Eclipse Engineering Guide

CHAPTER 3 – GAS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL FUEL GASES
Constituents – % by Volume Density, Specific
Specific Lb per Volume
No. Gas CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 CO H2 CO2 O2 N2 Gravity Cu Ft Cu Ft/Lb
1
2
Acetylene
Blast Furnace Gas
–
–
–
–
–
–
(100% C2H2 )
– 27.5 1
–
11.5
–
–
–
60
0.91
1.02
.07
.078
14.4
12.8
3 Butane (natural gas) – – 7 93 – – – – – 1.95 .149 6.71
4 Butylene (Butene) – – – (100% C4H8 ) – – – 1.94 .148 6.74
5 Carbon Monoxide – – – – 100 – – – – 0.97 .074 13.5
6
7
8
Carburetted Water Gas
Coke Oven Gas
Digester (Sewage) Gas
10.2
32.1
67
(6.1% C2H4 , 2.8% C6H6 )
(3.5% C2H4 , 0.5% C6H6 )
– – (8% H2O) 34
6.3
40.5
46.5
–
3
2.2
25
0.5
0.8
–
2.9
8.1
–
0.63
0.44
0.80
.048
.034
.062
20.8
29.7
16.3
9 Ethane – 100 – – – – – – – 1.05 .080 12.5
10 Hydrogen – – – – – 100 – – – 0.07 .0054 186.9
11 Methane 100 – – – – – – – – 0.55 .042 23.8
12 Natural (Birmingham, AL) 90 5 – – – – – – 5 0.60 .046 21.8
13 Natural (Pittsburgh, PA) 83.4 15.8 – – – – – – 0.8 0.61 .047 21.4
14 Natural (Los Angeles, CA) 77.5 16.0 – – – – 6.5 – – 0.70 .054 18.7
15 Natural (Kansas City, MO) 84.1 6.7 – – – – 0.8 – 8.4 0.63 .048 20.8
16 Natural (Groningen,
Netherlands)
81.3 2.9 0.4 0.1 – – 0.9 – 14.4 0.64 .048 20.7
17 Natural (Midlands Grid, U.K.) 91.8 3.5 0.8 0.3 – – 0.4 – 2.8 0.61 .046 21.8
18 Producer (Wellman-Galusha) 2.3 – – – 25 14.5 4.7 – 52.7 0.84 .065 15.4
19 Propane (natural gas) – – 100 – – – – – – 1.52 .116 8.61
20
21
Propylene (Propene)
Sasol (South Africa)
–
26
–
–
– (100% C3H6 )
– – 22 48
–
–
–
0.5
–
1
1.45
0.42
.111
.032
9.02
31.3
22 Water Gas (bituminous) 4.6 (0.4% C2H4 , 0.3% C6H6 ) 28.2 32.5 5.5 0.9 27.6 0.71 .054 18.7
COMBUSTION PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL FUEL GASES
Air/Gas Ratio, Flammability Limits, Ignition Temperature & Flame Velocity
Stoichiometric
Limits of
Flammability Minimum Maximum
Air/Gas Ratio % Gas in Ignition Flame Velocity
Cu Ft Air/ Lb Air/ Air/Gas Mixture Temperature in Air,
No. Gas Cu Ft Gas Lb Gas Lean Rich in Air, °F Ft/Sec*
1 Acetylene 11.91 13.26 2.5 80 581 9.4
2 Blast Furnace Gas 0.68 0.67 45 72 – –
3 Butane (natural gas) 30.47 15.63 1.86 8.41 826 2.8
4 Butylene (Butene) 28.59 14.77 1.7 9 829 3.2
5 Carbon Monoxide 2.38 2.46 12 74 1128 2.0
6 Carburetted Water Gas 4.60 7.36 4.2 42.9 – –
7 Coke Oven Gas 4.99 11.27 4.5 31.5 – –
8 Digester (Sewage) Gas 6.41 7.97 8 17 – –
9 Ethane 16.68 15.98 3.15 12.8 882 2.8
10 Hydrogen 2.38 33.79 4 74.2 1065 16.0
11 Methane 9.53 17.23 5 15 1170 2.2
12 Natural (Birmingham, AL) 9.41 15.68 7.03 15.77 – –
13 Natural (Pittsburgh, PA) 10.58 17.31 4.6 14.7 – –
14 Natural (Los Angeles, CA) 10.05 14.26 4.9 15.6 – –
15 Natural (Kansas City, MO) 9.13 14.59 5.4 16.3 – –
16 Natural (Groningen,
Netherlands)
8.41 13.45 6.1 15 1238 1.18
17 Natural (Midlands Grid, U.K.) 9.8 16.13 5 15 1300 0.98
18 Producer (Wellman-Galusha) 1.30 1.56 16.4 69.4 – –
19 Propane (natural gas) 23.82 15.73 2.37 9.50 898 2.7
20 Propylene (Propene) 21.44 14.77 2 11.1 856 3.3
21 Sasol (South Africa) 4.13 9.84 5.3 37.4 – –
22 Water Gas (bituminous) 2.01 2.86 8.9 61 – –
*Uniform flame speed in a 1" diameter tube. Flame speeds increase in larger diameter tubes.
22