Skyler Wild - Final Chemistry Notebook

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Learning Goal for this section: Explain and compare nuclear reactions (Radioactive decay, fission, and fusion), the energy changes associated with them and their associated safety issues. Notes Section: Decay changes the element, you don't lose anything. Nuclar Fusion requires high energy, and pressure. Deterium= when hydrogen gets an electron. ion= charged particle Tritium= 2 neutrons Fusion= to come together Fission= to go apart After 10 half lives take place, the mass is so little that it is considered to be gone. The smaller the starting size, the less time it will take the entire sample to decay. 52
The Nucleus A typical model of the atom is called the Bohr Model, in honor of Niels Bohr who proposed the structure in 1913. The Bohr atom consists of a central nucleus composed of neutrons and protons, which is surrounded by electrons which “orbit” around the nucleus. Protons carry a positive charge of one and have a mass of about 1 atomic mass unit or amu (1 amu =1.7x10- 27 kg, a very, very small number). Neutrons are electrically “neutral” and also have a mass of about 1 amu. In contrast electron carry a negative charge and have mass of only 0.00055 amu. The number of protons in a nucleus determines the element of the atom. For example, the number of protons in uranium is 92 and the number in neon is 10. The proton number is often referred to as Z. Atoms with different numbers of protons are called elements, and are arranged in the periodic table with increasing Z. Atoms in nature are electrically neutral so the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus equals the number of protons in the nucleus. Neutrons make up the remaining mass of the nucleus and provide a means to “glue” the protons in place. Without neutrons, the nucleus would split apart because the positive protons would repel each other. Elements can have nucleii with different numbers of neutrons in them. For example hydrogen, which normally only has one proton in the nucleus, can have a neutron added to its nucleus to from deuterium, ir have two neutrons added to create tritium, which is radioactive. Atoms of the same element which vary in neutron number are called isotopes. Some elements have many stable isotopes (tin has 10) while others have only one or two. We express isotopes with the nomenclature Neon-20 or 20 Ne 10, with twenty representing the total number of neutrons and protons in the atom, often referred to as A, and 10 representing the number of protons (Z). Alpha Particle Decay Alpha decay is a radioactive process in which a particle with two neutrons and two protons is ejected from the nucleus of a radioactive atom. The particle is identical to the nucleus of a helium atom. Alpha decay only occurs in very heavy elements such as uranium, thorium and radium. The nuclei of these atoms are very “neutron rich” (i.e. have a lot more neutrons in their nucleus than they do protons) which makes emission of the alpha particle possible. After an atom ejects an alpha particle, a new parent atom is formed which has two less neutrons and two less protons. Thus, when uranium-238 (which has a Z of 92) decays by alpha emission, thorium-234 is created (which has a Z of 90). Because alpha particles contain two protons, they have a positive charge of two. Further, alpha particles are very heavy and very energetic compared to other common types of radiation. These characteristics allow alpha particles to interact readily with materials they encounter, including air, causing many ionizations in a very short distance. Typical alpha particles will travel no more than a few centimeters in air and are stopped by a sheet of paper. 53
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Reference Tables for Physical Setti
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150. 140. Table G Solubility Curves
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Table I Heats of Reaction at 101.3
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Table O Symbols Used in Nuclear Che
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0 6.941 +1 Li 3 2-1 Na 39.0983 K +1
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First Atomic Symbol Name Ionization
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Collier County CHEMISTRY EXAM FORMU
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CHEMISTRY EXAM FORMULA AND RESOURCE
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Honors Chemistry Class Policies and
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Unit 1 (22 days) Chapter 1 Introduc
Page 22 and 23: 4 Lorenzo Walker Technical High Sch
Page 24 and 25: MUSTANG LABORATORIES COMMITMENT TO
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 1 Unit 1 Introduction to Ch
Page 28 and 29: The Learning Goal for this assignme
Page 30 and 31: 2. One cereal bar has a mass of 37
Page 32 and 33: 1. How many meters are in one kilom
Page 36 and 37: RULE #3: To add/subtract in scienti
Page 40 and 41: Rule 3: A final zero or trailing ze
Page 42 and 43: 24 For addition and subtraction, lo
Page 44 and 45: Dimensional Analysis This is a way
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 4 Unit 2 Atomic Structure T
Page 50 and 51: Looking at Ions We haven’t talked
Page 52 and 53: Neutron Madness We have already lea
Page 54 and 55: Create groups for these Scientist a
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Page 60 and 61: In the space below, write the unabb
Page 62: Skyler Wild Name __________________
Page 66 and 67: The Learning Goal for this Assignme
Page 68 and 69: Atomic Size Define Atomic Size: The
Page 70 and 71: Define Electronegativity: Electrone
Page 74 and 75: Beta Particle Decay Beta decay is a
Page 76 and 77: Inside the sun, fusion reactions ta
Page 78 and 79: 58 Chapter 7 Unit 3 Ionic and Metal
Page 82 and 83: Ion Charge? What is the charge on f
Page 84 and 85: Here are some examples for you: Zn
Page 88 and 89: C 2 H 6 O Ethanol CH 3 CH 2 O Step
Page 90 and 91: Name Formula Charge Dichromate Cr
Page 93 and 94: Name Skyler Wild Date Example: Xeno
Page 95 and 96: Trioxygen Chemical Name O 3 Chemica
Page 97 and 98: Phosphorus Pentafluoride Chemical N
Page 99 and 100: 78 Finding Bond Angles, Shapes, and
Page 101 and 102: case, we count two things stuck to
Page 103 and 104: Unit 4 Chapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compo
Page 105 and 106: 84 https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/
Page 107 and 108: Introduction to Organic Chemistry T
Page 109 and 110: Carbon Prefix Alkane Name Chemical
Page 111 and 112: Unit 5 Chapter 10 Chemical Quantiti
Page 113 and 114: Learning Goal for this section: Des
Page 115 and 116: Example: Converting between mass an
Page 119 and 120: Step 5 Balance the hydrogen atoms n
Page 121 and 122: 6) ___ 1 Mn(NO2)2 + ___ 1 BeCl2 __
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The Learning Goal for this assignme
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Single Disp ----------> A+BC x BOTH
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Stoichiometry and Balanced Equation
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Step 1: 200g C3H8 is equal to 4.54
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Stoichiometry and balanced equation
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Discussion Due to chemical equilibr
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Stoichiometry Skyler Wild Molecu
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Unit 6 Chapter 13 States of Matter
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Name: Skyler W. Name: Jahrew P. Gra
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Lesson #2: A Model for Liquids: Ess
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The Learning Goal for this is: Stud
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Then substitute them into the const
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P1V1 = P2V2 T1 It is important to n
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132 Unit 7 Chapter 16 Solutions The
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The Time-Temperature Graph We are g
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Step Two: solid ice melts Now, we c
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Step Four: liquid water boils Now,
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144 The following table summarizes
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Phase Diagram Information on a Phas
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Heating Curve Information on a Phas
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Unit 8 Chapter 19 Acid and Bases Th
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The Learning Goal for this section
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This would be a generic base: XOH -
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HCl + H2O ⇌ H3O + + Cl¯ HCl - th
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Several categories of substances ca
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1. 2.82 2. 8.30 3. 0.00 4. 3.485 5.
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2. What is the oxidation number of
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One point of concern: notice that e
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Skyler Wild - Final Chemistry Notebook

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