Solar-supported heating networks in multi-storey residential buildings

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2 Introduction The thermal use of solar energy is a long and successful tradition in Austria. Thus in the last 20 years more than 2.5 million square metres of solar collector area have been installed in Austria (including swimming pool absorbers), which represents an average collector area of 0.3 m 2 per inhabitant as of 2002 (Faninger et al., 2003). Within the EU, only Greece has a slightly higher success rate. Today this collector area already covers more than one percent of Austrian low-temperature energy requirements. 2.1 Market penetration and potential of solar thermal systems in multi-storey residential buildings Motivated by the already high market penetration in the field of single family homes (the figure is already much higher than ten percent), solar thermal systems are being implemented to an increasing extent in multi-storey residential buildings. At the present moment in time, around 750 multi-storey buildings in Austria are equipped with thermal solar plants. In relation to the roughly two million principle residences in multi-storey residential buildings (this corresponds to around 43% of the Austrian population) it can, therefore, be deduced that around 1% of all flat-owners or tenants are able to enjoy the advantages of a thermal solar plant (Fink, 2003). Figure 1: Efficient solar-supported heat supply system designs as standard in multi-storey residential buildings (picture source: BRAMAC Dachsysteme International, Upper Austria, Austria). On the one hand, potential applications remain untapped and, on the other hand, particularly large solar thermal systems in multi-storey residential buildings allow much lower specific system costs than, for example, small-scale plants. Thus solar systems do not only help to achieve economic heating prices, but they also reduce CO2 emissions in a cost-effective manner. The public sector has, in part, already recognised the potential and is increasingly backing the use of solar energy (as well as other technologies) in new buildings and in existing multi-storey residential buildings to attain climate protection goals. This is demonstrated by the granting of funds for the implementation of solar thermal systems in multi-storey buildings in practically all the federal states of Austria as well as grants from various towns and communities. 7
2.2 Innovations and the economic factor Due to its long tradition of solar plants, a large number of the innovations to emerge in recent years originated in Austria. Numerous innovations meant that, on the one hand, large solar thermal systems were implemented in residential buildings in Austria and, on the other hand, Austrian companies have also constructed large plants in residential buildings abroad. This includes the following: • Development of large-area collectors and the implementation of crane assemblies • Industrial production of solar collectors • Aesthetically pleasing and cost-effective integration of solar collectors in buildings • Heating of solar non-potable water and heating support (combined systems) in multi-storey residential buildings • Measuring and analysis of solar-supported heating networks in multi-storey residential buildings • Definition of holistic solar-supported heating networks • Innovative financing models for large solar thermal systems In the year 2001 around 240,000 m² of solar collector area was exported and around 160,000 m² in 2002 (this corresponds to 1.5 and 1.0 times the domestic market volume, respectively) (Faninger et al., 2003). This means that in these two years Austria accounted for around one quarter of the overall production of solar collectors in the EU. Apart from the economic success, the Austrian solar industry (domestic market and exports) provides nearly 3,000 jobs. Figure 2: 1.248 m² solar thermal collector area produced by an Austrian manufacturer on the roof of eight multi-storey residential buildings in Helsinki (picture source: AEE INTEC). 2.3 Motivation for this planning handbook Extensive know-how about solar-supported heating networks in multi-storey residential buildings is available at selected sites in Austria. Apart from specific developments with regard to system components, numerous further developments have been made in the past few years with regard to holistic system behaviour and integration into buildings. Extensive tests based on measuring techniques provided important empirical values from practical applications. It is the major goal of this planning handbook to focus this specific know-how and also to make it available to all the actors and multipliers. 8
Page 1 and 2: Solar-supported heating networks in
Page 3 and 4: Reprinting and translation, storage
Page 5 and 6: 6.2 Collector assembly with frame s
Page 7: 10 Investment costs, grants and eco
Page 11 and 12: Figure 4: Efficient solar-supported
Page 13 and 14: 3.2 Enhancement of the solar covera
Page 15 and 16: 3.4 Systems with the greatest possi
Page 17 and 18: 4 • Reduction of heating requirem
Page 19 and 20: Radiation [kWh/m² and Day] 9,00 8,
Page 21 and 22: 35.000 30.000 25.000 Heat Demand 20
Page 23 and 24: Hot Water Demand [Litre per Person
Page 25 and 26: 5.1.1.2 Measurement of consumption
Page 27 and 28: Total Period for the Different Tapp
Page 29 and 30: The heating requirements indicate t
Page 31 and 32: Figure 20: Crain assembly of large-
Page 33 and 34: Figure 25: South orientated roof co
Page 35 and 36: Figure 29: Large-area collectors mo
Page 37 and 38: Another important issue when instal
Page 39 and 40: Figure 35: Results from research pr
Page 41 and 42: If a non-back-ventilated collector
Page 43 and 44: As a result, the absorbers need col
Page 45 and 46: The insulation of the storage unit
Page 47 and 48: This is made clear in the DVGW work
Page 49 and 50: 7.1.2.2 The specific solar energy y
Page 51 and 52: Figure 48: Solar thermal system in
Page 53 and 54: Kollektorfeld T1 T4 T5 T6 Figure 49
Page 55 and 56: Large-scale solar energy systems in
Page 57 and 58: Collector Field Figure 53: Cross-se
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Although the collector’s expansio
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Figure 58: Solar thermal systems in
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It should be borne in mind that if
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• Mean temperature of the primary
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7.2 The preceding information appli
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Figure 65 shows the block diagram o
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highest quality but also feature co
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term operation and maintenance. Fig
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Heat meter and water meter Figure 7
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temperature at which the heat stora
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system can be attained once again d
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that of a four-pipe network. In pra
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single tank system is to be recomme
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Figure 87 shows a two-tank system f
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energy aspects which are taken into
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Dimensioning for almost 100% covera
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Reading value for utilisation: appr
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Heating energy requirements: approx
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A correction nomogram was prepared
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with 20 flats the bath is filled on
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QBW � maximum output for preparat
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Network Outward Flow Outward Flow C
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∆ TBW temperature difference in d
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In addition to the aspects mentione
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If, however, despite all these effo
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Figure 105: Pipe work for solar the
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10 Investment costs, grants and eco
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12,0 5,0 4,0 2,0 2,0 13,0 8,0 5,0 1
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System temperatures [°C] 100 90 80
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corresponding definition of fault s
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Christian Fink, Werner Weiß: Endbe
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Computersimulation von thermischen
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Solar-supported heating networks in multi-storey residential buildings

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