suffering both 

ideologically and psychologically as well as economically 

and socially after the WWII. Non-Alignment was a 

means to rebuild the politics of the country that needed 

to achieve a genuine national renaissance. The world 

of newly emergent countries is poverty-stricken and 

oppressed that long for a revolution of civilization. 

According to NAM, it is empowerment that can aid 

in bringing the NAM populace above poverty level. It 

believes empowerment happens when individuals 

and organized groups are able to imagine their world 

differently and to realize that vision by changing the 

relations of power that have kept them in poverty, 

restricted their voice and deprived them of their 

autonomy. 

NAM understands that poverty remains a challenge 

forcing people to face other adverse conditions such 

as high levels of unemployment, food insecurity, and 

inadequate access to basic services such as energy 

(electricity); water and sanitation; health; and education 

services especially in rural and very remote areas. In this 

regard measures should provide people with tools that 

build resilience and self sufficiency to break the cycle 

of poverty. NAM suggests few basic means to empower 

the masses, thereby aiding in poverty reduction in NAM 

member states: 

Economic 

The main driver of empowerment is economic: 

Governments’ main role should be to deliver inclusive, 

pro-poor growth. In this approach, both the quantity 

and quality of a country’s growth are decisive in 

empowering poor people, both directly, in terms of 

liberating them from hunger and want, and indirectly, 

by providing them with the means to acquire education, 

voice and agency. Historical examples include the postwar 

reconstruction of Europe and Japan, and more 

recently, successive waves of East Asian “tigers” or 

Botswana’s sustained growth record. 

Social policy 


Governments such as Sri Lanka, or more recently, 

Brazil have used effective social policy to empower 

people living in poverty by providing access to quality 


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NAM calls for comprehensive approach 

towards the issue of missilesBy IINS Research Team 

Missiles continue to be a focus of increased international 

attention, discussion and activity. Their potential to 

carry and deliver weapons of mass destruction (WMD) 

payload quickly and accurately makes missiles a 

qualitatively significant political and military issue. 

In addition, the diversity of international views on 

matters related to missiles poses a particular challenge 

for efforts to address the issue in multilateral fora. 

These concerns are related to, inter alia, the increasing 

number, range, technological sophistication and 

geographic spread of missiles and their capability of 

delivering weapons of mass destruction, in particular 

nuclear weapons, as well as conventional weapons, 

missile defences and their strategic consequences, the 

potential use of space-launch vehicle technology for the 

development of missiles, the role of missiles in military 

doctrines as well as the role and scope of confidencebuilding 

measures 

NAM Member States are committed to establishing a 

peaceful international order based on a rule of law. As 

part of promoting the principle of disarmament, NAM 

has highlighted the need for a multilaterally negotiated, 

universal, comprehensive, transparent and nondiscriminatory 

approach toward the issue of missiles in 

all its aspects as a contribution to international peace 

and security. NAM has expressed its support for efforts 

to be continued within the UN to explore further the 

issue of missiles in all its aspects. 

In this regard, NAM has emphasized the contribution 

of peaceful uses of space technologies, including space 

launch vehicle technologies, to human advancement, 

such as for telecommunications and data gathering on 

natural disasters. The Movement has emphasized the 

need to keep the issue of missiles in all its aspects on 

the agenda of the UN General Assembly and welcomed 

that the Panel of Governmental Experts established 

in accordance with Resolution 59/67 successfully 

concluded its work in 2008 and submitted its report to 

the 63rd session of the UN General Assembly. 

The Movement has encouraged follow up efforts 

to further examine the elements contained in the 

conclusions of the UN Secretary- General’s Report 

A/63/176. The report discusses the background and 

present situation with regard to missiles, and identifies 

a number of key issues which should be taken into 

account in order to address, in a comprehensive 

manner, the issue of missiles in all its aspects. These 

issues include, inter alia, the global and regional 

security backdrop which provides the motivation (or lack 

thereof) for missile development, testing, production, 

acquisition, transfer, possession, deployment and use; 

the circumstances of transfer to and use of certain 

types of missiles and missile technology by State or 

non-State actors; the issue of disarmament, arms 

control and non-proliferation; the interrelation between 

doctrines, strategies and missile-related behaviour; the 

relative salience of ballistic and cruise missiles as well 

as missiles as delivery vehicles for weapons of mass 

destruction or conventional arms; missile defence; and 

the increased contribution of space-based capabilities 

to a wide range of human endeavours. 

NAM agrees with the conclusion of the report that it 

is important to have continued international efforts to 

deal with the increasingly complex issue of missiles in 

the interest of international peace and security, and 

“NAM Member States are committed to establishing a 

peaceful international order based on a rule of law. 

As part of promoting the principle of disarmament, 

NAM has highlighted the need for a multilaterally 

negotiated, universal, comprehensive, transparent 

and non-discriminatory approach toward the issue 

of missiles in all its aspects as a contribution to 

international peace and security” 

to further deliberate on the issue, specifically focusing 

attention on existing and emerging areas of consensus. 

In this context, NAM has emphasized the important role 

of the United Nations in providing a more structured 

and effective mechanism to build such a consensus. 

NAM’s firm position is that pending the achievement of 

such a universal approach related to delivery systems 

for weapons of mass destruction, any initiative to 

address these concerns effectively and in a sustainable 

and comprehensive manner should be through an 

inclusive process of negotiations in a forum where all 

States could participate as equal. The Movement thus 

stresses the importance of the security concerns of all 

States at regional and global levels in any approach to 

the issue of missiles in all its aspects. 


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NAM highlights the significance of UNCLOS 


The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 

(UNCLOS), also known as the Law of the Sea Treaty, is 

the international agreement that defined the limits of 

the territorial seas of nations and the areas in which 

they could exploit marine resources. It also established 

the rules for the use of the high seas for international 

navigation, and outlined the rights and responsibilities 

of nations in the protection of the marine environment. 

The Convention, concluded in 1982 came into force in 

1994. 

More than thirty years after its opening for signature 

and twenty years after its entry into force, UNCLOS 

continues to provide an effective, comprehensive 

and overarching international legal framework for 

the oceans and seas. The UN General Assembly 

has recognized the pre-eminent contribution of the 

Convention to the strengthening of peace, security, 

cooperation and friendly relations among all nations, to 

the promotion of the economic and social advancement 

of all peoples of the world, as well as to the sustainable 

development of the oceans and seas. Because UNCLOS 

covers a wide range of ocean issues, it also provides 

the legal framework for their sustainable development. 

UNCLOS has thus emerged as an important part of 

the international legal system and also serves as an 

important instrument for the protection of the marine 

environment. 

Non-Aligned Movement regards United Nations 

Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 as one of 

the most comprehensive legal instruments negotiated 

under the auspices of the United Nations. 

The Movement has emphasized its importance for 

its States Parties as the primary instrument which, 

inter alia, confers rights on coastal states for the 

exploration and exploitation of the living and nonliving 

marine resources within national jurisdiction, 

as well as establishes a framework for access by other 

states to these resources and defines the rights and 

responsibilities of states in their use of the world’s 

oceans, including their general obligations to protect 

and preserve the marine environment. NAM has also 

highlighted the importance of the designation by the 

Convention of the seabed, subsoil and ocean floor 

beyond national jurisdiction as the common heritage 

of mankind, as well as the establishment of the 

International Seabed Authority, to organize, control 

and administer all activities of the state parties in the 

Area on behalf of the international community and 

in accordance with the pertinent provisions of the 

Convention. 

“Non-Aligned Movement regards United Nations 

Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 as one 

of the most comprehensive legal instruments 

negotiated under the auspices of the United 

Nations. The Movement has emphasized its 

importance for its States Parties as the primary 

instrument which, inter alia, confers rights on 

coastal states for the exploration and exploitation 

of the living and non-living marine resources 

within national jurisdiction, as well as establishes 

a framework for access by other states to 

these resources; and defines the rights and 

responsibilities of states in their use of the world’s 

oceans, including their general obligations to protect 

and preserve the marine environment” 

Prominent NAM Member States are party to UNCLOS. 

India is party to the United Nations Convention on the 

Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Agreement relating to the 

Implementation of Part XI of the UNCLOS; and the 1995 

United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement. India has been 

a member of the Council of the International Seabed 

Authority and its experts are elected to its Finance 

Committee and the Legal and Technical Commission. 

Also, an Indian scientist is regularly elected to the 

Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf 

established under the UNCLOS. Further, an Indian 

jurist has been an elected judge of the International 

Tribunal for the Law of the Sea since its establishment 

in 1996. 

Vietnam, another prominent NAM Member State 

has actively applied relevant provisions of general 

international law since the adoption of the UNCLOS, 

to develop its legislative and regulatory acts relating 

to the sea. In conformity with the progressive trend of 

international maritime law, Vietnam has promulgated 

“Declaration on the Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, 

Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf” in 

1977 establishing the Exclusive Economic Zone of 200 


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Illiteracy a hurdle in development 


“One child, one teacher, one book and one pen can 

change the world” 

- Malala 

In 1955, at a conference held at Bandung, Indonesia 

the Non-Aligned Movement was born. The basic 

principles or concerns of NAM are to struggle against 

all forms of imperialism, to keep co-operation and close 

terms of friendship with all countries, disarmament 

and international security so on and so forth. Basically, 

the aim of NAM is to “shape a better world”, create an 

equitable world. 

as a fundamental human right and necessary for global 

relations. They felt that illiteracy of people becomes one 

of the reasons for suffering and to attain peace in real 

sense, education for all should be promoted. 

NAM not only recurrently urges its member states to 

take heed of the steps to eradicate illiteracy but has 

launched several programs and campaigns to do so in 

several of its member states. From educating the poor, 

marginalized, unfortunate, gifted, it has also opened 

doors for illiterate adults – providing a second chance 

at life. 

“NAM has stressed the need of equality and 

development, and to realize its dream of 

a better world, NAM has given importance 

and emphasis to development of its 

member countries, eradication of poverty 

and illiteracy. The steps NAM has taken to 

eradicate poverty and establish equality 

in this world are commendable. One of the 

major concerns of the movement has always 

been upgrading the standard of living of the 

people of the member countries ” 

Although, the basic thrust of the movement is in favour 

of peace, disarmament and security, NAM has stressed 

the need of equality and development, and to realize 

its dream of a better world, NAM has given importance 

and emphasis to development of its member countries, 

eradication of poverty and illiteracy. The steps NAM has 

taken to eradicate poverty and establish equality in this 

world are commendable. One of the major concerns of 

the movement has always been upgrading the standard 

of living of the people of the member countries. 

Non-Aligned Movement in the contemporary times has 

become a means to rebuild the politics of the countries 

that need to achieve a genuine national renaissance. 

The world of newly emergent countries are povertystricken 

and oppressed that long for a revolution of 

civilization. 

After the fourth Summit in Algiers, Non-Aligned 

Movement unfurled a new campaign for justice and 

education. Non-Aligned Movement regarded education 

The National Literacy Campaign started on April 15, 

1961. On December 22, Cuban Revolutions heralded 

with the success news of the initial phase of National 

Literacy Campaign. Cuban rural illiteracy was reduced 

to 4% from 42%. Fidel Castro exclaimed that “This 

literacy campaign will give opportunities to those who 

were denied an education for economic and social 

reason….They must be helped; they must be pursued 

that they can study.” He also expressed his educational 

plans to be carried out in the fields of science and 

technology. Latin American and Caribbean Pedagogical 

University received the UNESCO award for assisting 

other countries in this innovative literacy method. 

Bolivia aims to end illiteracy by the year 2008 with the 

support of Cuba and Venezuela. Aymara and Quechua 

Indigenous people are started learning to read and 

write in their mother tongue language. 

14th Summit of Non-Aligned Movement reported that 

2.3 million people in fifteen countries, including Mexico 

and New-Zealand are presently under the scheme of 

National Literacy Campaign. Requests are coming from 

Gambia, Nigeria, Grenada, St Kitts and Navis for Cuba 

to send advisors to start the method. 

The theoretical regimes of Non-Aligned Movement have 

materialized in the means of spreading education to 

post independent countries. 

These efforts taken by NAM collectively and members 

of the collaboration in each country have started to 

make a difference which will showcase their potential 

gradually. Things have improved for better as the 

member nations have taken up things in their hands 

and have started their march to override illiteracy, 

hence preparing to combat the evils of the society one 

at a time, providing an impact on a broader scale. 


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NAM attaches importance to promoting 

cultural diversity 

By Dr. Pawan Mathur 

The 120 Member Non-Aligned Movement is no stranger 

to cultural diversity and the largest collective grouping 

of the developing world is a testament to the fact that 

the principle of unity in diversity can be achieved. 

In this context, a Political Declaration and Action 

Programme of the NAM on human rights and cultural 

diversity was adopted recently at the 72nd session of 

the UN General Assembly, where the Movement had 

organised an event: Solidarity, Dialogue and Tolerance 

in a Diverse World: Towards a Culture of Peace”. 

NAM countries also vowed to foster a culture of peace 

in line with the UN Charter towards the realisation 

of human rights while encouraging the promotion 

of cultural diversity via dialogue and cooperation. 

The Movement backs a constructive dialogue and 

cooperation on the basis of mutual respect and no 

interference in internal affairs of sovereign countries. 

NAM believes that it is necessary to have a balanced 

and comprehensive approach to fostering and ensuring 

human rights and has reiterated that economic, 

cultural and social rights should be respected as 

political and civil rights, with regards to development 

level, history and specific features of each nation. NAM 

has recognized the ever-increasing significance and 

relevance of a culture of living in harmony with nature, 

which is inherent in nomadic civilization, in today’s 

world. 

With the underlying objective of promoting cultural 

diversity, NAM has reaffirmed the importance of the 

Convention on the protection and promotion of Diversity 

of cultural expressions by UNESCO, which signed in 

2005 and entered into force on 18 March 2007, as a 

major contribution to the international community 

in the definition of a framework of the Universal 

Declaration on Cultural Diversity and called upon 

United Nations Member States to consider becoming 

parties to this Convention. While calling for promotion 

of cultural diversity, NAM follows the guiding principles 

of the above referred UNESCO Conventions. 

These guiding principles are enumerated as follows: 


communication, as well as the ability of individuals to 

“NAM believes that it is necessary to have a 

balanced and comprehensive approach to fostering 

and ensuring human rights and has reiterated 

that economic, cultural and social rights should be 

respected as political and civil rights, with regards 

to development level, history and specific features of 

each nation. NAM has recognized the ever-increasing 

significance and relevance of a culture of living in 

harmony with nature, which is inherent in nomadic 

civilization, in today’s world” 

choose cultural expressions, are guaranteed. No one 

may invoke the provisions of this Convention in order 

to infringe human rights and fundamental freedoms 

as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human 

Rights or guaranteed by international law, or to limit 

the scope thereof. 

2) States have, in accordance with the Charter of the 

United Nations and the principles of international law, 

the sovereign right to adopt measures and policies to 

protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions 

within their territory. 

3) The protection and promotion of the diversity of 

cultural expressions presuppose the recognition of 

equal dignity of and respect for all cultures, including 

the cultures of persons belonging to minorities and 

indigenous peoples. 

4) International cooperation and solidarity should be 

aimed at enabling countries, especially developing 

countries, to create and strengthen their means of 

cultural expression, including their cultural industries, 

whether nascent or established, at the local, national 

and international levels. 

5) Since culture is one of the mainsprings of development, 

the cultural aspects of development are as important 

as its economic aspects, which individuals and peoples 

have the fundamental right to participate in and enjoy. 

1) Cultural diversity can be protected and promoted 

only if human rights and fundamental freedoms, 

such as freedom of expression, information and 

6) Cultural diversity is a rich asset for individuals and 

societies. The protection, promotion and maintenance 

of cultural diversity are an essential requirement for 

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sustainable development for the benefit of present and 

future generations. 

7) Equitable access to a rich and diversified range 

of cultural expressions from all over the world and 

access of cultures to the means of expressions and 

dissemination constitute important elements for 

enhancing cultural diversity and encouraging mutual 

understanding. 

8) When States adopt measures to support the diversity 

of cultural expressions; they should seek to promote, in 

an appropriate manner, openness to other cultures of 

the world. 

NAM recognises the importance of respect and 

understanding for religious and cultural diversity 

throughout the world, of choosing negotiations over 

confrontation and of working together and not against 

each other. The Movement firmly believes that such 

values holds the key to almost all of multilateral 

objectives. 

Indonesia-Tunisia bilateral...... 

and Tunisian business actors in trade, investment, 

development and tourism. During his recent visit to 

Tunisia, the Indonesian Foreign Minister Marsudi paid 

a courtesy call to the Tunisian Prime Minister Youssef 

Chahed and during the meet economic cooperation was 

the focus of discussion. 

The two nations also cooperate in the field of capacity 

building and technical cooperation. Indonesia has 

Poverty Reduction strategy...... 

health, education, water and sanitation systems, along 

with social protection systems. 

This has enabled poor and excluded groups to acquire 

rights and voice earlier in the development trajectory, 

with no need to wait for the benefits of economic growth 

to trickle down. 

Good governance 

Contd.....from Page 8 

conducted 11 technical cooperation programs, 

followed by 34 participants from Tunisia in various 

fields such as water management , micro-financing , 

democracy, election management, anti-corruption and 

good governance. Indonesia has invited participants 

from Tunisia to participate in the Indonesia Technical 

Cooperation Program for 2018 including in agriculture, 

SMEs, maritime and fisheries, family planning and 

democracy. 


through transparency and access to information, use of 

information, decentralization, participatory governance 

reforms and communication technologies, mass registration 

drives, anti-corruption measures and ensuring access to 

justice and a free media. 

Empowerment from below 

Empowerment can be achieved through protest and 

organization by people living in poverty. 

Governments should focus on creating an enabling 

institutional environment for empowerment, for example 

The key role of the State is to respond positively to such 

pressures (and not attempt to suppress them). 

NAM highlights the significance...... 

nautical mile (nm), extending the rights of Vietnam to 

the sea, not just confined to the right to fishing rights, 

but also other sovereign rights and jurisdiction. 


Zone, thus contributing to the development and 

consolidation of the practice of States, which later on 

became an important institution of the UNCLOS. 

With this Declaration, Vietnam together with Kenya, 

Myanmar, Cuba, Yemen, Dominique, Guatemala, India, 

Pakistan, Mexico and Seychelles were the pioneering 

states in developing the concept of Exclusive Economic 

NAM thus regards UNCLOS as a significant instrument 

of international law and also highlights its importance 

for the conservation and sustainable use of marine 

biological diversity. 


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Regd. No. RN 36834/80 Total Pages - 20 

Month of Publishing - December, 2017 

Month of Posting - December, 2017 


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