Applied English Phonology, Second Edition ( PDFDrive )

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PHONETICS 3Table 1.1English consonant and vowel symbols with key wordsPhonetic symbolWord positionsInitial Medial FinalConsonantsp pack super mapb bed rubber robt tea attack greatd date adore goodk catch picking lookg gate doggy bagf fat coffee loafv very moving doveT thin ruthless deathD they mother breathes sad sister busz zoom raisin buzzS (s) shine machine cashZ (z) — vision massageh head behind —tS (c) chair teacher whichdZ (j ) jump larger hugem mail remind roomn nest tenor beanè — anger kingj (y) yard beyond soyw way rewind low@ (r, „ ) rain boring fourl light bullet mailVowels and diphthongsi (ij, iy) ease feet beeI it sit —e (ej, ei, ey) eight bake sayE edge red —æ anger nap —√ oven love —@ above often TampaA arch father spaO all hall sawo (ow, oU) oat goat bowU — book —u (uw) ooze loose twoaI (aj, ay) ice side buyOI (Oj, Oy, oI, oj, oy) oil voice boyaU (au, aw) out sound how
4 PHONETICSare found in languages that our readership is likely to come in contact with.The dialectal variations, since they are examined in detail in chapters 3 and 4,will not be dealt with here.The following should be pointed out to clarify some points about table 1.1.Firstly, certain positions that are left blank for certain sounds indicate the unavailabilityof vocabulary items in the language. Secondly, the table does notcontain the symbol [∑] (or [hw], [W]), which may be found in some other booksto indicate the voiceless version of the labio-velar glide. This is used to distinguishbetween pairs such as witch and which, or Wales and whales. Somespeakers make a distinction by employing the voiceless glide for the secondmembers in these pairs; others pronounce these words homophonously. Here,we follow the latter pattern. Finally, there is considerable overlap betweenfinal /j/ and the ending portion of /i/, /e/, /aI/, and /OI/ on the one hand,and between final /w/ of /o/, /u/, and /aU/ on the other. The alternativesymbols cited make these relationships rather clear, and this point will be takenup in chapter 4.1.3 Description and Articulation of Sounds of English1.3.1 The vocal tractOur examination of how sounds are made will begin with the vocal organs.The air we use in sound production comes from the lungs, proceeds throughthe larynx where the vocal cords are situated, and then is shaped into specificsounds at the vocal tract. In sound production, it is generally the case that thearticulators from the lower surface of the vocal tract (lower articulators, i.e.the lower lip, the lower teeth, and the tongue) move toward those that formthe upper surface (upper articulators, i.e. the upper lip, the upper teeth, theupper surface of the mouth, and the pharyngeal wall). Figure 1.1 shows thevocal tract.Starting from the outer extreme, we have the lips and the teeth. In the uppersurface, behind the upper teeth, there is a bumpy area (the alveolar ridge), whichis followed by a larger bony area (the hard palate). Further back is a flaccidarea, the ‘soft palate’ (or ‘velum’), which is unsupported by bone. The soft palateis a movable organ, which opens and closes the velopharyngeal passage (thepassage that links the pharynx to the nasal cavity). Finally, at the back, the velumnarrows to a long, thin pointed structure that is called the ‘uvula’.In the lower part of the mouth, after the lower lip and the teeth, lies the tongue.The ‘tip’ (or ‘apex’) of the tongue is the foremost part. Just behind the tip isthe small surface called the ‘blade’ (or ‘lamina’). The so-called ‘front’ partof the tongue is the area between the tip/blade and the center. The hindmostpart of the horizontal surface of the tongue is called the ‘back’ (or ‘dorsum’).At the end of the tongue, we have the ‘root’, which is the vertical surfaceagainst the pharyngeal wall. Finally, we have the ‘epiglottis’, which is a leafshapedcartilage that sticks up and back from the larynx.
Page 1 and 2: Applied EnglishPhonologyApplied Eng
Page 3 and 4: This edition first published 2011©
Page 5 and 6: viCONTENTS2.3 Phonemic Analysis: A
Page 7 and 8: viiiCONTENTSChapter 8Structural Fac
Page 9 and 10: PrefaceIt has been widely recognize
Page 11 and 12: xii NOTE TO THE INSTRUCTORconfident
Page 13: 2 PHONETICSviolated in so many othe
Page 17 and 18: 6 PHONETICSOpen glottisFigure 1.3Co
Page 19 and 20: 8 PHONETICS• Stop: A stop consona
Page 21 and 22: 10 PHONETICSAStopBVowel(a) fully vo
Page 23 and 24: 12 PHONETICSFrontCentralBackHighMid
Page 25 and 26: 14 PHONETICSMargi. Velar fricatives
Page 27 and 28: Table 1.3 Consonants (English and o
Page 29 and 30: 18 PHONETICSlanguages (e.g. Nez Per
Page 31 and 32: 20 PHONETICSCantoneseFrenchDutchFig
Page 33 and 34: 22 PHONETICSThese may include (a) l
Page 35 and 36: 24 PHONETICSEXERCISES1. Examine the
Page 37 and 38: 26 PHONETICS6. Circle the words tha
Page 39 and 40: 28 PHONETICS11. Do the same for the
Page 41 and 42: 2twoPhonology2.1 IntroductionIf we
Page 43 and 44: 32 PHONOLOGYThe examples above show
Page 45 and 46: 34 PHONOLOGYmembers are mutually ex
Page 47 and 48: 36 PHONOLOGYin a given sound system
Page 49 and 50: 38 PHONOLOGYword-initial position (
Page 51 and 52: 40 PHONOLOGYpair), and the type of
Page 53 and 54: 42 PHONOLOGYLebanese ArabicEnglish[
Page 55 and 56: 44 PHONOLOGYPhonetic similarity: al
Page 57 and 58: 46 PHONOLOGYare shown to be crucial
Page 59 and 60: 48 PHONOLOGYWords such as bent, ten
Page 61 and 62: 50 PHONOLOGYsystematic. Namely, the
Page 63 and 64: 52 PHONOLOGYEXERCISES1. Circle the
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54 PHONOLOGY(a)(b)complementarycont
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56 PHONOLOGY12. Transcribe the foll
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58 ENGLISH CONSONANTSare fully voic
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60 ENGLISH CONSONANTSsyllable shoul
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62 ENGLISH CONSONANTSobvious after
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64 ENGLISH CONSONANTSa [s] or a [z]
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66 ENGLISH CONSONANTS[lEdZ2]); in i
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68 ENGLISH CONSONANTSfor homorganic
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70 ENGLISH CONSONANTSthe /@/ in AE.
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72 ENGLISH CONSONANTSabsence of the
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74 ENGLISH CONSONANTS(m) Alveolar s
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76 ENGLISH CONSONANTS8. Transcribe
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78 ENGLISH VOWELS/O/ cloth (/O:/)/o
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80 ENGLISH VOWELSThis distributiona
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82 ENGLISH VOWELSiIpierpooruUe Mary
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84 ENGLISH VOWELSthe free variation
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86 ENGLISH VOWELS4.6 DiphthongsThe
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88 ENGLISH VOWELSiumanIbitUeEbatæb
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90 ENGLISH VOWELSTable 4.1 Comparis
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92 ENGLISH VOWELS4.9 Full Vowels-Re
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94 ENGLISH VOWELSalthough limited t
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96 ENGLISH VOWELS(a)(b)when they oc
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98 ENGLISH VOWELS[aI]:[OI]:[aU]:imp
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5fiveAcoustics of Vowels andConsona
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102 ACOUSTICS OF VOWELS AND CONSONA
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132 SYLLABLESOoNRCσ = syllableO =
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134 SYLLABLESoORXNXCXd O gwhich has
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136 SYLLABLESNasals 5 /m, n, è/Voi
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138 SYLLABLESSometimes, we see the
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140 SYLLABLESCVCCC (e.g. text [tEks
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142 SYLLABLESfor syllable peaks, an
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144 SYLLABLESTable 6.2English doubl
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146 SYLLABLESHowever, if clusters a
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148 SYLLABLESWritten breaksboat.ers
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150 SYLLABLESto stress and syllable
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152 SYLLABLESSonority-driven modifi
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154 SYLLABLESEXERCISES1. In section
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7sevenStress and Intonation7.1 Intr
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158 STRESS AND INTONATIONout of 3,6
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160 STRESS AND INTONATIONSome other
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162 STRESS AND INTONATIONAlthough n
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164 STRESS AND INTONATION[d@.vi.n@.
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166 STRESS AND INTONATION-ish grée
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168 STRESS AND INTONATIONpredictabi
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170 STRESS AND INTONATIONdebrísfil
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172 STRESS AND INTONATIONácrimòny
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174 STRESS AND INTONATIONone of the
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176 STRESS AND INTONATION• Certai
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178 STRESS AND INTONATIONin BE, we
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180 STRESS AND INTONATIONEXERCISES1
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182 STRESS AND INTONATION(a) low ri
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184 STRUCTURAL FACTORS IN SECOND LA
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9nineSpelling and Pronunciation9.1
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232 SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION9.2.1
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234 SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION/@/ r
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236 SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATIONFinal
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238 SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION/A/ e
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240 SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION(e.g.
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242 SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATIONe -
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244 SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATIONleuke
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246 SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATIONEXERC
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248 SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION(b)It
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250 RECOMMENDED READINGSCHAPTER 4:
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Appendix: List ofSound FilesSound F
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254 APPENDIX: LIST OF SOUND FILESI
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256 APPENDIX: LIST OF SOUND FILESIt
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258 GLOSSARYconsonant cluster Two o
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260 GLOSSARYrhotic Referring to a d
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262 REFERENCESBroselow, E. (1993).
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264 REFERENCESHall, R. A. (1961). S
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266 REFERENCESPort, R. F. and Rotun
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IndexThe index lists the technical
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270 INDEXnasal 1.3.4, 1.4.2, 3.4, 5
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Answer Keyto the Exercises ofApplie
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ANSWER KEY 3Example: bomb - ten Sam
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ANSWER KEY 5Give the phonetic symbo
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ANSWER KEY 713. Circle the correct
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ANSWER KEY 9Initial Medial FinalExa
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ANSWER KEY 118. (a) Examine the fol
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ANSWER KEY 13[nærm] “soft” [r
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ANSWER KEY 15(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)(k)(l)A
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ANSWER KEY 17Citizen Kanepen-palhom
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ANSWER KEY 192. As we saw in sectio
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ANSWER KEY 21voyages to the America
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ANSWER KEY 23camel (e) aspirated st
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ANSWER KEY 25m E t r I/@ kσ σσæ
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ANSWER KEY 277. Transcribe the foll
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ANSWER KEY 29(d) gratification (e)
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ANSWER KEY 31pIdZ@n læègw@dZ@z b
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ANSWER KEY 33been shown to be influ
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ANSWER KEY 35(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(
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ANSWER KEY 37(c)Whose English langu
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