Solar-supported heating networks in multi-storey residential buildings

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sunshine, but it should be remembered that the province of Upper Austria, which is located on the northern side of the Alps, has the highest density of solar installations (0.3 m² flat collector per inhabitant) in Austria (status: end of 2002). Average Annual Radiation in kWh/m² Figure 11: Annual mean long-term total global radiation on a horizontal surface for different regions in Austria in kWh/m². The availability of suitable sets of weather data for the design of the solar thermal systems is very good in Austria. The simulation programs most frequently used for the design of solar thermal systems (TSOL, 2003; POLYSUN, 2003) have extensive databases with sets of weather data for the largest towns and cities in Austria. 4.2 Distribution of solar radiation throughout one calendar year The average duration of sunshine in Austria is approximately 2,000 hours of which around three quarters is recorded in the summer (see Figure 12). In contrast, in the months with the highest energy demand (November to February) only one sixth of the overall annual energy is irradiated. 17
Radiation [kWh/m² and Day] 9,00 8,50 8,00 7,50 7,00 6,50 6,00 5,50 5,00 4,50 4,00 3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 Jän Feb Mär Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez 18 Total Radiation: 1,120 kWh/m² a Figure 12: Solar radiation on a horizontal area in Graz, Austria, created from mean month temperatures generated from values over many years. The annual course of solar radiation in accordance with the seasons shows clear advantages for the use of solar energy for applications where major consumption is in the summer months or for other applications which have constant consumption throughout the year. However, in the transitional period (March to May and September to October), the Austrian climate permits high irradiation rates, which provides favourable conditions for solar support of space heating applications. Figure 13 shows the course of average annual global irradiation in three areas at a different incline (90°, 45°, 0°) for locations in Graz. The highest annual irradiation of 1,260 kWh/m² is on an area with an incline of 45°, followed by the horizontal area with 1,120 kWh/m². The area inclined at 90° is slightly less favourable with annual irradiation amounting to 900 kWh/m².
Page 1 and 2: Solar-supported heating networks in
Page 3 and 4: Reprinting and translation, storage
Page 5 and 6: 6.2 Collector assembly with frame s
Page 7 and 8: 10 Investment costs, grants and eco
Page 9 and 10: 2.2 Innovations and the economic fa
Page 11 and 12: Figure 4: Efficient solar-supported
Page 13 and 14: 3.2 Enhancement of the solar covera
Page 15 and 16: 3.4 Systems with the greatest possi
Page 17: 4 • Reduction of heating requirem
Page 21 and 22: 35.000 30.000 25.000 Heat Demand 20
Page 23 and 24: Hot Water Demand [Litre per Person
Page 25 and 26: 5.1.1.2 Measurement of consumption
Page 27 and 28: Total Period for the Different Tapp
Page 29 and 30: The heating requirements indicate t
Page 31 and 32: Figure 20: Crain assembly of large-
Page 33 and 34: Figure 25: South orientated roof co
Page 35 and 36: Figure 29: Large-area collectors mo
Page 37 and 38: Another important issue when instal
Page 39 and 40: Figure 35: Results from research pr
Page 41 and 42: If a non-back-ventilated collector
Page 43 and 44: As a result, the absorbers need col
Page 45 and 46: The insulation of the storage unit
Page 47 and 48: This is made clear in the DVGW work
Page 49 and 50: 7.1.2.2 The specific solar energy y
Page 51 and 52: Figure 48: Solar thermal system in
Page 53 and 54: Kollektorfeld T1 T4 T5 T6 Figure 49
Page 55 and 56: Large-scale solar energy systems in
Page 57 and 58: Collector Field Figure 53: Cross-se
Page 59 and 60: Although the collector’s expansio
Page 61 and 62: Figure 58: Solar thermal systems in
Page 63 and 64: It should be borne in mind that if
Page 65 and 66: • Mean temperature of the primary
Page 67 and 68: 7.2 The preceding information appli
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Figure 65 shows the block diagram o
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highest quality but also feature co
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term operation and maintenance. Fig
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Heat meter and water meter Figure 7
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temperature at which the heat stora
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system can be attained once again d
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that of a four-pipe network. In pra
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single tank system is to be recomme
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Figure 87 shows a two-tank system f
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energy aspects which are taken into
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Dimensioning for almost 100% covera
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Reading value for utilisation: appr
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Heating energy requirements: approx
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A correction nomogram was prepared
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with 20 flats the bath is filled on
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QBW � maximum output for preparat
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Network Outward Flow Outward Flow C
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∆ TBW temperature difference in d
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In addition to the aspects mentione
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If, however, despite all these effo
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Figure 105: Pipe work for solar the
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10 Investment costs, grants and eco
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12,0 5,0 4,0 2,0 2,0 13,0 8,0 5,0 1
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System temperatures [°C] 100 90 80
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corresponding definition of fault s
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Christian Fink, Werner Weiß: Endbe
Page 121 and 122:
Computersimulation von thermischen
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Solar-supported heating networks in multi-storey residential buildings

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