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Learning Goal for this section: Explain and compare nuclear reactions (radioactive decay), Fision and Fusion, the energy changes associated with them and their associated safety issues Notes Section: Alfa particles have a strong nucleaus, a strong nuclear force holds it together. Alfa particle decay is when the nucleaus ejects off an alfa particle THe daughter nucleaus is what you get after the alfa particle is expelled. Beta particles are very small relative to alfa particles. The particle given off resembles the charge and mass of an electron beta particle decay may also release a positive charge this is called a positron The daughter particle goes down by one Gamma radiation is pure energy, and doesn't change the overall nucleaus but you dont get gamma radiation without an alfa or beta particle. 52
The Nucleus A typical model of the atom is called the Bohr Model, in honor of Niels Bohr who proposed the structure in 1913. The Bohr atom consists of a central nucleus composed of neutrons and protons, which is surrounded by electrons which “orbit” around the nucleus. Protons carry a positive charge of one and have a mass of about 1 atomic mass unit or amu (1 amu =1.7x10- 27 kg, a very, very small number). Neutrons are electrically “neutral” and also have a mass of about 1 amu. In contrast electron carry a negative charge and have mass of only 0.00055 amu. The number of protons in a nucleus determines the element of the atom. For example, the number of protons in uranium is 92 and the number in neon is 10. The proton number is often referred to as Z. Atoms with different numbers of protons are called elements, and are arranged in the periodic table with increasing Z. Atoms in nature are electrically neutral so the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus equals the number of protons in the nucleus. Neutrons make up the remaining mass of the nucleus and provide a means to “glue” the protons in place. Without neutrons, the nucleus would split apart because the positive protons would repel each other. Elements can have nucleii with different numbers of neutrons in them. For example hydrogen, which normally only has one proton in the nucleus, can have a neutron added to its nucleus to from deuterium, ir have two neutrons added to create tritium, which is radioactive. Atoms of the same element which vary in neutron number are called isotopes. Some elements have many stable isotopes (tin has 10) while others have only one or two. We express isotopes with the nomenclature Neon-20 or 20 Ne 10, with twenty representing the total number of neutrons and protons in the atom, often referred to as A, and 10 representing the number of protons (Z). Alpha Particle Decay Alpha decay is a radioactive process in which a particle with two neutrons and two protons is ejected from the nucleus of a radioactive atom. The particle is identical to the nucleus of a helium atom. Alpha decay only occurs in very heavy elements such as uranium, thorium and radium. The nuclei of these atoms are very “neutron rich” (i.e. have a lot more neutrons in their nucleus than they do protons) which makes emission of the alpha particle possible. After an atom ejects an alpha particle, a new parent atom is formed which has two less neutrons and two less protons. Thus, when uranium-238 (which has a Z of 92) decays by alpha emission, thorium-234 is created (which has a Z of 90). Because alpha particles contain two protons, they have a positive charge of two. Further, alpha particles are very heavy and very energetic compared to other common types of radiation. These characteristics allow alpha particles to interact readily with materials they encounter, including air, causing many ionizations in a very short distance. Typical alpha particles will travel no more than a few centimeters in air and are stopped by a sheet of paper. 53
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Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Ed
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Table E Selected Polyatomic Ions Fo
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Table H Vapor Pressure of Four Liqu
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Table K Common Acids Table N Select
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Table R Organic Functional Groups C
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Table S Properties of Selected Elem
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Table T Important Formulas and Equa
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CHEMISTRY EXAM FORMULA AND RESOURCE
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Activity Series of Metals Name Symb
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Unit 1 Measurement Lab Separation o
Page 21 and 22: Unit 5 (28 days) Chapter 10 Chemica
Page 23 and 24: 30. Always lubricate glassware (tub
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Page 27 and 28: Print vs. print Online vs. online P
Page 29 and 30: To use the Stair-Step method, find
Page 31 and 32: Using SI Units Match the terms in C
Page 33 and 34: Standards of Measurement Fill in th
Page 35 and 36: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION RULES How to Wr
Page 37 and 38: Convert each number from Scientific
Page 39 and 40: Significant Figures Rules There are
Page 41 and 42: How Many Significant Digits for Eac
Page 43 and 44: The following rule applies for mult
Page 45 and 46: 1qt=32 oz 1gal = 4qts 1.00 qt = 946
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 6 The Periodic Table The st
Page 49 and 50: Atoms Are Building Blocks Atoms are
Page 51 and 52: Electrovalence Don't get worried ab
Page 53 and 54: Summary 35
Page 55 and 56: Research the Scientist and summariz
Page 57 and 58: Electron Configuration Color the su
Page 59 and 60: Electron Configuration In order to
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Page 64: 10. Name __________________________
Page 67 and 68: Using Wikipedia, define the 8 categ
Page 69 and 70: Ionization Energy Define Ionization
Page 71: Ion Size Define Ion Size: the size
Page 75 and 76: Gamma Radiation After a decay react
Page 77 and 78: Nuclear Fission The word fusion mea
Page 79 and 80: Students will be able to predict sh
Page 81 and 82: This analysis shows that sodium has
Page 83 and 84: Metals, with only a few electrons i
Page 85 and 86: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Name of Cation Calcium
Page 87 and 88: POLAR BONDING results when two diff
Page 89 and 90: Step 6 Put the atoms in the structu
Page 91: Orbitals Equation Lone Pairs Angle
Page 94 and 95: Carbon Dioxide Chemical Name CO2 Ch
Page 96 and 97: Hydronium Chemical Name H3O+ Chemic
Page 98 and 99: Sulfur Hexaflouride Chemical Name S
Page 100 and 101: Bent: They look, well, bent. Bond a
Page 102 and 103: 4. the chlorine atom in hydrochlori
Page 104 and 105: Chapter 23 Functional Groups The st
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Page 108 and 109: anched chains: Hexane - a 6-carbon
Page 110 and 111: Isomers Because carbon can bond in
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 12 Stoichiometry The studen
Page 114 and 115: Other atomic weights are listed on
Page 116 and 117: Find Molecular Mass 1- 10 1. NaBr N
Page 118 and 119: Step 3 Always leave hydrogen and ox
Page 120 and 121: 1) ___ 2 NaNO3 + ___ 1 PbO ___ 1 P
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1) 2 NaNO3 + PbO Pb(NO3)2 + Na2O 2
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4) Double displacement: This is whe
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Determine the Type of Reaction for
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Volume to Volume Conversions: the a
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we can determine that 2 moles of HC
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111 When there is no limiting reage
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Example 7 How much 5M stock solutio
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Theoretical and Actual Yields Key T
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Review Purposes To get an over
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Chapter 14 The Behavior of Gases Th
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The learning goal for this assignme
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• When a particle is heated it st
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It is important that you realize th
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3. The pressure of nitrogen gas in
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This formula is strictly valid only
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Hydrates the water contained in a c
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Create and interpret potential ener
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Structure effects: determines what
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Specific Heat Here is the definitio
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139 Step One: solid ice rises in te
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141 Step Three: liquid water rises
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Step Five: steam rises in temperatu
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145 then it is exothermic, meaning
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147 Define the types of reactions.
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149 1. If this compound was at room
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151 1. In what part of the curve wo
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Reduction Oxidation reduction react
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So far, the properties have an obvi
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The acid base theory of Brønsted a
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IV. Problems with the Theory This t
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Let's discuss significant figures a
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On your calculator you would input
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Ag+ + Cu ---> Ag + Cu2+ I have deli
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7. Half Reactions A half-reaction i
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Notice that each separate substance
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