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anched chains: Hexane - a 6-carbon chain rings: Isohexane - a branched-carbon chain Cyclohexane - a ringed hydrocarbon There appears to be almost no limit to the number of different structures that carbon can form. To add to the complexity of organic chemistry, neighboring carbon atoms can form double and triple bonds in addition to single carbon-carbon bonds: Single bonding Double bonding Triple bonding Keep in mind that each carbon atom forms four bonds. As the number of bonds between any two carbon atoms increases, the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule decreases (as can be seen in the figures above). Simple hydrocarbons The simplest hydrocarbons are those that contain only carbon and hydrogen. These simple hydrocarbons come in three varieties depending on the type of carbon-carbon bonds that occur in the molecule. Alkanes Alkanes are the first class of simple hydrocarbons and contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. The alkanes are named by combining a prefix that describes the number of carbon atoms in the molecule with the root ending "ane". The names and prefixes for the first ten alkanes are given in the following table. 87
Carbon Prefix Alkane Name Chemical Structural Formula atoms Formula 1 Meth Methane CH4 CH4 2 Eth Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3 3 Prop Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 4 But Butane C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH3 5 Pent Pentane C5H12 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 6 Hex Hexane C6H14 … 7 Hept Heptane C7H16 8 Oct Octane C8H18 9 Non Nonane C9H20 10 Dec Decane C10H22 The chemical formula for any alkane is given by the expression CnH2n+2. The structural formula, shown for the first five alkanes in the table, shows each carbon atom and the elements that are attached to it. This structural formula is important when we begin to discuss more complex hydrocarbons. The simple alkanes share many properties in common. All enter into combustion reactions with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor. In other words, many alkanes are flammable. This makes them good fuels. For example, methane is the main component of natural gas, and butane is common lighter fluid. CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + H2O The chemical reaction between a fuel (for example wood) and an oxidation agent. Alkenes The second class of simple hydrocarbons, the alkenes, consists of molecules that contain at least one double-bonded carbon pair. Alkenes follow the same naming convention used for alkanes. A prefix (to describe the number of carbon atoms) is combined with the ending "ene" to denote an alkene. Ethene, for example is the two-carbon molecule that contains one double bond. The chemical formula for the simple alkenes follows the expression CnH2n. Because one of the carbon pairs is double bonded, simple alkenes have two fewer hydrogen atoms than alkanes. Ethene Alkynes Alkynes are the third class of simple hydrocarbons and are molecules that contain at least one triplebonded carbon pair. Like the alkanes and alkenes, alkynes are named by combining a prefix with the ending "yne" to denote the triple bond. The chemical formula for the simple alkynes follows the expression CnH2n-2. Ethyne 88
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Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Ed
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Table E Selected Polyatomic Ions Fo
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Table H Vapor Pressure of Four Liqu
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Table K Common Acids Table N Select
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Table R Organic Functional Groups C
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Table S Properties of Selected Elem
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Table T Important Formulas and Equa
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CHEMISTRY EXAM FORMULA AND RESOURCE
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Activity Series of Metals Name Symb
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Unit 1 Measurement Lab Separation o
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Unit 5 (28 days) Chapter 10 Chemica
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30. Always lubricate glassware (tub
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Print vs. print Online vs. online P
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To use the Stair-Step method, find
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Using SI Units Match the terms in C
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Standards of Measurement Fill in th
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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION RULES How to Wr
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Convert each number from Scientific
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Significant Figures Rules There are
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How Many Significant Digits for Eac
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The following rule applies for mult
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1qt=32 oz 1gal = 4qts 1.00 qt = 946
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Chapter 6 The Periodic Table The st
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Atoms Are Building Blocks Atoms are
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Electrovalence Don't get worried ab
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Summary 35
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Research the Scientist and summariz
Page 57 and 58: Electron Configuration Color the su
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Page 69 and 70: Ionization Energy Define Ionization
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Page 73 and 74: The Nucleus A typical model of the
Page 75 and 76: Gamma Radiation After a decay react
Page 77 and 78: Nuclear Fission The word fusion mea
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Page 85 and 86: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Name of Cation Calcium
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Page 91: Orbitals Equation Lone Pairs Angle
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Page 96 and 97: Hydronium Chemical Name H3O+ Chemic
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Specific Heat Here is the definitio
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139 Step One: solid ice rises in te
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141 Step Three: liquid water rises
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Step Five: steam rises in temperatu
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145 then it is exothermic, meaning
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147 Define the types of reactions.
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149 1. If this compound was at room
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151 1. In what part of the curve wo
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Reduction Oxidation reduction react
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So far, the properties have an obvi
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The acid base theory of Brønsted a
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IV. Problems with the Theory This t
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Let's discuss significant figures a
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On your calculator you would input
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Ag+ + Cu ---> Ag + Cu2+ I have deli
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7. Half Reactions A half-reaction i
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Notice that each separate substance
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