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Inverted Overprint at Bottom Figure 8. Inverted overprint at bottom, MI K II. Double Overprints with Top Inverted Strongly Offset Overprints Figure 10. A “strongly” offset overprint error on MI 11-16. From left: MI 11 II, MI 12 II, MI 13 II, MI 14 II, MI 15 II, and MI 16 II. Damaged Overprints Figure 9. Double overprint error. MI 11 DK. Figure 11. The overprints have noticeable breaks in the letterpress plates. From left: MI 14 III and two MI 16 III. 4, 7 and 8, or impinge upon the bottom horizontal perforations.) • Broken/damaged (letterpress plates) overprints (Figure 11). • Drying error - occurs when sheets of stamps are stacked before ink has dried. The result is a mirror image of the overprint from the sheet below appearing on the gum (side) of the sheet above it, resulting in a setoff (Figure 12). • Printer’s waste (Figure 13). Oddities - Chads This is probably one of the most unique oddities in the philatelic realm. The definition of a chad is a small paper disk or rectangle, formed when a hole is punched in paper tape or punch card, respectively. Therefore, the by-product of the perforation process is a chad. I worked with both punch cards and paper tape early in my career as a computer engineer and I can attest to the mess they can make. The following images (Figure 14) show examples of the random patterns of chads that can be found on each of the six stamps in the 1920 set. The air at Paulussen & Co. must have been thick with chads as many stamps can be found with multiple chad “patterns.” Or, maybe, was it deliberate? Curiously, by examining photographs on eBay and auction <strong>web</strong>sites, I have noticed some patterns re-occur, i.e., the chad remained in place (glue from the stamp adhesive?) for more than one printing. The chads were noted in Sieger’s 1943 catalog: “due to perforations falling on the printing plate, black dots have formed at all possible places during printing…” I do not know if Sieger visited Paulussen to witness the chad issue during production, but his notes certainly make sense. The diameter of the chad print closely matches that of the perforation, ~0.98 mm measured with a Dino-Lite model AM4515ZT USB microscope. A note to collectors: Given the number of stamps with chad imprints and their randomness which defies cataloging, stamps with chad imprints have no incremental market value. However, they are relevant to this discussion as they represent a symptom of the Consortium’s performance vis-à-vis quality control… Quality Control At this time, it may be appropriate to take a moment to review the impact of quality control, or the lack thereof, on this unfolding drama. Prior to the existence of the Consortium, Österreichische Staatsdruckerei had been printing stamps for Austria since 1850. By contrast, the only reference I have found pertaining to Paulussen & Co., other than LBK, is in the online list of (Austrian) printers with the notation that Paulussen was in existence for only one year, 1920 (Note 5). So why the selection of Paulussen & Co. over Österreichische Staatsdruckerei? A few points for consideration (Note 6): 28 AMERICAN PHILATELIST / JANUARY 2021
1. The Consortium was endorsed by stamp collectors/dealers who influenced the Principality to pursue a contract with the Consortium. 2. The Consortium had a “great deal of latitude” concerning the design, production, and distribution of stamps during the term of their contract with the Principality. 3. The contract with the Consortium included terms and conditions pertaining to Quality Control. 4. The Consortium argued the Austrian State Printing house (PTT) did not offer “precise control.” The result was the Consortium “produced in violation of the contract numerous misprints and varieties in large quantities.” Therefore, I conclude that Paulussen was selected because the Consortium could manipulate the release of stamp errors and varieties while Österreichische Staatdruckerei would not be willing to compromise its reputation. Who knows, maybe Paulussen was not actually selected but established specifically to print the Consortium’s stamps, and the owners of Paulussen were either members of the Consortium, or were related to members. Postage Stamps. Besides MI 11-16, Austrian “Mitlaufers” continued to be used until January 31, 1921, at which time Swiss “Mitlaufers” (some of MI 95-213, see LBK) became available in some Liechtenstein post offices to augment the supply of stamps available for postage. Concerning Liechtenstein stamps, how does one describe what followed MI 11-16? Continuing the stormy weather metaphor, I think it would be the squall that hit when the following sets were released in rapid succession: Drying Errors Figure 12. Reverse of MI 11, MI 13 – a drying problem resulting in setoffs appearing on the reverse. Printer's Waste Figure 13. Printer’s waste on MI 11. MI 11-16 Error Identification Quiz. Examine this letter dated April 21, 1920. How many of the stamps have errors, and how many unique errors are there? Answer key is on page 33. On the reverse of the envelope, there are five more stamps, for a total franking of 200 Heller. On the front, you can see the sender’s post office was Schaan, and the recipient’s was Mauren, a distance of approximately five miles as the crow flies. The postal rate for domestic mail at the time was 80 Heller, so the additional 120 Heller (revenue for the Principality) was for the registered mail delivery service. JANUARY 2021 / AMERICAN PHILATELIST 29
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