The Interior Design of Workplace and its Impact on employee performance

<strong>The</strong> <strong>Interior</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Workplace</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>its</strong>
<strong>Impact</strong> on
Employees' Performance
Sienna Gellert
Faculty <strong>of</strong> Fine Arts, Minia University, Minia
Abstract
Better interior design is compulsory to increase employees’ productivity in
every sector either manufacturing or service. Five dimensions <strong>of</strong> interior design
were used in this study like Furniture, Noise, Temperature, Lighting <strong>and</strong> Spatial
arrangements. <strong>The</strong> major purpose <strong>of</strong> present study is to examine the relationship
between <strong>of</strong>fice interior design <strong>and</strong> employees’ productivity. In today’s
competitive business environment, corporations can no longer afford to waste
the potential <strong>of</strong> their workforce. <strong>The</strong>re are important factors in the employee’s
workplace that influence significantly on their level <strong>of</strong> motivation <strong>and</strong>
performance. <strong>The</strong> main objective <strong>of</strong> the study is to underst<strong>and</strong> the relationship
between the employees’ performance <strong>and</strong> their physical work environment. <strong>The</strong>
private sector corporations <strong>of</strong> Egypt have been chosen as the population for the
study. <strong>The</strong> study took six corporations in Cairo as a sample. <strong>The</strong> results <strong>of</strong> the
study show that <strong>of</strong>fice design has a substantial impact on the employees’
performance.
1.0 Introduction
Developing countries <strong>and</strong> their developing markets are even becoming more
competitive due to the competition <strong>and</strong> entrance <strong>of</strong> private stakeholders. So, it is
quite difficult for organizations to make their staff a loyal patron <strong>of</strong> an
organization. Employees have larger opportunities to switch to the competitors.
So situation like that it’s not affordable for enterprise to lose employees <strong>and</strong>

potential <strong>of</strong> their workforce. Fifty percent <strong>of</strong> their lives spend in indoor
environment that affect their physical <strong>and</strong> mental health (Jensen, 2005). Several
factors lead to the employees switching in competitive market literature support
that workplace/<strong>of</strong>fice interior design is important factor that affect employees’
productivity. Employees better work output <strong>and</strong> long term retention with
organization increase their productivity <strong>and</strong> this is only possible due to better
workplace environment. Previous studies reveal that <strong>of</strong>fice building <strong>and</strong>
physical workplace environment play vital role in the productivity <strong>of</strong> employees
(Carnevale, 1992; ClementsCroome, 1997). Ajala (2012) studied 2000
employees <strong>and</strong> reveal that nine out <strong>of</strong> ten said that workplace environment
affect employees attitude <strong>and</strong> increase or decrease the work productivity. In
context <strong>of</strong> Pakistan, <strong>of</strong>fice interior design is relatively a new topic. Although,
few studies are there but a thorough study <strong>of</strong> this concept is needed in different
organizational environmental management context.
Figure 1
<strong>The</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> this study is to analyze the impact <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>fice interior design on
the employee’s productivity in telecom sector <strong>of</strong> Pakistan. Although this study
is limited to <strong>of</strong>fice environment yet other features <strong>of</strong> environmental
management are not addressed in this study. <strong>The</strong> prime objective <strong>of</strong> the research
is to see the impact <strong>of</strong> interior design on employees’ productivity. <strong>The</strong> present
study is quantitative in nature. Data will be collected from the employees <strong>of</strong>
telecom sector <strong>of</strong> Sahiwal division in Punjab by using structured questionnaire.

A 200 sample size will be selected to conduct this research. Descriptive
Statistics, Correlation <strong>and</strong> Regression analysis will be used by SPSS to find out
the impact <strong>of</strong> interior design on employees’ productivity.
1.1 <strong>Interior</strong> <strong>Design</strong> affect productivity?
Employers are becoming increasingly aware that <strong>of</strong>fice
interior design can not only help retain staff, but can also attract
new talent. Everyone has a different style <strong>of</strong> working <strong>and</strong> it has
long been recognised that diverse working styles within a team can
have a positive impact. According to Harvard Business Review
there are four types <strong>of</strong> working styles within any <strong>of</strong>fice:
‣ Logical, analytical, <strong>and</strong> data-oriented
‣ Organised, plan-focused, <strong>and</strong> detail-oriented
‣ Supportive, expressive, <strong>and</strong> emotionally-oriented
‣ Strategic, integrative, <strong>and</strong> idea-oriented
Figure 2
Each <strong>of</strong> these four working styles have their positives <strong>and</strong>
negatives, but every team needs a combination <strong>of</strong> each different
working styles to bring new ideas to the group. Matthew Glenny,

Associate Director <strong>of</strong> London Unlimited, explains, “Typically staff
have been organised by job function, but productivity is now being
understood more in the context <strong>of</strong> how people are organised around
activities. This means needing quiet rooms – for anyone – when
concentration is needed or more collaborative spaces when ideas
need throwing around”. With this in mind, it is important that the
<strong>of</strong>fice environment nurtures <strong>and</strong> enhances each <strong>of</strong> these working
styles. Equally, an <strong>of</strong>fice space needs to allow space for employee
downtime.
Figure 3
It is human nature to be sensitive to your environment. We
seek to be in certain environments to suit the mood we are in, for
example, in our homes we seek comfort, security <strong>and</strong> positivity.
However, we don’t always have control on the environments we
are in <strong>and</strong> sometimes environments can have a negative impact on
a person’s mood. Neil Morrison, Human Resources Director at
Penguin R<strong>and</strong>om House, says, “Our surroundings continually
affect how we feel, whether it’s in our homes, the countryside or
even in our cars, so to think it shouldn’t happen in the <strong>of</strong>fice would
be very strange”.(mformcg.com, 2014)
More than 80% <strong>of</strong> the UK’s <strong>of</strong>fices are based in urban
environments which means employees need to ensure their <strong>of</strong>fice
st<strong>and</strong>s out from amongst the crowd. On average, UK employees
are expected to work 48 hour weeks; that’s 29% <strong>of</strong> our week spent
at work <strong>and</strong>, for most, that is only a minimum. In some companies

employees may have the option to work remotely, meaning that
they aren’t necessarily based in an <strong>of</strong>fice, however the
recent Happy Office survey revealed that flexible working left
employees feeling “disconnected from colleagues” <strong>and</strong> 66% <strong>of</strong>
people admitted to having a lack <strong>of</strong> productivity outside <strong>of</strong> the
workplace.
Office design not only retains staff, but can also attract new
talent to your business. Everyone knows that first impressions
count <strong>and</strong> when we interview new talent we expect them to turn up
well presented, so why shouldn’t this principle be the same for the
employer? It is easy to forget that an interview is a two way
process <strong>and</strong> that the interviewee is also deciding on whether they
want to work for your company or not. According to Human
Spaces, 33% <strong>of</strong> workers say that <strong>of</strong>fice design can significantly
impact their decision to accept a job <strong>of</strong>fer. Denis O’Flynn, UK
Managing Director <strong>of</strong> Pernod Ricard, explains, “Since moving 18
months ago to our new Chiswick HQ our turnover <strong>of</strong> people has
halved”.
Figure 4
<strong>The</strong>re is significant evidence that Office <strong>Interior</strong> <strong>Design</strong> can
greatly impact employee productivity, as well as staff retention <strong>and</strong>
the attraction <strong>of</strong> new talent. As a result <strong>of</strong> this, it is essential for an
employer to implement a positive work environment, whether that

e the lighting, décor or temperature to reflect the company’s core
values.(Mathew, 2016)
2.0 Research significance
his study will investigate the relationship between <strong>of</strong>fice
interior design <strong>and</strong> productivity <strong>of</strong> employees. Human resource
pr<strong>of</strong>essional continually addressing this concept <strong>and</strong> topic having
few researches in Pakistan in different industrial context as per
researcher knowledge but still there is a gap <strong>and</strong> it is a relatively
new topic in Pakistan. In Pakistan <strong>of</strong>fice or workplace environment
issue has not got that much importance. (Amina & Shehla, 2009)
explains that less importance is given to the <strong>of</strong>fice design. And it
directly affects the employees’ performance, but they are unable to
complain about that issue. Productivity effects such as negative
behavior with customers, customers’ complaints against staff <strong>and</strong>
delay in work <strong>and</strong> frustration <strong>and</strong> this will also affect their overall
lives. Present study tries to dig out the factor affects such as
furniture, noise, temperature, lighting, spatial arrangements on
employees’ productivity.
3.0 Literature Review:
3.1 Office interior design
Office design is an arrangement <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>fice accessories in such
a way that work can be performed in sophisticated <strong>and</strong> efficient
manner (BNet business Dictionary, 2008). National council <strong>of</strong>
interior design Qualification (NCIDQ) explains interior design as
an art <strong>and</strong> science arranging functional space as per requirement <strong>of</strong>
people’s behavior that are going to work there with creative <strong>and</strong>
technical ideology. <strong>The</strong> better environment <strong>of</strong> workplace increases
the chances <strong>of</strong> enterprise success <strong>and</strong> enhances the quality <strong>of</strong> work
productivity.
Quality <strong>of</strong> lifestyle also improves employees’ work
performance turnover <strong>and</strong> decreases absence rate (Hameed, 2009).

<strong>Interior</strong> design is being used by many organizations in order to
Figure 5
attract <strong>and</strong> retain their employees. American society <strong>of</strong> interior
designers (1999); (Hameed, 2009) for retaining or leaving the job
physical environment is one <strong>of</strong> the top three factors after
compensation.
3.2 Productivity
Outcome that employees can generate with minimum effort
is called productivity (Rui & Pitarma, 2003). Per hour outcome
generation <strong>and</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> outcome is known as productivity
(Sehgal, 2012). Something that increases enterprise functions <strong>and</strong>
overall all performance <strong>and</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> output (Dorgan,
1994).(Jacobs & Cairns, 2008).(Pitarma, 2014)
3.3 Relationship b/w workplace design & employees' performance
Over the years, many corporations have been trying new
designs <strong>and</strong> techniques in <strong>of</strong>fice buildings, which can promote
productivity, <strong>and</strong> attract more employees (Amina Hameed, Shehla
Amjad, 2009). Many authors have noted that, the workplace
design, along with effective management processes, is playing an
important role in increasing employees’ productivity <strong>and</strong> boosting
organizational performance (Uzee, 1999; Leaman <strong>and</strong> Bordass,

1993; Williams et al. 1985). Research by the architects, Gensler
(2005) <strong>of</strong> 200 UK business managers showed that an improved
workplace would boost employee productivity by 19 per cent <strong>and</strong>
their own productivity by 17 per cent. <strong>The</strong>se improvements have
great implications for the economy if proven. Gensler (2006)
followed up this research in a survey <strong>of</strong> 2,000 <strong>of</strong>fice employees in
the USA which showed that 90 per cent <strong>of</strong> the respondents
believed that better interior design <strong>and</strong> layout result in better
general employee performance. (Barry Chignell, 2015)
Figure 6
In the heated competition for attracting skilled workers,
design pr<strong>of</strong>essionals will be increasingly called upon to support an
organization’s goals in both performance <strong>and</strong> attraction/retention.
<strong>The</strong> American Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Interior</strong> <strong>Design</strong>ers (ASID, 1999) carried
out a study <strong>and</strong> showed that the workplace design is one <strong>of</strong> the top
three factors, which impact on performance <strong>and</strong> job satisfaction.
<strong>The</strong> study results revealed that 31 percent <strong>of</strong> employees were
satisfied with their jobs <strong>and</strong> had attractive workplace environment.
50 percent <strong>of</strong> employees were seeking jobs <strong>and</strong> said that they
would prefer a job in a corporation where the physical workplace is
favourable.

4.0 <strong>Interior</strong> design factors that impact on productivity <strong>and</strong> performance
Brill et al. (1984) ranked factors, which impact on
productivity according to their significance. <strong>The</strong> factors are
sequenced based on the importance: Furniture, Noise, Flexibility,
Comfort, Communication, Lighting, Temperature <strong>and</strong> the Air
Quality. Springer Inc (1986) stated that an insurance company in a
study showed that the ergonomic furniture increased performance
by 10 to 15 percent. Today's workforce believes a noisy work
environment inhib<strong>its</strong> effective work. Statistics from the Data
Management Association show that a lack <strong>of</strong> acoustical privacy in
open-plan <strong>of</strong>fices can reduce productivity by as much as 40 percent
<strong>and</strong> increase errors by as much as 27 percent (McLaughlin, 2000).
Figure 7
In recent studies, Lighting was found to be the main factor,
which impact on the daily <strong>and</strong> general productivity <strong>of</strong> employees in
workplaces. <strong>The</strong> Commission for Architecture & the Built
Environment <strong>and</strong> the British Council for Offices carried out a study
revealed that even simple things such as adequate lighting <strong>and</strong>
having proper daylight can decrease absentee rate by 15 per cent.
Also, they increase productivity by between 28 per cent <strong>and</strong> 20 per
cent. <strong>The</strong>re is an important effect <strong>of</strong> temperature <strong>and</strong> humidity on
how tired someone might feel, currently there are no regulations
governing high temperature levels in the workplace <strong>and</strong> the
responsibility <strong>of</strong> companies to their employees in this respect,

although the World Health Organization recommends a maximum
working temperature <strong>of</strong> 24ºC (Kathy F. Montgomery, 2004). (El-
Zeiny, 2012)
In a study, (ASID, 2002) employees were asked what they
want in their ideal workplace. Thirty percent <strong>of</strong> the employees
mentioned access as pivotal in the <strong>of</strong>fice environment. <strong>The</strong>y relate
access to the proximity <strong>of</strong> things they need, including access to
spaces that accommodate the tasks they need to accomplish, access
to <strong>of</strong>fice equipment <strong>and</strong> access to people. In the same study,
employees identified privacy as important to their ability to work
productively.
Figure 8
<strong>The</strong> opportunity to view natural settings through a window,
to human productivity <strong>and</strong> well-being is the subject <strong>of</strong> significant
research, Roger Ulrich's (2002), Texas A & M University research
team explored the links between flowers <strong>and</strong> plants <strong>and</strong> workplace
productivity. When plants <strong>and</strong> flowers were added to the work
environment, subjects in the study, both men <strong>and</strong> women
demonstrated more innovative thinking <strong>and</strong> created innovative
solutions to <strong>of</strong>fice problems (Uhich, 2003). Color also can have an
important effect on the space users when applied in the interior
environment.
A study on the effects <strong>of</strong> color on performance found that
cool colors are less arousing (i.e., visually captivating, distracting)
than warm colors <strong>and</strong> a person’s ability to screen out

environmental distractions may affect how interior color schemes
impact on their work productivity (Inform <strong>Design</strong> 2009).
5.0 <strong>Interior</strong> <strong>Design</strong> Can Improve Productivity
You may wonder what interior design could possibly have to
do with interior design. But as it turns out, there are many benef<strong>its</strong>
<strong>of</strong> it. This post will discuss four big reasons why good interior
design leads to better productivity.
5.1 A Creative Atmosphere Makes For More Creativity
A sterile <strong>of</strong>fice can create stagnation. That is not something
you want in the work force. Having an <strong>of</strong>fice setting that is
creative, warm, <strong>and</strong> open can make it easier for employees to get
their creative juices flowing.
6.0 Having <strong>Interior</strong> <strong>Design</strong> That Represents the Face <strong>of</strong> Your Company
Can Make Employees Feel Like <strong>The</strong>y Better Represent the Company
Strive to have interior design that relates to your company’s
mission. You want to create an ambiance that is in direct correlation with
what you strive to achieve. This way, employees can feel more “in their
element” when they are at work. It helps design a stronger identity for
your entity collectively <strong>and</strong> for each individual member <strong>of</strong> your team.
6.1 Better Lighting, Better Work Results
Many people suffer from headaches due to poor
lighting fixtures. <strong>Interior</strong> design can create a better
atmosphere through proper lighting. Your employees can
feel more comfortable <strong>and</strong> less stressed when they have the
proper lighting to accommodate them. Bad lighting can
create a sort <strong>of</strong> unhealthy pressure as well as distractions that
take away from important tasks.
6.2 Your Employees Will Appreciate It
When your workforce sees you put forth great effort
to accommodate them with a setting that is conducive to
their efforts for your company, they will see that <strong>and</strong> greatly

appreciate it. This develops on a strong morale <strong>and</strong> leads to a
better rapport with your employees. And these things <strong>of</strong>
course, lead to greater productivity.
n.d.)
For more information, contact us today. (Paul Smith. MBA,
7.0 How to Boost Productivity by 30 Percent: Let Your Employees
Decorate the Office
Research shows the best <strong>of</strong>fice design may be the one your people
come up with themselves.
Research shows the best <strong>of</strong>fice design may be the one your people
come up with themselves.
Figure 9
If you're looking to spruce up your <strong>of</strong>fice, there are endless experts
who are more than willing to weigh in on what the space should look like.
From pr<strong>of</strong>essional designers to creativity researchers, tons <strong>of</strong>
pr<strong>of</strong>essionals have (<strong>of</strong>ten high-priced) opinions about the ideal <strong>of</strong>fice.
But according to a new study from two psychologists at Britain's
University <strong>of</strong> Exeter, your best bet might be simpler <strong>and</strong> cheaper than
that. While you'll always need to invest in the basics <strong>of</strong> space, furniture,

<strong>and</strong> fittings, this research suggests the best arrangement for these is ...
whatever your own people come up with.
8.0 <strong>The</strong> best decoration is self-determination
As explained on the TED Ideas blog by economist <strong>and</strong> author Tim
Harford, the study compared volunteers' productivity on a routine task in
a variety <strong>of</strong> spaces. First to be compared were a minimalist <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>and</strong> one
with more amenities like potted plants <strong>and</strong> large prints. As you'd probably
expect, people got more done when they weren't forced to stare at bare
walls, <strong>and</strong> this finding that more humane spaces improve productivity is
backed by other research as well.
But that's not the most interesting bit. <strong>The</strong> research team also tested
two other types <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>fices--one in which the subjects were given a few
minutes to arrange the furniture <strong>and</strong> decorations to their own liking (this
was dubbed "the empowered <strong>of</strong>fice") <strong>and</strong> one slightly sadistic space
where they were allowed to redecorate <strong>and</strong> then forced to watch while the
researchers put everything back the way it originally was ("the
disempowered <strong>of</strong>fice").
No bonus points for guessing that the final condition was an
infuriating productivity suck--"I wanted to hit you," one participant
apparently told the experimenter--but more surprising may be the size <strong>of</strong>
the bump in output created by working in the personalized space:
"<strong>The</strong> empowered <strong>of</strong>fice was a great success--people got 30 percent
more done there than in the lean <strong>of</strong>fice, <strong>and</strong> about 15 percent more than in
the enriched <strong>of</strong>fice [the one decorated by the researchers with plants,
etc.]," writes Harford. "<strong>The</strong>se are large effects; three people in
empowered <strong>of</strong>fices achieved almost as much as four people in lean
<strong>of</strong>fices."
Control freak tendencies or design snobbishness will cost you
That's important news for bosses--you could pay three people
working in a space where people exercise some control over their
surroundings, or four <strong>and</strong> enjoy design-magazine-ready minimalist
splendor. Which would you choose?

Not only will your people get more done in a humane space, but
they'll also be happier, <strong>and</strong> that is likely to have significant, positive
knock-on effects for your business. When quizzed later by the
researchers, participants said they hated the minimalist <strong>and</strong>
disempowered spaces, but their negative feelings extended way past the
environment.
"<strong>The</strong>ir feelings <strong>of</strong> despair became all embracing: If they disliked
the <strong>of</strong>fice space, they also disliked the company that was hosting it, <strong>and</strong>
they disliked the task they were doing in it," Harford explains.
<strong>The</strong> bottom line: "<strong>The</strong> best option was to let workers design their
own space," writes Harford. "<strong>The</strong> very worst was to give them the
promise <strong>of</strong> autonomy, <strong>and</strong> then whisk it away." That holds even if you're
limiting their self-expression in the name <strong>of</strong> tidiness or good design.
Do you allow your people to put their own stamp on their
workspaces? (Jessica Stillman, 2016)
9.0 Conclusion:
Analysis <strong>of</strong> the collected data revealed that the interior design <strong>of</strong>
the workplace had a substantial influence on the employees’ performance.
<strong>The</strong> overall impact <strong>of</strong> different elements showed that furniture affects the
productivity <strong>of</strong> most employees; therefore, it is recommended that we
have to consider ergonomic furniture while buying <strong>of</strong>fice furniture. <strong>The</strong>
data also revealed that the majority <strong>of</strong> respondents lent weight to the
presence <strong>of</strong> plants <strong>and</strong> flowers.

Figure 10
<strong>The</strong> overall mean <strong>of</strong> all the factors showed that female employees
are more concerned about their workplace interior design, whereas, male
are less concerned with it.
<strong>The</strong> response, according to gender <strong>and</strong> age showed differences amongst the
responses for different elements in the workplace. Male respondents’ results
showed that they were more affected by the temperature in their <strong>of</strong>fices
followed by the spatial arrangement; however, female more affected by
privacy than male. <strong>The</strong> results also showed that the baby boom employees
are more satisfied with their workplace environment; however, generation
Y employees are more concerned with the presence <strong>of</strong> plants <strong>and</strong> outside
view than the other generations. (BondCleaningInPerth, 2018)
In conclusion, the majority <strong>of</strong> respondents believe that good
workplace interior design can make a difference in their performance, <strong>and</strong>
consequently have a positive impact on the corporations’ productivity. So
the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> the employee is worth more today than the real estate
a company occupies. <strong>Design</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essionals must exp<strong>and</strong> their knowledge
beyond real estate issues (efficiency) to underst<strong>and</strong> what makes people
perform <strong>and</strong> happy at work (effectiveness <strong>and</strong> desirability).

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