p2

which is a remarkable result. A further consequence of this is that now K i j = 0, thus making the Riemann
curvature and stress-energy tensors (Riemann: R α β ~ K α β; stress-energy: T α β ~ K α β) at the throat become
zero such that the associated δ-function singularities disappear there. This means that a traveler
encountering and going through such a wormhole will feel no tidal gravitational forces and see no exotic
matter-energy (that threads the throat). A traveler stepping through the throat will simply be teleported
into the other remote spacetime region or another universe (note: the Einstein equation does not fix the
spacetime topology, so it is possible that wormholes are inter-universe as well as intra-universe tunnels).
We construct such a teleportation stargate by generating a thin shell or surface layer of “exotic” matterenergy
much like a thin film of soap stretched across a loop of wire.
2.1.2 “Exotic” Matter-Energy Requirements
Now we have to estimate the amount of negative (or exotic) mass-energy that will be needed to
generate and hold open a vm-Teleportation wormhole. A simple formula originally due to Visser (1995)
for short-throat wormholes using the thin shell formalism gives:
M
wh
r
=−
=−
c
G
throat
2
r
meter
27 throat
(1.3469 x10 kg) 1
rthroat
=−(0.709 M
Jupiter
) 1 meter
(2.12),
where M wh is the mass required to build the wormhole, r throat is a suitable measure of the linear dimension
(radius) of the throat, and M Jupiter is the mass of the planet Jupiter (1.90×10 27 kg). Equation (2.12)
demonstrates that a mass of –0.709 M Jupiter (or –1.3469×10 27 kg) will be required to build a wormhole 1
meter in size. As the wormhole size increases the mass requirement grows negative-large, and vice versa
as the wormhole size decreases. After being alarmed by the magnitude of this, one should note that M wh
is not the total mass of the wormhole as seen by observers at remote distances. The non-linearity of the
Einstein field equations dictates that the total mass is zero (actually, the total net mass being positive,
negative or zero in the Newtonian approximation depending on the details of the negative energy
configuration constituting the wormhole system). And finally, Visser et al. (2003) have demonstrated the
existence of spacetime geometries containing traversable wormholes that are supported by arbitrarily
small quantities of exotic matter-energy, and they proved that this was a general result. In Section 2.3 we
will discuss how or whether we can create such a wormhole in the laboratory.
2.2 Engineering the Vacuum
Engineering the spacetime vacuum provides a second solution that also satisfies the definition of vm-
Teleportation. The concept of “engineering the vacuum” was first introduced to the physics community
by Lee (1988). Lee stated:
“The experimental method to alter the properties of the vacuum may be called vacuum engineering…If
indeed we are able to alter the vacuum, then we may encounter some new phenomena, totally
unexpected.”
This new concept is based on the now-accepted fact that the vacuum is characterized by physical
parameters and structure that constitutes an energetic medium which pervades the entire extent of the
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