September/October 2017

Continued from Page 16
use of methyl bromide is now restricted to
qualifying quarantine and pre-shipment
(QPS) use patterns.
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• Comparison of active ingredient delivered based on optional label rates. • Application cost based on growers assessment of commercial use at the labor rate of $12/hour.
• Comparison of active ingredient delivered based on optional • Labor cost label may rates. vary with employee training experience and productivity.
• Application cost based on growers assessment of commercial use at the labor rate of $12/hour.
• Labor cost may vary with employee training experience and productivity.
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With the phase-out of non-QPS methyl
bromide, the proven mainstays of soil
fumigation have become more important;
namely, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and
chloropicrin-containing products. The
1,3-D formulations, e.g., Telone products,
are experiencing a resurgent popularity.
Nationwide, 1,3-D-containing products
have been used since the 1950s, but its use
in California was temporarily suspended
in1990 after ambient air monitoring
programs detected high concentrations in
the San Joaquin Valley air basin. Products
containing 1,3-D were reintroduced for use
in California in 1995, with the addition of
several strict control measures. Beginning
January 2017, the application of 1, 3-D is
limited to 136,000 pounds per township
(=36 square mile area) per year in order to
maintain ambient air concentrations below
the California Department of Pesticide
Regulation’s threshold. Previous regulations
that allowed for a “carry-over” of unused
amounts of the annual township allotment
to the following year are no longer in effect.
These restrictions make grower access to
1,3-D in some California counties challenging
when multiple crops potentially benefit
from the application of the material. Recent
research has demonstrated that the use of
totally impermeable film (TIF) significantly
reduces fugitive emissions and can allow
for reductions of application rates without
loss of efficacy in pathogen and pest suppression.
However, regulatory constraints
remain a limiting factor of 1,3-D use in
California. Grower demand exceeds regulatory
permitted use.
Chloropicrin use has also increased as
the availability of methyl bromide decreased.
For decades, most chloropicrin was
used in combination with methyl bromide,
but it also has a long history of use as a sole
active ingredient because of its excellent
fungicidal properties. Because of its “warning
agent” (tear-gas-like) properties, it is
used in structural fumigation when otherwise
odorless gases are used. For example, it
was used in small doses to warn against inadvertent
exposure to methyl bromide, and
now sulfuryl fluoride, both of which are
© 2017, Trécé Inc., Adair, OK USA • TRECE, PHEROCON and CIDETRAK are registered trademarks of Trece, Inc., Adair, OK USA
TRE-1034, 1/17
18 Progressive Crop Consultant September/October 2017