Chalkbrood - Status Today and Hopes for Control' - Golden Rule Honey

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Fungi Marthn Gillinm Introduction Chalkbrood History Distribution Etiology Treatment Bettsin alaei, the Pollen Mold History Distribution Etiology Treatment Stonebrood History Distribution Etiology Treatment Other Diseases Melanosis Other Molds Yeasts CHAPTER 5 ls i Intrc Fu centi State I{or"u crca.! if th.; ChaI cl- It is Spilt rvher are tl Dir orvin are fr Th thou, 7e63) 7968 Hi: lr{: chalk and r horre rvhet a det the n In
Introduction Fungi are common saprophytes of bees and combs' Until re- ."^tlyf fungal diseases of hott"y bees were rare in the United States. Stonebrood is still considered to be of minor importance. However, the incidence and severity of chalkbrood disease is increasing, and this disease may become a major economic problem if the trend continues. Chalkbrood Chalkbrood is a fungal disease that affects onlyhoney bee brood. It is caused by Ascoiphaera apis Maassen ex Claussen (Olive et Spiltoir), a heterothallic organism in which spores are formed only *ih"r, .ny""lia of opposite sex (* and -) come together' Spores are theniormed within dark brownish-green fruiting bodies. Diseased larvae become mummified' The mummies are white orving to the mycelium of the fungus. However, if fruiting bodies are fo"rmed, the mummies become dark gray or black (Figure 5'1)' The disease is usually transient and not considered serious, although endemic infectiron can be persistent and damaging (Bailey 1963i This disease was not reported in the United States until 1968 (Baker and Torchio 1'968). History Maassen (1913) in Germany published the first observations otr chalkbrood disease. He later $t1,6) described the associated fungus ancl named it Pericystis apis.ln 1912, Priess gave Claussen a moldy honey comli and a sla.,i culture of a fungus' He wanted to.know rvhetirer the fungus was a pathogen. Claussen (1921) published .r detailed pup", on the morphology of the fungus and retained the name Pericystis apis. In England,'Betts (1912a) describecl a hive fungus, Pericystis 79
Page 1 and 2: Introduction fIHALKBROOD is a disea
Page 3 and 4: ees, and the time and effort requir
Page 5 and 6: .behaviour, the crops being grown'
Page 7 and 8: Attempts to infect small and large
Page 9 and 10: Small-alive -do- -do- -do- -do- -do
Page 11 and 12: Since rve noted that the mediurn an
Page 13 and 14: INTERI{ATIONAL FEDERATION OF BEEKEE
Page 15 and 16: ll Sirtce 1972, rr-e har-e been con
Page 17 and 18: TRIJ,.\'T\1EN'T CRoLIPS O}' S11,\LI
Page 19 and 20: clal'-old ancl -1.5-5.5 day-olcl la
Page 21 and 22: gre\\: fror-rl the moutir. anus. an
Page 23 and 24: y" * -rrJ 2' tgrs
Page 25: agar. The bubbles arose from the cr
Page 29 and 30: Prcikschl etzobl and the large-frui
Page 31 and 32: or ?n rd ria 1d of 3S ad SC :ES ies
Page 33 and 34: y ar( ii.r li,:'n , ['hr;ttt iind .
Page 35 and 36: #, ffi, ,11o. ',- L*rl-r-b )ught rr
Page 37 and 38: g.1la, costr'd .._ '.1c, by 'ii! pe
Page 39 and 40: it ilitl, rliffer rir this sitlce l
Page 41 and 42: 'r.'Zt'a- sPrlng "' those i n'hich
Page 43 and 44: tiri llalll; :stoner\' \,\'as 3:: f
Page 45 and 46: healthl' rs fed to f fungal :h upse
Page 47 and 48: e reProrifice. It . coloraaisoafgs
Page 49 and 50: :lium n'as i, and the ior t'oung 0"
Page 51 and 52: 214 M. GILLIAM AND H. L. MORTON al,
Page 53 and 54: 216 M. GILLIAM AND H. L. MORTON fro
Page 55 and 56: 2t8 M. GILLIAM AND H. L. MORTON Org
Page 57 and 58: 224 M, GILLIAM AND H. L. MORTON Alm
Page 59 and 60: Apidolo gie, 197 9, l0 (l), 43-53.
Page 61 and 62: YEASTS IN POLLEN AND BEE BREAD Econ
Page 63 and 64: YEASTS IN POLLEN AND BEE BREAD Tenl
Page 65 and 66: YEASTS IN POLLEN AND BEE BREAD All
Page 67 and 68: YEASTS IN POLLEN AND BEE BREAD Star
Page 69 and 70: YEASTS IN POLLEN AND BEE BREAD Cnsv
Page 71 and 72: kinds of stores occurred at approxi
Page 73 and 74: 214 N{. GILLIA]t,I The second effor
Page 75 and 76: 272 M. GILLIAM TABL. 1. - Bacillus
Page 77 and 78:
274 M. GILLIAM 6galement isol6 B. m
Page 79 and 80:
Bren que I'on considdre comrne peu
Page 81 and 82:
Hypolhescs : L'oriqine cJe la inala
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Chalkbrood - Status Today and Hopes for Control' - Golden Rule Honey

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