July 2018 - Sneak Peek

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WORLDWIDE IN A NUTSHELL .................... ............. BY BOB LAMB NEW CALEDONIA Status: Special Overseas Collectivity of France Population: 279,070 (2017 est.) Area: 7,172 sq. miles Currency: 1 CFP Franc= 1¢ U.S. New Caledonia is an archipelago consisting of the large island of Grand Terre, the Loyalty Islands and a number of smaller islands in the southwestern Pacific. Captain Cook discovered it in 1774 and named it after his father’s Scotland. Two decades later French navigator Antoine de Bruni visited the island. But it was the violence-ridden sandalwood trade of the 1840s that brought the first European settlers to the island. They were followed by missionaries; serious European settlement did not begin until the 1870s. France claimed New Caledonia and the neighboring Isle of Pines in 1853. The latter was included because it was one of the few sources of ship timbers in the South Pacific not under British control. Initially, the settlements were administered from French Oceania, but in 1860 New Caledonia became a colony in its own right. In 1864, France turned New Caledonia into a penal colony and annexed the nearby Loyalty Islands. That same year nickel was discovered and mining eventually made New Caledonia a wealthy colony. New Caledonia has 25 percent of the world’s nickel reserves. The French desire to attract settlers to New Caledonia led them to take land without regard for native claims. This led to several major revolts up to World War I. In the inter-war years, the local administration took advantage of high metal prices to advance local economic and social development. During World War II, New Caledonia expelled the Vichy governor and joined the Free French. Noumea became the headquarters for the U.S. forces in the southern Pacific. In 1946, the French colonial administration was restructured. New Caledonia became a French Overseas Territory, but the sentiment for independence intensified. A 1988 agreement increased power of the local government. Local pressure led to a new agreement in 1998 which made New Caledonia a special French collectivity, granting it further local control and agreeing to a later referendum on independence. This law transferred responsibility for the Post and Telecommunications Office to Noumea. The first postal service in New Caledonia was established on August 4, 1859 to transport mail from Port de France (Noumea) to Napoléonville (Kanala). A marine sergeant named Trinquerat, who ran the post office, personally pin engraved a stone France overprinted its own stamps for some colonies, including several for New Caledonia (Scott 2-39) between 1881 and 1893, Scott 3. of 50 designs of a 10-cent stamp with the image of Napoleon III. Because each image was engraved by hand, all 50 designs are different. These stamps were only valid for local use. All foreign mail was franked with stamps from New South Wales and routed through Sydney, Australia. On September 17, 1862, New Caledonia started using French colonies stamps. They were replaced in 1881 with stamps overprinted “NCE” (for Nouvelle-Caledonie etablissements). In 1892, the French Navigation and Commerce issue was released with the inscription “Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances.” That inscription was used until 1988, when it became simply “Nouvelle-Caledonie.” Stamps of New Caledonia were used in the New Hebrides until 1908 and in Wallis and Futuna until 1920. New Caledonia used the French franc until December 1945 when the CFP franc was established for use in the French Pacific colonies. The CFP was created to buffer the colonies from the impact of a dramatic devaluation of the French franc as a result of the Bretton Woods agreement. Initially, the CFP had a fixed exchange rate against the U.S. dollar. In 1949, the CFP was fixed against the franc. The introduction of the CFP resulted in an issue of surcharged stamps in 1945-46, but there was no other philatelic consequence of the new currency. 720 AMERICAN PHILATELIST / JULY <strong>2018</strong> When New Caledonia broke from the Nazi-supported Vichy government, stamps of the 1928 to 1940 series were overprinted “France Libre” to support the Free French government, Scott 222. This fake stamp shows a typical design of the first stamps of New Caledonia. In 1859, a soldier pin engraved a stone of 50 designs of a 10-cent stamp with the image of Napoleon III. This turtle-shaped souvenir sheet of four, issued in 2002, shows four native turtles that can be found at the Noumea Aquarium, Scott 899.
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July 2018 - Sneak Peek

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