The 21st Century Charter Schools Initiative

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Figure 3. Effects on Student Test Scores 4.0 3.5 Additional months of schooling 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Average NYC charter Harlem Children’s Zone (MS) Average KIPP (MS) Houston, year one Denver, year one Math Reading Source: Dobbie and Fryer (2011a); Hoxby and Murarka (2009); Mathematica (2010); author’s data. Note: Solid bars indicate significance at the 5 percent level. One month of schooling is equal to roughly 0.08 standard deviations. MS refers to middle schools. In stark contrast, five practices—more human capital or teacher feedback, data-driven instruction, high-dosage tutoring, increased time on task, and a relentless focus on high academic expectations—were consistently found in higherachieving schools. 4 Together, these five practices explain roughly half the difference in effectiveness between charter schools. Controlling for the other four practices, schools that give formal or informal feedback (more human capital) ten or more times per semester have annual math gains that are equal to 0.6 more months of school and annual ELA gains that are equal to 0.55 more months than other schools. Schools that tutor students at least four days a week in groups of six or fewer have annual ELA gains that are equal to 0.5 more months than other schools. Schools that add 25 percent or more instructional time to the average New York City traditional public school’s time have annual math gains that are equal to 0.625 more months than other schools. Schools that prioritize high academic and behavioral expectations for all students have annual math gains that are equal to 0.55 more months and ELA gains that are equal to 0.375 more months than those schools that do not prioritize those expectations. 5 Figure 2 shows the average correlation between inputs and reading and math effectiveness, measured in additional months of schooling. Armed with these correlates of charter school effectiveness, we cannot simply wait for the expansion of successful charter schools. At their current rate of growth, it will take more than a hundred years for high-performing charter schools to educate every student in the country. For these benefits to reach the students who need them most, the United States will need to take the innovations from charter schools that have proven effective and apply them to the traditional public schools that serve most students. Applying the Lessons of Charter Schools in Public Schools Recent promising—but preliminary—evidence from demonstration projects in Houston and Denver suggests that these practices can be transferred from charters to public schools The Hamilton Project • Brookings 11
(see box “Houston Case Study” for details). In the 2010–11 school year, nine of the worst-performing schools in the Houston Independent School District participated in an experiment testing these very elements with the cooperation of the district. Starting in the 2011–12 school year, Denver Public Schools began a similar initiative in ten schools. While the data from the most recent school years are still coming in, the results thus far suggest student test scores improved dramatically. In fact, the magnitude of this increase was strikingly similar to that seen among the best charters. Figure 3 places student results from Houston and Denver in the context of high-achieving charter schools. Each bar represents the effect of these schools on students’ math and reading test scores. The results seen in Houston and Denver are comparable to those of successful charter schools. For the Houston schools, these effects are enough to close the math achievement gap between the schools in the experiment— some of the worst-performing schools in Houston—and the average Houston public school in less than two years. These test score gains are remarkable, but only insofar as they are predictive of later life outcomes. If charter schools produce high test scores but also increase the number of students who become teen mothers or who end up incarcerated, we cannot consider them successful. New evidence from a survey of Harlem Children’s Zone lottery applicants demonstrates that students who won the lottery were half as likely to have been pregnant and one-quarter as likely to have been incarcerated by the time they were surveyed at around age eighteen. Furthermore, lottery winners are 86 percent more likely to have taken the SAT and 32 percent more likely to have been accepted to college. These figures suggest that the improvement in student test scores produced by high-performing charter schools has a meaningful impact on later life outcomes as well. By disentangling which factors make charters successful and demonstrating that these factors are able to take root in traditional public schools, we have illuminated a path forward. Expanding this approach to similar schools across the country while experimenting with combinations of reforms can help us better understand what works for different schools. 12 Learning from the Successes and Failures of Charter Schools
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The Advocacy Foundation, Inc. Helpi
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Biblical Authority Deuteronomy 11:1
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Table of Contents The 21 st Century
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Introduction Purpose Charter School
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Reduced Lunch Program. Charter scho
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Accountability for Student Achievem
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The No Child Left Behind Act of 200
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State to State Charter school fundi
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schools a major part of his No Chil
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National Bureau of Economic Researc
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asic demographic, regional, or scho
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opened had closed, for reasons rang
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it, and that the problems of urban
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fact, those are the very areas wher
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The Obama administration announced
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Page 36 and 37: HOW TO START A CHARTER SCHOOL Culti
Page 38 and 39: BEFORE LAUNCHING INTO BUILDING SUPP
Page 40 and 41: WAIVERS & LEGAL AUTONOMY: Agoodchar
Page 42 and 43: Planning Tip: Divide members of you
Page 44 and 45: participating in the applicant grou
Page 46 and 47: Figure Out The Finances As a charte
Page 48 and 49: Have you Thought About Fundraising
Page 50 and 51: CASE STUDY OF A CHARTER SCHOOL IN B
Page 52 and 53: Notes
Page 54 and 55: Notes
Page 56 and 57: Attachment B No Child Left Behind C
Page 58 and 59: The Impact of the New Title I Requi
Page 60 and 61: C-5. Are there Department resources
Page 62 and 63: The Impact of the New Title I Requi
Page 64 and 65: • The statute permits the SEA to
Page 66 and 67: B. Charter Schools and the Title I
Page 68 and 69: C. Charter Schools and Supplemental
Page 70 and 71: E. Qualifications of Teachers and P
Page 72 and 73: LEA have met these requirements, th
Page 74 and 75: DISCUSSION PAPER 2012-06 | Septembe
Page 76 and 77: Learning from the Successes and Fai
Page 78 and 79: Table of Contents Abstract 2 Chapte
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 1: The Need for Innovation
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 2: Charter Schools as Incub
Page 84 and 85: Box 1. What Is a Standard Deviation
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 4: The Proposal The evidenc
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Page 92 and 93: Chapter 6: Conclusions Notwithstand
Page 94 and 95: Endnotes 1. For a recent example of
Page 96 and 97: Advisory Council George A. Akerlof
Page 98 and 99: Attachment D Charter School FAQ’s
Page 100 and 101: minority or low-income students tha
Page 102 and 103: Attachment E Budget Page 39 of 43
Page 104 and 105: 42 Other: Program Evaluation 5,000
Page 106 and 107: Notes _____________________________
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The 21st Century Charter Schools Initiative

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