ARTICLE Emerging diseases of poultry – At a glance Neeraj Thakur1, Nitish Bisht2, Chethan G.E.3, S.K. Shukla4 1Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B.P.U.A.T., Pantnagar-263145, Uttrakhand 2M.V.Sc Scholar, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B.P.U.A.T., Pantnagar-263145, Uttrakhand 3Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih-796014, Aizawl, Mizoram 4Proffesor, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B.P.U.A.T., Pantnagar-263145, Uttrakhand Emerging disease is the one whose etiology was unknown in the past or a disease which has not appeared in the past. In the past, only a few diseases were recorded in poultry as birds were reared traditionally and no quick diagnostic facilities were available. Poultry industry has grown rapidly in past few decades which have been possible due to transformation of backyard poultry farming to organized agro-industry. In the present scenario, poultry industry has progressed tremendously but along with that several newer diseases have emerged. As quick and reliable diagnostic tools are available in the present with advancement of science, so every year one or more diseases are added to the list of emerging diseases. Poultry industry provides employment for large section of the society which includes marginal and landless farmers. Poultry industry is threatened by many infectious diseases of bacterial and viral origin. For protecting poultry against many dangerous diseases vaccination is the preventive measure. During this preventive process, immune system of the host will exert selection pressure on the poultry pathogens. But vaccination alone is of no use unless it is accompanied by improvement in all aspects of management and biosecurity. Diseases like Avian Influenza, Inclusion Body Hepatitis (IBH), Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT), multidrug resistant Salmonella, Runting Stunting Syndrome (RSS) and Avian Leukosis are among the important emerging poultry diseases. Some of these disease pathogens are susceptible for point mutation during replication. As viruses keep on mutating, new virus strains will emerge and will pose new threats to poultry industry. Some of the poultry diseases which have emerged in the last decade are given here. Emerging diseases Avian Influenza: Influenza is an important disease of humans, animals and birds. Avian influenza previously known as Fowl plague or Fowl pest is caused by influenza type A virus. It naturally occurs in aquatic birds and can infect domestic poultry. Free-living and migratory birds also play an important role in spread of the disease. The disease can be divided into two categories: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI). Presently, 16 H and 9 N subtypes occur in type A influenza, but only H5 and H7 are reported to cause HPAI. Highly pathogenic avian influenza is the most pathogenic disease in terms of number of poultry birds lost. Clinical symptoms in HPAI include head oedema, cyanosis of comb, wattles and head, neurological symptoms, green to white diarrhea. Mortality rate may approach 100% in the affected flocks. In outbreak of H5 or H7 influenza, depopulation or stamping out policy is undertaken. H5N1 has also been incriminated for being the cause for pandemics. While symptoms of LPAI may include decreased egg production, mild respiratory rales and low mortality rate (5%). Influenza virus is susceptible to 70% ethanol, 1% sodium hypochlorite and formaldehyde. Disease diagnosis can be done by virus isolation and by RT-PCR. In India, High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (OIE reference laboratory) for avian influenza is situated in Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh). Inclusion Body Hepatitis (IBH): Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) which belong to the genus Aviadenovirus infect chicken. Inclusion body hepatitis is necrotizing hepatitis of chickens occurring around the globe. Broiler chicks 3-5 weeks age are most susceptible to IBH with low mortality (10%). Virus can be transmitted horizontally as well as vertically. Hepatic necrosis with microscopic eosinophilic or basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies can be seen in hepatocytes. The pathogenicity of FAdV strains varies from subclinical infections to severe diseases. Clinical signs may include anorexia, jaundice, crouched posture, weakness and ruffled feathers, while, anaemia may also be noticed in some outbreaks. Liver is pale, enlarged and mottled in appearance; intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes may be seen. Prevention of the disease in endemic areas is done by using inactivated vaccine for broiler breeding birds at about 22-24 weeks of age. The affected flock can be treated by supportive treatments to minimize the mortality by giving liver stimulants, electrolytes, multivitamins, immunomodulaters and diuretics. Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT): Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a contagious viral respiratory disease caused by Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) which is of great economic importance for the global poultry industry. Disease symptoms vary from subclinical to per-acute with significant mortalities. Chicken is the natural primary host of this virus, which has also been reported in pheasant, partridge, young turkey, and peafowl; respiratory tract is mainly affected. Chicken of all 100 <strong>November</strong>, <strong>2018</strong>
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