34 ALUMINIUM Metal truths Foundation materials, metals, minerals, ceramics, glass, cement and chemicals are today’s integrated building blocks in society, none can be considered in isolation. Global population is predicted to grow by 25% to 9.8 billion by 2050. Living standards, expectations, housing, transportation, and industrialisation will equalise with no “third world” and the doubling of both foundation materials and energy consumption. Aluminium, a foundation metal, is displacing other materials. Given its unique, holistic properties, lightweight, electrical, thermal conduction, strength, corrosion resistance, formability, and most importantly infinite recyclability, it is becoming the global designer’s dominant choice. Since the beginning of this century aluminium demand has increased 66% to a total in 2019, of 97,000,000 tons including 33,000,000 tons recycled. There are 28 billion tons of bauxite reserves and on current global demand for primary aluminium the earth will run out of ore in 116 years. Dwindling resources are a significant threat to Great Britain, in that all our metals are strategic, as the raw ores are controlled by countries whose disposition is not always favourable. In this context raw earth magnets, semi-conductors, and other metals critical to communications, computing, electropropulsion and indeed batteries, are very finite materials. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to another. Lighting, heating, manufacturing, transportation, even humans, all contribute to global warming. Humanity must become energy neutral, that is become totally reliant on geothermal or solar-power, wave, and wind. Energy can be stored in batteries but equally in products, aluminium for example. If the stored energy is from renewal sources, then the nett effect is climate cooling. High conductivity, non-magnetic, aluminium is increasingly being employed in the distribution, storage and switching of electricity. The extraction, refining and production of all foundation materials is carbon intensive, particularly given that significant production is <strong>Finishing</strong> - <strong>May</strong>/<strong>June</strong> <strong>2021</strong> continues on page 36
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