Learn to Program with C_ Learn to Program using the Popular C Programming Language ( PDFDrive )

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Chapter 1 ■ Elementary Programming Conceptswill print this:The number of students = 52This printf is a bit different from those we have seen so far. This one has two arguments—a stringand a variable. The string, called the format string, contains a format specification %d. (In our previousexamples, the format string contained no format specifications.) The effect, in this case, is that theformat string is printed as before, except that the %d is replaced by the value of the second argument, m.Thus, %d is replaced by 52, giving this:The number of students = 52We will explain printf and format specifications in more detail in Chapter 2, but, for now, note that weuse the specification %d if we want to print an integer value.What if we want to print more than one value? This can be done provided that each value has acorresponding format specification. For example, suppose that a has the value 14 and b has the value 25.Consider the statement:printf("The sum of %d and %d is %d\n", a, b, a + b);This printf has four arguments—the format string and three values to be printed: a, b, and a+b.The format string must contain three format specifications: the first will correspond to a, the second tob, and the third to a+b. When the format string is printed, each %d will be replaced by the value of itscorresponding argument, giving this:The sum of 14 and 25 is 39Exercise: What is printed by the following statement?printf(“%d + %d = %d\n”, a, b, a + b);1.8 CommentsAll programming languages let you include comments in your programs. Comments can be usedto remind yourself (and others) of what processing is taking place or what a particular variableis being used for. They can be used to explain or clarify any aspect of a program that may bedifficult to understand by just reading the programming statements. This is very important sincethe easier it is to understand a program, the more confidence you will have that it is correct. It isworth adding anything which makes a program easier to understand.17www.it-ebooks.info
Chapter 1 ■ Elementary Programming ConceptsRemember that a comment (or lack of it) has absolutely no effect on how the program runs.If you remove all the comments from a program, it will run exactly the same way as with thecomments.Each language has its own way of specifying how a comment must be written. In C, we write acomment by enclosing it within /* and */, for example:/* This program prints a greeting */A comment extends from /* to the next */ and may span one or more lines. The following is avalid comment:/* This program reads characters one at a timeand counts the number of letters found */C also lets you use // to write one-line comments. The comment extends from // to the endof the line, for example:a = s * s; //calculate area; store in aIn this book, we will use mainly one-line comments.1.9 Programming with VariablesTo reinforce the ideas discussed so far, let us write a program that adds the numbers 14 and 25and prints the sum.We would need storage locations for the two numbers and the sum. The values to be stored inthese locations are integer values. To refer to these locations, we make up the names a, b, and sum,say. (Any other names would do. In C, as in all programming languages, there are rules to followfor making up variable names, for instance, a name must start with a letter and cannot containspaces. We will see the C rules in the next chapter.)One possible algorithm might look like this:set a to 14set b to 25set sum to a + bprint sumThe algorithm consists of four statements. The following explains the meaning of each statement:• set a to 14: store the number 14 in memory location a; this is an exampleof an assignment statement.• set b to 25: store the number 25 in memory location b.• set sum to a + b: add the numbers in memory locations a and b and storethe sum in location sum. The result is that 39 is stored in sum.• print sum : print (on the screen) the value in sum, i.e., 39.18www.it-ebooks.info
Page 1 and 2: THE EXPERT’S VOICE® IN PROGRAMMI
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Page 5 and 6: Contents at a GlanceAbout the Autho
Page 7 and 8: ■ Contents1.7 Write Output with p
Page 9 and 10: ■ Contents■Chapter ■ 5: Progr
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Page 13 and 14: About the AuthorDr. Noel Kalicharan
Page 15 and 16: AcknowledgementsI would like to exp
Page 17 and 18: ■ PrefaceOf course, you must lear
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Chapter 6 ■ CharactersThe ASCII c
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Chapter 6 ■ CharactersHThis would
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Chapter 6 ■ CharactersProgram P6.
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Chapter 6 ■ Characters6. The whil
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Chapter 6 ■ Characters6.6 Count C
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Chapter 6 ■ Charactersnumber of c
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Chapter 6 ■ Characters6.9 Read Ch
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Chapter 6 ■ CharactersThis proble
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Chapter 6 ■ CharactersTo get arou
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Chapter 6 ■ CharactersThe sequenc
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Chapter 6 ■ Characters11. Write a
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Chapter 7 ■ Functions7.2 skipLine
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Chapter 7 ■ FunctionsWhen we wish
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Chapter 7 ■ FunctionsIf, when a f
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Chapter 7 ■ FunctionsIn order to
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Chapter 7 ■ Functionsessentially
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Chapter 7 ■ FunctionsThe logic fo
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Chapter 7 ■ FunctionsSince lcm us
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Chapter 7 ■ Functions• The logi
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Chapter 7 ■ FunctionsWhen main is
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Chapter 7 ■ Functionsint factoria
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Chapter 7 ■ Functions7.10 Sum of
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Chapter 7 ■ Functions7.11 Some Ch
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Chapter 7 ■ Functionsint isLowerC
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Chapter 7 ■ FunctionsThis fetches
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Chapter 7 ■ Functions8. Write a f
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Chapter 8ArraysIn this chapter, we
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysIn our example,
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysIf we wish to p
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8.3.1 About Not Using Element 0Chap
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysPoints to note
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysThe complete pr
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysThis prints a l
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysYou can change
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysTo use the func
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysThe length of a
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysIn printf, the
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysSwapping two ch
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysIf all the lett
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Chapter 8 ■ Arraysshe does this,
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Chapter 8 ■ Arrays} //end letters
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysFigure 8-3. The
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysHere is the fun
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Chapter 8 ■ ArraysBut what kind o
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Chapter 8 ■ Arraysfprintf(out, "\
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Chapter 9Searching, Sorting, and Me
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Chapter 10 ■ StructuresThe proble
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Chapter 10 ■ StructuresWe could e
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Chapter 10 ■ Structuresint n = 0;
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Chapter 10 ■ Structures10.7 Neste
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Chapter 10 ■ Structuresint main()
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■ index• CCharactersarithmetic
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■ index• N, ONamed constants.
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■ indexStrings (cont.)for stateme
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