Chalkbrood - Status Today and Hopes for Control' - Golden Rule Honey

lOO PESTS, PREDATORS, AND DISEASES
syrup died (Grigortsovskaya and Boroclai 7972). Myceliunr was
found in the epithelium of the miclgut and in muscles, and the
gut contained many fungal spores.
Mucor hiennlis Wehmer rvas reported to be virulent for young
adrrlt bees rvhen tl'rey \vere exposed to a temperature of 20' Celsius
(Burnside 1935). Hon'ever, the normal temperature of the brood
nest is abor.'e the tolerance of lvhrcor liennlis. Moreove'r, when bees
are old enough to leave the hive, they are no longer susceptible.
Therefore, this disease is of little importance.
Queen larl,ae in sealed cells have beerr reported to be attacked
by AsTtergillus niger (Burnside 1939, Prest, Gilliam, Taber, and
Mills 1974). In the latter paper, the fungus r,r'as also isolated from
discolored rvorker and drone larvae.
In f)enrnark, a case of a disease similar to stonebrood rvas described
and attributed to a fungus of the €ienus Clauiceps (Cor,r,an
188i/82). Drone t.'rood n'as attacked first, then rvorker brood, and
finalll'adult bees.
Cury (1951) described a disease of iarvae arrd adult bees caused
by Rhizopus equinus Costatin ar-rd Lucet rvhich was obtained via
the pollen of florvers contaminated rvith horse manure. In addition,
he stated that in cold countries Sco|rttlcrioltsis brqticnulis (Saccardo)
Bainier caused a disease called yellorv brood and black
brood. The affectcd larvae died and turned yellow or black accorclirrg
to the age of the fungus and strongly adhered to the walls
of the ce.il. The disease does not affect protected broocl and generalll'
disappears rvhen the temperature riscs.
Yeasts
Yeasts have been fourrd in nectar (tsetts 1920, Lochhead and
Heron 1.929, Batra, Batra, and Bohart 7973), honey (Falrian and
Quinet 1928, l.ochhead and Farrell 1931, l.ochheacl and lvlclr{aster
1931, Tvsset and Rautiin De l-a Ror, 1974), bee bread or stored
pollerr (lVilson and Man'irr 1929, Pain ancl Maugerrct7966, Egorova
arrd Bab'eva 7967, Egnrova 1971), hives (Betts 7928a,1928b,1928c,
1929), apiarv soils (Lochhe.rd ancl Farrell1930), and bees (see Batra,
Batra, and Bohart 1973 arrcl Gilliam, \{ickerham, Morton, and
N4artin 1974).
Yeasts are not considercd to be pathogL'l1s of honey trees, although
soltlc osmophilic species ciiuse fermentation of honey.
How'ever, Giordani (1952) isol.-rted a veast belonging to thc genus
Torulopsis from the digestir,e tract of bce.s suffe'ri.g from a tiisease
of unkrrorvrr nature. \{hen this yeast n'.rs fe'd to healthl.bee colo-
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