November 2018 Punch PDF

ARTICLE
ages can be affected but it mainly affects chicken older than 3 weeks. In severe form, infected birds have nasal discharge,
rales, coughing, gasping, marked dyspnea and expectoration of blood-stained mucus. Caseous or diphtheric plug or
tracheal core/obstructive haemorrhagic larygotracheitis, while in mild form, birds show unthriftiness, conjunctivitis, swelling
of the infraorbital sinuses with mild tracheitis. Characteristic intranuclear inclusion bodies and syncytia can be observed in
epithelial cells of larynx, trachea and conjunctiva on microscopic examination. Antibodies to ILT virus can be detected by
Virus Neutralisation (VN) tests, AGID reactions, indirect immunofluorescence or ELISA. ELISA is used for flock screening.
Disease can be controlled in endemic areas by use of attenuated live vaccine. New strains have been reported to appear
recently in Australia and ILT is being considered as an ‘‘emerging disease’’.
Multi-drug resistant Salmonella: Emergence of multi drug resistant Salmonella is a strong indication of unregulated
use of antibiotics. As different strains of Salmonella have different antibiotic susceptibilities so careful monitoring should be
done along with antibiotic susceptibility testing. Not only nationwide, but internationally, countries must cooperate to prevent
the relative spread of Salmonella to both neighboring and distant countries.
Avian Gyro Virus infection: Novel virus of family circoviridae, Gyro virus 2 has been detected from chicken flock,
which is a distant relative of Chicken Anaemia Virus (CAV). AGV-2 was mainly isolated from chickens therefore be inferred
that chickens are the main host for AGV-2.
CAV is transmitted both horizontal and vertical from infected breeder hens as CAV replication is regulated by estrogen.
CAV causes a syndrome in young broiler chicks at about 3-6 weeks of age where as in layer chicks from 8-14 weeks of
age. The disease is characterized by aplastic anemia, generalized lymphoid atrophy with a consistent immunosuppression,
depression, retarded growth and increased mortality. On the post-mortem examination atrophy of thymus and bursa and
pale bone marrow. The liver and kidney show discolouration and swelling. Confirmation can be done by isolation of virus liver
of the suspected chickens. Other tests like Virus Neutralization, indirect fluorescent antibody, indirect ELISA and Rt-PCR.
For prevention of disease the parent flocks should be immunized at onset of laying.
Runting Stunting Syndrome (RSS): Runting Stunting Syndrome is a condition affecting broiler chicken and leading to
impaired growth along with poor feed conversion, poor feathering and leg weakness and osteoporosis. The etiology of the
disease is multifactorial and mainly viral entities have been implicated. Femoral head necrosis and infectious proventriculitis
has been seen in the affected birds. Detection and isolation of Reo virus has made it possible etiological agent for the
syndrome. However an infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) -like coronavirus from the intestines of a flock of broiler chicks has
been isolated. Chicken astrovirus has also been isolated from the gut of chickens infected with Runting Stunting Syndrome.
Inactivated vaccine can be given to the broiler breeding birds at about 22-24 weeks of age to prevent the infection in
commercial chicks.
Avian Leukosis (subgroup-J): Avian Leukosis Viruses (ALVs) are a major group of retroviruses associated with neoplastic diseases
like Lymphoid Leukosis (LL) and Myeloid Leukosis (ML) in poultry. The virus spreads horizontally and vertically, and has brought increasingly
severe damage to the poultry industry throughout the world.
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