Learn to Program with C_ Learn to Program using the Popular C Programming Language ( PDFDrive )

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Chapter 1 ■ Elementary Programming ConceptsThe idea was to allow the programmer to think about a problem in terms familiar to himand relevant to the problem rather than have to worry about the machine. So, for instance, if hewanted to know the larger of two quantities, A and B, he could writeIF A IS GREATER THAN B THEN BIGGER = A ELSE BIGGER = Brather than have to fiddle with several machine or assembly language instructions to get the sameresult. Thus high-level languages enabled the programmer to concentrate on solving the problemat hand, without the added burden of worrying about the idiosyncrasies of a particular machine.However, the computer still could only execute instructions written in machine language.A program called a compiler is used to translate a program written in a high-level language tomachine language.Thus we speak of a FORTRAN compiler or a COBOL compiler for translating FORTRAN andCOBOL programs, respectively. But that’s not the whole story. Since each computer has its ownmachine language, we must have, say, a FORTRAN compiler for a Lenovo ThinkPad computerand a FORTRAN compiler for a MacBook computer.1.2 How a Computer Solves a ProblemSolving a problem on a computer involves the following activities:1. Define the problem.2. Analyze the problem.3. Develop an algorithm (a method) for solving the problem.4. Write the computer program that implements the algorithm.5. Test and debug (find the errors in) the program.6. Document the program. (Explain how the program works andhow to use it.)7. Maintain the program.There is normally some overlap of these activities. For example, with a large program, aportion may be written and tested before another portion is written. Also, documentation shouldbe done at the same time as all the other activities; each activity produces its own items ofdocumentation that will be part of the final program documentation.1.2.1 Define the ProblemSuppose we want to help a child work out the areas of squares. This defines a problem to besolved. However, a brief analysis reveals that the definition is not complete or specific enoughto proceed with developing a program. Talking with the child might reveal that she needs aprogram that requests her to enter the length of a side of the square; the program then prints thearea of the square.3www.it-ebooks.info
Chapter 1 ■ Elementary Programming Concepts1.2.2 Analyze the ProblemWe further analyze the problem to• Ensure that we have the clearest possible understanding of it.• Determine general requirements such as the main inputs to the program andthe main outputs from the program. For more complex programs, we would,for instance, also need to decide on the kinds of files that may be needed.If there are several ways of solving the problem, we should consider the alternatives andchoose the best or most appropriate one.In this example, the input to the program is the length of one side of the square and theoutput is the area of the square. We only need to know how to calculate the area. If the side is s,then the area, a, is calculated by this:a = s × s1.2.3 Develop an Algorithm to Solve the ProblemAn algorithm is a set of instructions that, if faithfully followed, will produce a solution to a givenproblem or perform some specified task. When an instruction is followed, we say it is executed.We can speak of an algorithm for finding a word in a dictionary, for changing a punctured tire, orfor playing a video game.For any problem, there will normally be more than one algorithm to solve it. Each algorithmwill have its own advantages and disadvantages. When we are searching for a word in thedictionary, one method would be to start at the beginning and look at each word in turn. Asecond method would be to start at the end and search backwards. Here, an advantage of the firstmethod is that it would find a word faster if it were at the beginning, while the second methodwould be faster if the word were toward the end.Another method for searching for the word would be one that used the fact that the words ina dictionary are in alphabetical order—this is the method we all use when looking up a word ina dictionary. In any situation, a programmer would usually have a choice of algorithms, and it isone of her more important jobs to decide which algorithm is the best, and why this is so.In our example, we must write the instructions in our algorithm in such a way that they canbe easily converted into a form that the computer can follow. Computer instructions fall intothree main categories:1. Input instructions, used for supplying data from the “outside world” to aprogram; this is usually done via the keyboard or a file.2. Processing instructions, used for manipulating data inside the computer.These instructions allow us to add, subtract, multiply, and divide; theyalso allow us to compare two values, and act according to the resultof the comparison. Also, we can move data from one location in thecomputer’s memory to another location.3. Output instructions, used for getting information out of the computer tothe outside world.4www.it-ebooks.info
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Page 13 and 14: About the AuthorDr. Noel Kalicharan
Page 15 and 16: AcknowledgementsI would like to exp
Page 17 and 18: ■ PrefaceOf course, you must lear
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Chapter 5 ■ Programs with Repetit
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Chapter 6 ■ CharactersThe ASCII c
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Chapter 6 ■ CharactersIn this cas
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Chapter 6 ■ CharactersHThis would
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Chapter 6 ■ CharactersProgram P6.
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Chapter 6 ■ Characters6. The whil
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Chapter 6 ■ Characters6.6 Count C
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Chapter 6 ■ Charactersnumber of c
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Chapter 6 ■ Characters6.9 Read Ch
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Chapter 6 ■ CharactersThis proble
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Chapter 6 ■ CharactersTo get arou
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Chapter 6 ■ CharactersThe sequenc
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Chapter 6 ■ Characters11. Write a
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Chapter 7 ■ Functions7.2 skipLine
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Chapter 7 ■ FunctionsWhen we wish
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Chapter 7 ■ FunctionsIf, when a f
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Chapter 7 ■ FunctionsIn order to
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Chapter 7 ■ Functionsessentially
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Chapter 7 ■ FunctionsThe logic fo
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Chapter 7 ■ FunctionsSince lcm us
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Chapter 7 ■ Functions• The logi
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Chapter 7 ■ FunctionsWhen main is
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Chapter 7 ■ Functionsint factoria
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Chapter 7 ■ Functions7.10 Sum of
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Chapter 7 ■ Functions7.11 Some Ch
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Chapter 7 ■ Functionsint isLowerC
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Chapter 7 ■ FunctionsThis fetches
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Chapter 7 ■ Functions8. Write a f
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Chapter 8ArraysIn this chapter, we
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysIn our example,
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysIf we wish to p
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8.3.1 About Not Using Element 0Chap
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysPoints to note
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysThe complete pr
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysThis prints a l
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysYou can change
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysTo use the func
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysThe length of a
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysIn printf, the
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysSwapping two ch
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysIf all the lett
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Chapter 8 ■ Arraysshe does this,
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Chapter 8 ■ Arrays} //end letters
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysFigure 8-3. The
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysSuppose we have
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysSuppose a count
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Chapter 8 ■ Arraysdelim = ch;whil
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysHere is the fun
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysBut what kind o
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Chapter 8 ■ Arraysfprintf(out, "\
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Chapter 9Searching, Sorting, and Me
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Chapter 10 ■ StructuresThe proble
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Chapter 10 ■ StructuresWe could e
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Chapter 10 ■ Structuresint n = 0;
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Chapter 10 ■ Structures10.7 Neste
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Chapter 10 ■ Structuresint main()
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Chapter 10 ■ Structures296A file,
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Chapter 10 ■ StructuresTo find th
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■ index• CCharactersarithmetic
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■ index• N, ONamed constants.
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■ indexStrings (cont.)for stateme
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