plly.d ! stln8.mpl6k on this topic. TlEy funtEr snrcd lhar in 1930s ed ...

ch|pr.r 2
Thcc hrd bccn a @nin@u nucrution in thc inLFsl or rcedh€E in c4 ol
cmodotu. Psycholosiol csch is Bpidly adv@ins rh. 6dc6t tdins of th. mtuc.
lirnifi@e ad fwtion of morio. (Conpqs & Godib. 2005).This litdtuE rcvi.w
Gnd€R rh. dpincd omrib{riotu of th. sirrifidt pEdes6 wo i.g ro B|'blish
0E @rc.fl of cxpB*d oodon. i|. p.rccpdon ed m4|l@.nr An ov€ryi.* of rll
th. fiidings ha beo bricfly pE*nt d !o suppon th. joniliqtion of lh. cuctrl Fojcct of
dacloping pceivcd cxpca$d dorid srlc and its illustnrion otr rh. pari.nB of
$hiaphmi!. d.pFsion, OCD ad rcmd @trols.
L.wis (198) Epo'i.d ! chbnolosical E!i@ of $. d.v.lopm. ot.motioMl
p'ss.nd ur.d n b.ck to thc pioicr wo'k ofsignund FEud ed willim Jucs thrl
<strong>plly</strong>.d ! <strong>stln8.mpl6k</strong> on this topic. TlEy funtEr snrcd lhar in 1930s ed 40s dic
obs.bl. bchavior b.mc lds of arcnfion &d sh'doEd th. imporr.re oa.Dorions
brr nor vcry lald lh.nl9?G U. 3rudy of @8niris p@s doFinlr€d $. fi.ld rill l99os.
By $. advm.d kmwlcdg. of undrlying biologjcal pc.ss biolosy prldomiBl.d,
wirh thc resulring cn.issec€ of ns focls o. rlE study of cmorioB, A bd.f Bi.w of ic
vui.d @npom s. rhch .sn.nr ed cffc|' on diff.eor psychoplrholoSi€s is 6
2.1 CoDpotr.l.l oa.roriom
2,r, I S.No rio u n I @ dpona t
B.h.viouEl cohpon nt of morioB cNhplrs.s ou doiig, ii @tioi lo our
cmdon l.xp6i@. Shili!& jMpir,& complaidns, crying, sholting &d rcuins li6
5l

e sn. ou bchavio@l ap€.tl ofemotioml dprsiors. How€vd $e psychologisrs
rrticrlly cxmirc facial.xpEsio6 a behlvioMl h6B. Th* f.cial .xpE$io6
e €oNider€d s of impoiianr oDponot o nonve$al @mmbi€rion. (Matlin. 1999)
Eknd (1973)ha qnot.d aclssical study on linding the eur&y in daoding enolions.
In this $udy th€ respond€nls wft pe*nted s nwbq ofphotos of fa€ial .xpEssions
d.piding vEiow cnodonal l€x.s. Thcy w qk d lo eivc best appopnac dotoml
lab.ls on lh* exprgsions. ll ws found d.r in g€nc6l the Espondots wcr fairlt
dccmle in ileir ssslneni. Anonesr the given expr.$io$. h.ppiness ws &curEt ly
idendn€d by 97% surprise by 95% 4d oger by 65%,
L mo$d study, F.inherg, Rittin, od Watter ( I 987) mmged lo invc$igalc
|he .bilily of€no onrl @gnilion in de pdicnls of$hizophF.ia &d af..dv€
dierder. They aglin sFssd rho thbugh ih.irjrrdSnmr oi th€ behaviouEl ompondl
of hodom in f.ci a1 exprcsions. Twnty on€ phoographs havinC po*s oftu danenlal
enomos w€r. pr€snlcd k' thdm in rotzt fou r.sks aor taciat di$rihimtioh, h two rasks
lhcy werc aked |o match facial idenlirics i@sFclivc of€noton expressed. ln eolhs
trc ia*. they wre dk d ro Ecogria lhe .modons ofd. fecs in the phorogBphs dd
l.bcl then "@rdingly. lr E foond lhal rhe b.st po$ible Ecoeriiion ad tdheling ws
done by lhe nomdl conhots follow€d by $e plIidis qirh &pressi!. iltn $. Howver
lhc patients with *hizophrenia showed deficirs on alt the fo{ us$,
2, I. 2 Coetitiw codph.nl
Tne srk on rhc on@pr of th. innrnc. of o.e,s innr didlioro i.... $h.mra.
on Ih€ Dc4reilrion ofsm€ cvc or cxpdi.ne hs betr Efered tos b6ck6I9j2 b,
B&len. He pEFnred a cultully ufhilie md alien rypc of infomarion lo a 8ronp of
pdniciparts md lhen ssked rhem to @a|l afts a definite pcriod. In one t@ous
54

exFdn nt he sted rh. ponicipdti ro E d a folk Llc dd rben dall n ans a year. He
foud tlll mjority of thn grve a cultMl @lorins lo dkn @I influqed by is
noms dd €xpcclalions a@rdins lo rheir $heDa. AneNa.dr Brewe! md TEyehs
eshblished lhal our schemlic expcclatio.s se enoush ro misguide an onleker ro
.tron@usly i.terPct thc given situalion (6 cilcd i. Rln€lhan, t 9E0l.
\vhile workingon a squmtial anatysb oftnc lerbatiadon ofrhe padent and the
EIaliB ove. a pbbl€n solving disssion, Halltrg, Coldsr.i., and Nu€chtedein (1989)
found lhat mosl prebably be.aus ofihcir individut way of p.rceiving tcir ine@tiotu.
di'l.Mr !'adents Bpord€d in a sigifi@tly difeEnt mys to atnost sinil& iyF oa
hign or low €moriodl expresioc.
Cen dd S€d.kirt€s (2001) conduded a nudy to lesl rhe hypolhesis lnat
'Schenas shapa social psceptioo when thd la,gel dgciprion is dbiguols. @d found
pdi*ly tbe @e paftm. petimihary resi,aled th. €rget Ctris as equa y likety lo be
d.p€nded or independ.nr Panicip.nh had also b.€n ctdsifi.d s ind.pendencr
shenDic. dep.nde.cc-*he@lic or ehnatics Aner eading aboul lhe prcdicr€d
b.hNior ofchds,1h.y kE 6ked lo indiqr. their inpcssion.boul ii lr w6 rcvsled
thst $e raings of the pardcipdts sere qunc consislent with then oq scheDfiic type,
Supponing lhe hypolh$is. ind.pendence*ch€natica lEted Cnris bchaviolr s likely !o
bchave oore ind.pendcndy *hil€ lh. eme s$ 6r\cd as l€$ indeFndot b.havior by lhe
d.ped€n6eh.h.tics. So n ws e$ablished lhat elf slsr.m of $h€ms dehin d rh.
hotvarioDl fiuctios of th€ eciat p€rceprioff md the seEr@ !@!ons,
5'

Z l. 3 Phtt i.tt oE k: d.onpone n1
Th. individual Eaction ofth€ Fcption ofhigh EE hs !t$ b€en asFssd
$mu8h a ditfcEnt dioeNion by be6urihS psycho-physioloeicrt r.acrion. Rese.rch ii
nel|@im6 sugg.$s tl)sr @g.irior ud moion M b.n be @tuiderEd c sp€nle bur
mi@laied syslens dd their flnciioG. which @respo.d via bi-dirccrioml .eu6l
cometions bclween $e emorional e.len such 6 mygdala md n€urc-conex Th.y
linhd €ipldncd tlr b.c!G oflh€* @mdlions .morioos Eht d inpur all* conicll
&rivi9 md cognirire inpur lioh rhc onex to rtusfom emolional pocesine (Mcclaty
A nMb€r of snldi$ hare tri.d lo @$ rhe.fecc of Eta v.s. EE lne n.ans of
deasing ciiicish m(vo. ovcr involld. on ihc rsycho phrsiotogic.l Eaclion, of
addt schizophMics, As more &d s&ner elap* in high EE hohcs had alEad, b.en d
esLblkhed f&r, il 6 €xp.ctqd thal hid EE goupr dcplay morc aurononic nRous
sr.ten aclivily in the pEsencc of hiBh EE. Tadiei Bmwctough, por.ddu. dd Wari
( 1988) diven d $e $t blished notion of fie sisnitic@* of high cxpe$ed enodons of
dE eladvs of $hizophFni! parienb by onccnrdtins on rhe esenr of Fych.
phynobgiol @dvity of fic pdlienii ro lhe exptlsed morions ot rhcit elariv.s. It w$
medu€d ihrolgb psycho pbysiological @cdons ofthe palienc wirh $hizophenia in
Misions ed |no* of nomal @nrcls. The nunb.r of sFnrtu@us netutioN (SF) ii
skin @ndetion (scy min Ms @6ideEd ro be $e best m6@ ro di*rimide paicnrs
living with higb EE md wilh low EE, Tbe srudy concluded that rh. patieoh wilh high
Expcsd Enotion elativ€s shoued higher lcv.h of skin ond@tanc€ lhn pai.nG wirh
Iow Exp6ed Emotioh lev.ls bur ir ws icpeclile ofrhe prcrncc or ab*ne of rhai
bigh E&essed Emorion Fldli!..
56

Phillips {2oo3l foNd evcral studies indicatingspecific abnomaliies in neusl
rcsion i.spoNible for the identifioadon of cnotioBl mat€rial ,nd CBndalioh of
enDrional 6pons6 ir parid5 wi0r synptoft of Psychi.tric di$rdeu inclnding
$hi@phmi., de?Isior Bood !d Mldi8rn (2000) soppon€d |ne mlion or
morional qpasion idemificdion and b€haviodl tqbs6 in Plti€nls vilh
$hi@ph@ia. wri8llt, tubeH6k€th, lid W@dol (2000) food abno@l n@l ceu
inrcgrity and volume Eduction in the 8ygdal., insul!, thalds and bippeampus in $c
nudis of srudul n€rcitugiog of th. patidk. Crspo-Facorc, Peadi*o.
AndeFeasn (2001 ) hrve ale co.dncted lunclional new-inagihg Gchniques wilh lhe
lindings of i failure to octivate linbic Egiotu in rcaFn& lo enoion l stimuli in lhe@
tlpca ol p.lims. Thde tudings rl$ cfcr to a $ronScr signiicafte or th€ pderved
cmtions 6 they ft beins afected by thc nd.l daminMr olttar panicuh P8tidl
Ov.,sll findings of tt€ n€wl stldi6 ftntion d in PhiliF e06) suga6l lh.l
spEilic srrplom in mial drsnndion, .mtional lilbility, ncgltive bi6 tnd dep@.d
mood ctc. dc sirongly asciated wnh fte siructwc dd fdcion of neml re8ions
responsible fo! lhe pmc.ssing of€molionsl .nrnonneht of lhe individul
2.2 Expre$.d amodo.s
ln a rlidw anicle 06 the .levelopncnlll ospec$ of tnlt dne in $e conc€pt of
expEssed motoi. Kavoagn ( | 992) highlightcd th. cN oflhe studi6 on |ne ExP6.d
Emoriotu s e inpotul F.dictor ir lh. EhP$ of ehizoPhrenia. He Mlion€d
Canb.Ncll Fmily Intervier (CFI) s singl. iGtruft.t to rc$rc hish EE for lhe rh.n
hfl 30 yeas of @dch on lhe snbjel. Tn. ralitgs e n dc on lhe bdis oi lmily
nlcmbcrs bne ofvoice rnd rne contcnl of th.n spc@h *hil€ they talk aboul dE Patien$
during thc Clnbw€ll Fmily r crviw (Lef & vaughh, 1985) ln tur study 15 lapo
51

ccoded inteFicws of family mnb6. numbd of critical @mdis vec iolnd 6 lhe
ovedll indq of erFBs€d mtior. AnNdds Vrushn dd Lrtf ( l9?6) u5.d D
abbreviated v6ion of intfli€w in whi€h dcd $or rft liLly ro invite diticd
conn€ntl w€rc dilcu6ed oo prioriry b6is. This shonened vc$ion *as u5.d to conpar
palicnls of *hizoPnmi! with lh. p.ri6ts oldcrreire alb6, Ho*der, n is not
ecomnended lo 6rdblish rhe conceo oh dy 6ingle op€Etion.l tuolarion, .! the
conD.Fbilny eols lhe studiB is b6r 4hievd rltrough rh. 3imilarity of rhe .s6sndl
!r dillcml levels. l d- Ete

Magm4 Gol.lstein, Mitlowilz, and Kmo ( 1986) intoduccd anolia vdistion of
this bncf ftthod ro css 0E s€ €mtioncl .xpBio, of th. k€y tlative fot t
psychiaric patidl livin8 in th. sme Imily. h lhis @[!od r coding syslem s ued lo
assess rhe tr?ical behaviouE of criticism, ho6tiliiy cnd ovd involvcmeol e6er8ed as tho
coe tunif6ladon of higb EE. Duibg Cdbw.ll fmily inrdias th. blitd nlila of
rhe No measuB ind@€n&nlly End€rld .lG.ly chtcd 6ull5. Th. concm oa D.
findings was dole in falour of tlal bnef veEion fo! the @hing of hid EE.
lnsl@d of sing $e mosl natuorly s.d Cmbwell family lnleNiq (CFI) till
that inc, Whittick ( 1987) Ged a PstiaI R.jerion Sc.le 6 m appdrimtion lo
Expras.

2.3 Pcrc.iv.d f,rDEs.d Emtlotr
'nre work on the @hccll oa tn€ influd@ of oneis inner dirdtiotr i.e., schemsta
on rhe int erclstion of $nc .vdI or qp€riencc hrs hen r.fcild lo s b&k a | 932 by
Baftu dd Compe ( 198?). Hc p@ted a culruolly ufmili& dd alim typ. oi
inromalion !o a ebup of paiticiponls and lhd sked lheD to r4.ll tnei a d.linitc
psiod. ln one fonos cxpenftnt he ost d .h. ponicip€nts !o @d a rolk ld. ..d rho
d l n rnd ! r€r. He foud rh.t mjority of rhd glve a cultual 6bnne !o lh.n
raall innucnced by its noms 3hd exp4latioB !.cording lo lhct shen4 The lindings
esbblished th $henrdc cxpc.htios .e .noug} lo misguid. e onl@kd lo
cmneously inteqrcl the Eivd 3iluarion.
TomFon and collcguca ( Tompson, Coldstein, Irbel, Minrz, & Mdde!,1979)
cxlnined vlri{ioB in ln. pcvailins EE ir thc fmjly ud ils &tu.l pqception by the
parie.t. A3 thde wd rc speilic |lr6u|l@l lvailabl., tn y .t6pr€d b enicv. rhc
nrgel by conduclirg a deniled inrcoiew of lh. palieht od conparif,e th€ relotive
li.dings wnh $c o'ncone or th. ldninistdld fiv. ninlr€s spdn lmde (FMSS) lo rh.
key heibd of th€ fanily. Th. lindings .ugec!rcd that the disr?&cy wd norc
Everled in de e$nic ninonty Broup. Coaidqing rhe liniillion! oi th€ srudy thc .urhos
could nol cl.in $e inpondc. oflhe FE.iv.d
60
EE Ethd tn& tne EE in its.lt How.v6,
rhe @nd wls 6!gg*dve of funher l€s@n .nd wrs amng lh. pion a work in favor of
Schcrer (1993) dalyz.d thc foclou cponeibl. for th. @cuMe of !D aDoion.
He baej thr ninitul cognni!. pcrequisild for rhe ccutmc€ oa m mtion on two
issnes conceming the l€vel ofprocssinS &d lt?e ofplcssirg. On rhc fomer ksu.

$c& hrd beh c clcsic debarc b.N€en Lo4s and Zajonc wbile $ey ldked about $e
@le olcognition in tutio (Zrjonc, 1980, 84; Lldl! 1984).
scheB ( 1993) comhfltcd thal bolh Laarus dd z.johc Erenel !o sonc rne of
srimulus poc*ing or coding. The writd suSg*rs il !o be me liuittul ro d.tmine th€
narurc of $e infomdon p@e$, rnreedo lo dotion along with the lw.l on whicb
cnDlioi muircd lnd t]'e cquiFd coclitive and neNlogical eqlipne.r ttlc To slpport
this sus86lion, hc r€f6 to vdbE abpinol studiG whdc $bjels e st d !o eall
rhe expqiflced emtioN md .valur€ their mtion et4.d.nt appBilal, For thh
purpose. ir ! echlrio nelhodi rhe subjets @ diered ro pul $.melvs inro a panicula
snuafion md r.?on de kind of.mdo6 d.y .B likdy to .xpaioe. Tnis Focedue
hclps the expens lo exploE $. coftbination of apprdsl dincnsion, which arc likely lo
prcduce r speific difi€Mti.rcd @tid
Pdk.son ( | 99?) rcf6 to saeral studi6 wnich d€rcnslard lhar pani.utr tyr.
ol 4pFisals EsulrihS in a padiculd r}!€ of 6otion. Amh8sr rhen in ! sody by Snilh
&d Ellsunl ( 1985) in which wiou studals w@ st d lo crtl fifi@ speific
cmotoml srare! they ser expdimc€d in dren p6i Then $ey mt d tn€ir evalu ions
about lhe lr?c of .ppnisal as$ialed wnn ihat cxpedd@. They foud dut ovdll
.nalrsis ol d6. rcrdings lMif6ted a chdcr(isric Fdn ssialed lo *h ryF of
Hmley and T.{sd.lc (1989) rl$ dpn6i2!d on the p6pelive of th. deit6
p€rcePlioh of'h.significantoth6 Ihey showcd that &e simpl. qGtion "How critical
r i,or
spous. oftlu? rdeilcd mrc vsi&cc in relaps.ate than se$ed $mngn
CFI or orhd hdnion.l l@lG.
6l

Slirlin8, Tanlm, Tbomos, Nwbx and Moftaele (1991) neelted the vi* ofhigh
Expr6sed E@tions {ED b nlvc . 3L@g 6Gl.tion wid lhc Ehpse prdicliot. with !
slmpleof42patientsoaschizophrcnia,tn fididonols1udi6wirhth€EEasiated
wi$ higher Ete of lclapse werc challflged. Wl!6oevd th. c!u$ were, $e cu of lhe
@lLr snsgests thlt lhc p€ccption of EE Ethd lhd EE iGelfws fd me Espomible
lbr the iale of relapse and dacelbation of$c synprons.
Funlcmrc, $ey h8vc co$idercd a numbd oll!s@h6 who fau..d on lbe
paiienc pe@prion of $e family's lninrdd .nd .nvibIUjnt a pog.osri.ally
sisnificant conponeDl in tn clinicrl cotrc oa*hizopbHi!. Howfler, th. inslmenls
thct uFd vec either Ihe Fuily EnviftMt Scllc (FES) (R. H. Mc & B. S. M@r
l98l i Spiegel & Wissltr, 1986) or the Pmnldl Bonding lNlonot (PBI) (Aaker,
Haln€s. & K@rid, 1984; I98?, B.ls & (@riar'. 198?j P.rt r, Tnplin& & BDq,
| 979. Paker, Fanky, And Gedwood 1982t Pa*a & Mardl98q wmd & AlkiMn,
1988), Afier a.ce$ing palienls lnd signinmt Lnily nmbcB lepahlelt on rhe bsis of
ene sFucnml inledi4s ed $.16 dey 6ndud.d lbe inwn&ce ofs dyins rh€
paxenls perceplion of th€ anitudes of fie key family nenbes in studies of fmily
hc1o6, a it Nas v.ry posirively corclot d wirh ihe oe ofGlaFc rnd ex&cdotion of
To explorc tne dstioBhip berwen rh. Expresed Emotion ol the rclariles md
t|[ Elrp$ dq Montm, Coma-Boeyo, Ruiz, Pwhe and Adm ( 1992) srudied
Spanisb pdients vitn scni&phrnir in q two ylaN follow !p. They loud rhat' ESds
lbllos up ne$tcd ony siificsl eocistioD bawq relaliv6 HiCh Exp6s.d Enotions
lnd clap6a Hov.ver. r tendencyw6obw.d i. ilEparior.ehoco dnor 'tEmge
roninu$ic conrols like nediccrior o.behoviogl prcgllm
62

ln the sde w.y. DG6ctor dd coll.asuo (Doselor, Nicol. Sr@h, & R jkowa,
1994) lnribuE lde ph€non.non of hish EE to dl.tive's ill-psycholoaiol hald! p@r
pracric.l .uppon and Elor€d sial prcblms, p&ticllaly shil. deoling vith .hildq
populdtion of ps}thiaric iUne$. Hovevd, in spitc ol the fi.di.8! th6t hic! EE golp
percciv.d hisn l*l ol slcs dd teg swlon, $e rudts of$en $!dy @uld lol d.t41
My siSnificd diff*nc. in copi4 srnr.gi6 oflhc two eroups.
ln tnen snldy Woo, Goldslien, md Neuchterleii (199?) adoplcd a m.lhod i.
$hich r fanily assMt session *s @.deLd, In those *sdoN prtiols md lh.i!
rel.tivcs {@ 'nvil€d
lo p€nicip.c an lwo l0 minue di@l incEclion, di$Nin8 on
$m. family i$u6 id.nlilicd a a Oobltu oncc by a patiol and oncc by the eLlivc,
HeF lh. searcher aimed ar dpr.ding the asc$meol by di@tly n.Btrnng
dv'onncntal emtional p6lcm 6on d. ildividud's FBperiv.
on which n is beirg
HayhNr md ColhaS!6 (HayhNr, Copd, P!',kel, Veam.ls. md Raddq 199?)
condul.d a loneitudiml ltudy ovd , pqiod of onc r!!r
1o * the rcladonship beN.en
ihe exp!*s.d emtids padiculdly the criliol com.ts of lnc f.nily 'lMb€6 &xl rtrc
cou6c and outcone of d?ression. Th€y ako studi.d in ddoil rbd .rtitude ofthe family
mmbc4 and cont@6 of lhc ciilicol @mls of tnc dltiv6 lowdds the p.tie.ts of
d€pcsion. TlEy found lh.l @ne ol th€ .bo!c Mti@ed faclc v.ts nor inponr in
causing a n.galive eildl on lh. .ou* and outcomc of iunss $d th. pe@cwaion
and pclceptions Fgdding thcn fmily mnbd' benavior towards thcm. Tius, then
cmph4is w4 rls di@lcd rowad perceivcd expes€d morios rdhd rhm fte
63

Tdiq cl !1. ( 198) inv6liSltcd aboui tt. .fii@y of intersiv. @Snitive
beh,vior rh.ropy in rhc paridls with choni. $hiaphrnia md foud si8nificmdy b.tts
inpbrcm.nlsof p6iti@psy.holi.synp{oGinlhepdicnt whoteeivecoglitile
behavio! th.Dly as corpdel to th. on . who we or noml toutir. r@ttnent on cde.
Mor olq the sme wa me for findings of 0!c. montns .,lcr follov-up asssn@I,
DmG (2001) cired a study by Langd dd Abekon ( l97a) in wbich a nunbd or
pstrhorh.Episb in two gDu?t i.GAEted thc tdits of! sc tcM. lc@rding io th.
expl&aion sivdn to them prior to snowirS $. mvi.. Th€ SDup which ecived tn
i.fomction aboul ih. intfliwe 6 Lhe on€ for r job labelcd hin 6 realisric, sincerc .hd
plwnr snd the oth.r gmlp which w6 bfomcd thlt the F@n vd a n ntal p.tidl
labeled him as defensive. d€pehdot dd inpulsivc. So these disussions also suppon the
aact rhlr peG€prioo ol de ffvinnnmrd srinuli in r speiic wy is fd noc ireonal
in initiainga panicul.r Bpoosc lhd dal oflh. event i$.lt
PoU.t 12002) conde|el a study to cMjn. dow FreEl dpdioer efl61
one s pc(eption of 6. emolionel .xpniqcd, Thn phenotunon was searchen wnh
r€fwncc to plysiolly absed childd. I! y st€d a sn!I. ol pbsiqlly abB.d dd
lon abuscd childd to clt goriz. feill qpebns 6 s.4 hrppy, Iearful md ug.y nd
exahined fte diffeEnce ofdeir dofioMl cateSoriztio.. A cdetul edlysis ofrhe
espob*s tudif6|ed rhrt tnc abus.d childr@ idcnrified rle qplsions of fFrtul and
sad dorc frequenlly than tne children ofnon ablsed goup,
Leichming (2002) pcdt.d a onpuldiz.d tuvBdgltion of vatdly
explesscd emohons. A homd 8reup (n=30), &ule Schidphenics (n=25) *qe
conpard in rcgod lo verbally .xp.6s.d cfutiotu. A@rdins to tbe 6ulll, p€lidrs

wnh n.umtic disord.6 did rct di(Icr fton th€ nomal ereup
in a8rrd lo v.Coally
expesed motiofti boidelirc paliqls *pi.!s.d fa ed dotiom ir gen.ral
sirrifiontty mE frequady $d lll othd ditSnostic gouPs. Furtn€mF. bordslinc
pllicnts dil]d in re8lrd to speilic cnolions from patiehb wnh neuotic disdss, tculc
$hibphmi6, r.d soup in tgttd lo lbe qpBion olemlioro, vher6 chrcoic
shizophmics €xpressd mgs, Lor, adi€ty and edoion! in gs€El siSrificontly less
areq@ndy tho. that of tn€ panicipanb ofnomrl grw.
C@alo dd Bru)q (2002) dploEd in d.hil a conputei*d perfollMc€ of
! ir ual pdceplion of the faciall y cxre$ed eno om Llrou8b Method of Arol ysis ed
Re*!rch oflhc InicSntion ol @tioB (MARIE). A ercup of65 individuals werc st d
to identify tte horpholosical tmnsilion lrom on. ceonical ehotion lo eother led lo lb.
crolion oa a coniruum of inEnn dj.ry pictG . TIB ! rchiiNhip w6 .lt$lished
beNmln l}!c of lhe conlinuum nodid€alios ond lhe v&htion oflh€ tspors of
didcr.nt individuls in nunbd.
The erqrs of th€ pmeiv.d slEs3 d ti. lbre ol mind q@ a1s nudi.d by wei$
(2005), Nno stiv.d to se@h for the ooreloiior of these two voriabl6 wi$ refeuce to
lhe mth6 inlwdrion Mrh itcir childrE. He aoud l|ial if tlr mth6 polcption of
thcn imnediate elafions is satkfa.tory. rhey ec le$ dilicrl &d €xpi.$ ld hosrilily
Bhts*{ lnd Rudr@ (2007) sMi.d rhc ElatioDship b€twd individudiz.d
age of natualion and cdjustn nr oa adolesdt girl6, Ano!$t home, hslth, $cid dd
6veall ldjsnndl oalne ei n ln.y loDnd dui .ge olmn4don highry irflufte sirl
lnd cmorioml adjurmal a n ldhf.clonly achi€ved ali6 thc sg€ of l2 and I I y€a6.
65

n6 hcl! lg.irl rhc lcvcl of dtc F@ptioi of dE cmodon.t inr@tiotrs 6ftd Orn $.
.motior ilelf ha bc.n Erlt.d m't jsdfior.
2.a Ssk for P.Niv.d Erpc..d EDotior
TIE F@ption od @don ro . pdiclla 3nuljon vsics fion pcen !o p.en.
F !n pcychonerric sp.d n is impondr ro @isidc, dF* incryeMdt dd
itrL.p.Mnal difliEncca s tuid for llt Etarld FycholoSicd D*@s. To onuot thc
6r.6 bils dE eNh4 pEr.r . metod in *hich rh. rubjcds @ suppc.d ro Er.
lh.nelv.s on di|I.ml rlit din.nsioB .Jn $. sB d dcrirld fon c.ch pcMn.i
v&iqe ftos 'ni.g" (Ai45&si, a Utbinr, 197, p.39j). Innidty thc GxptEsscd
motjoE wc n.3su!.d fioh fi. pc6DE drc of lhe ob.Gpcil rhc ct sh.t dmd. is
cbb.q.ll Flnil, Inrcdi.w Howd cotuidrins rh. si8nific..c. of subj6f3 ow
6dn8!, th. mce€ngr of cxpEsd cnorioN srancd shifting !o rh. aspcs of pccivcd
dpE s.d ooriois. FollosinS is a bd.f Evicw ot lhe rook ofsEh I'DG of ass.ssm.nc.
'ton0icr Bch.vid Qudlionn ic . by pdn2, Fosre. Kcn( .d O.t &y { 1979)
ard Evi!.d by Robin .d Fosr.r ( t989) is ! scdc whi.h h.s@s d. desc of rrr
conf icr &d rcgnis comuierbn @uing in tlE fmily duine lm ro Oc no h!
prior to th. Eting. Th€ itrt Gring ad significrni pln ofrhis qGnioMiE is rh n
nBuEs llE rtusv@ F@prion of ft. tcv.l of rh. borh mcmb.6 invot*d ii a
Plniculr @!ni4 Mainty |he FEciv.d cddcim E esd oru. adot.*.n|3
Iowslds lh.h paF s 4d for thcir psEnrs .nd vic. r.N on lwo ind.p.ded $!t s.
Th.y pEF!.d dis tss ch€.klin @ir.inins a tisr ofconnicr polokjns $.Mi6 ard
.5&ng thc Espondcnr ro lir3r Epon lhoul ils Ft ilt !o Frcipitat. d issF. ad lh€n
6t tlE d.gr.. ro *iich n could pbrctc .r8cr in dal cponddl ]hs dis sc.t. ,8!in
66

lends lo meaurc the way the Espondents cvalute lhd silurion md feelanger
A Dutch Scale, EeDMim.n Be m&nd€ Upfdm (C. P.trt. J&ob$n.
Lindshn. VonKnoding, & H. Peris. 1980) is a sisnifiqlly talid md Fliable
instue.! which enphai&d ur[n individsl s memon.s of rhe F enat pfteption of
rhe pmnralarijtudcs and lqing ptulices, tnsread ofralkinSabour the placdce irsetf$e
enphGn is on rh. s$$n6t of ns perc.Fioh e b.ihg froc sisnificanl for havihg
lifelone eff*|s o. drc psyche of lhe individul.
R. M@e sd B. MoN ( 198 | ) ddclop€d "Fdily Envircnm.ni Scale" lo
n6w social.nvitome al ch@ct*isiics olallryp6 of fmilic' Th. sslc is
adninisl@d on the fmily nembes ro geta eore on thre-dimensional
conceplu.liztion oh ih4e epmle foms. Thce foG e labelcd s rh. Eal fom (Foft
R), d. id6l hm (Fofr l) and rhe Eiceprional fom (Fom E), and roms on |he
a6mdt of p€opl. s pdcepiion of &rul fmily eNircmmr, Perc.prion of ideat
litftily envnonment and the lasl on€ inellucts lbe respondehc to expss ften
exp@tations and suggesdotr iegarding dy change in the fmily envnom.nr
BFcrively. Th. .xte.r of ohsion, crpGivmes, od conflicr d *o'!d in lhe
al.ionship dincnsion. Thc $B ofthis sle e alloerd to siv. fou dif.rc.l
dinosions of fmily persperive indic.ling irs speific chmlerisljcs. Variou
chaacHisrics of fanilial envircmenl se allocaled ro four differcnr dinensions. among
then @hesion. cxpesiven€s edconnict d. hesued in lh€ r€lationship dineGion.
Iteass€sentof ind.pdd.ne,&hicv.n nlorienr.rioa i .Ueo.l cuh@l
onot tion. actir. rccreltional ori€nlalion. ard honl Bligio6 enphsis ir done in
6l

pc&hal SroMh d'nension. In the sysrem maintem.ce dimension the asped of
orgmiation and onrrcl @ beiig toe6uEd. Moose & M@e decl@abour their rcsl
tlut tlE face ed co.rent validilt of th. insrrument d. supponed bt cler srlrenenrs
.boul fmily s'tunoG $a1 dlale lo sub.sl. domlins,
Aftnbution Style Qu$rioiDiE by Peleen el al. ( l9E2) evalur€s $e type of
dilleEnes in attributine a caue tc, a g@d or bad event acoidine to o individuh oM
p

d€ceasd p.Mn. Panicularly in ils pan U $e fo owins ir.ns cqli,e rh. sutfeRr ro
Epon aboul fi. subj4rivc &@unr of rhe coMo.d felins:
l - I stiu 8.t ulsel wn n I lhink abo lhe pe,son who died
2- I caol accepr rhis F6on.sd.arh,
3- I am pMcupi.d with rhoughts abour rh€ F,son who di.d.
4- I ce1 avoid $inling abour rh. peMo sho died.
5- Tbings &d p@ple aound me $ill Emind ne ofthe peren ho died.
Thc obovc and th. tike narenmls are rcfl(rire oi $e rhough! prcce$ and
eiated morions of a pcen Bho peE.iles ed Mcr, lo $e srlte of gnef. Il is quir
pos!'ble thar bea@ of individqt ky of irling the l6s. rwo peea of de @. fdity
edevoof sde level ofaudcbne score diffecntlyon rh6 s.tc,
Colc md Kaaid ( I 988) dsisned a ques$otrdc n@.o€o !o assess p.ri.nrs.
p.ft.ptioo of expts*d cholion wilh th. nde of ,Lev.l of ExpEs€d Emodo! Scd.
{LEE). 'nie obvious advanbg€s of the qu6riomair appD&h €tu@ rhar fie dpsenr
becon€s much easier wh€n rhe padenas rclative is nor n@ded_ AlihouSh in thar cas! $e
aulno6 €xp€d lnc po$ibitir) of,espon* bi6 by shininS ro rh€ subjcdv. repon of
Ftimfs F@ption. How€r, rhcy ctain.

@nle s, esy adnini$rotjon a sriog &d abovc alt brviry, il h6 bc.n wid.ty us.d
in eseNh sd cliniqt pracdce.
Thc ph€nomenon of individut vdialions in peE.iving .nd r€sponding ro a
sinilr $imuli in ! subjariE ndnd b4 d$ be.n ob*s€d by Me!.od ( t 99 t ), whec
a mcthodologic€l root € .d E€molio.al Srop T6k. B us ro .ss their afi.ntiool
bia. This rool pr€snr a series ofdifeGnt words prinled in difiercnr color. Igoring
t'eirsmanric lh€ panicipanB are bked roquicly nme $e cotoN in which th.se words
@ pnnkd. It M fonnd rhar rhe t45k ofjusl n@iis the inl cotor of rhe Mr&, whicb
u'ey fo@d rlercning &d di$urbing, dislr&kd Fnicip.nB An obr€clivc ind€x ofdE
thrcal vatuc of rhes. words B fohed by the detays ad erc6 jo ndjrg 1he coloB of
L "P@.al ExFn.he ScRdnS eueionmic,,. wi.l.6 ( I 991 ) constructed a
subede of psychosocial risk $al Dainty h6ws morional d$r6s ed $ougl
probl.n like F@Et ed sjat pobl€d' Io a wry rhis ssm€ .1$ l,rge$ th.
individ@l and his tEsic nechmien of€nvirohoenlil percepron ed lhc b.haviob tbat
e mtunly dsftiql.d wirh lhdr €noionol pbbten.
Ccdsna, Lubb., tud Nieu\lnndm ( t q2) exaDincd rhc tactor sr.uctuc oflh.
Lavel ofErpEs.d Ehodon S.jlc (!EE) &d th. inr.mt coGisr.ncy oflhe facroG
foud. Io view of the l&g€ nhber of subjccls equiied for ractol tulysis. dar! wcB
gathcrcd fbm hslthy slbj.crs 4 w.ll. Although. € E hds b€en $ud,ed on heatrhy tupte
befoc. they argue rhal te6 b m cae. b .iFfl rh,r fi€ E E catcSodes ofc,iticism dd
cmotion l over involvme e €xctsive .hmcr.risdcs ofpsycndtric paliflrs, ewn if
lne pateofs synprohs Day powerfuly rigger ro eticn high EE behavior (K€Ner. 190).
10

In Ihe pEsenl udy bo. rbe Esearcher hasadninisteEd tbe *ale on rhe general
populationandaimed uritizing$escalefoi
ne6unng lben Frceived expressed
Shields dd his @I4gu€s (Shjclds. FEnts. HaA, McDdiel.& Cupb.lt.1992)
develop€d Fmily Emorional lololvene md Criticis Scale,, (FEICS). Ir is a 14 iren
selrreport sale whicn is funher divided in b tuo subsalesofpcrc€iv.d Ciftism (pC)
and inlensityofEnorionat tnvolvenenl (EI).Tbe $ales have 7 itenseeh od ee *oi€d
on a 5 poinr Liken rrl€. h b origin ly adninjsrei€d to a spre or El pati.nls of
nor thd 40 yes ofage. CDnblrhi Alpba @ged fbm .82 ro .74 a.d had signjfiMl
ojetaaons wifi orhcr scalcs ofhs rrpe ofcoNrructs ed objecrives thus with irs
Felihinary cvide.c€ i! ws cohsid€red s a valid a.d EIiaD,. s€ac.
Th. chitdh@d TEuha tnt tuiw (cn) by Finl ( t ee:J) w.s sp€cificaly
s@r@d to .sss v&ioB cba@an$ics of rhe childh@ tnutu. hough .I lhe
inibmation is deliveEd br fi€ child\ subjsdve hol@dons abour rhar cvenr yer rhc
reFon esadib8 the severiry oa thal !6u@ exctusively epre*nrs the d.8ree ol
seEitiviryand pe(cplnat 6pftr ofrhe nisery. fiis int€ryj€w comarns srgnrtica tevel
orFliabiliry ond volidny. hs psyctDmer.ic pmFnies d€ wcl conpa@bte with olher
childhood m6Es ro .sss simit& lypes of vdi{b16. (Fi*, A.mnein, Hddchntu.
Foore,&t !e.ior.1995)
Sensnivity ro *itichm scate by Artas (t9S4) cohprised or J0 hypothejcal
sihutionsofcririet nane, The subjeds aE 6k.d ro rcad rhe d€gE to which lhey feel
being .ririciad udd sinitd qT€ ofsiluriom. The inr€nal coBjst€nc, and rsr,Ei$t
elilbih, of$e t sr h6 ben Eltcsbbtisbed.
1l

sLim.r, Sl.irnaucr, md Se|.-B&bn ( 1995) consrucl.d a qucsliomai,. m.ly
"Famil, Assssnent Mesure'.. This Scdte m6ues a fanily.s genest chdacbisrics
rDm rhe Bpondenrs point oa vi€w Anongst rh. ch@crcrisrica of comhunicado. md
Acliv. ExpBion lnvolv.n€ naiDly @ncentdlcs on individ@t.s p€rceflion ofoth.r
meDbcas emorio@l cxpBio._
Thonp$n, Catbrin, Flowcr. ed Fishe, ( I 995) inroduced TlE p.@plion of
Ieaing Scal€ ro assess pdnicip.nrt pie.al evaluadon ofchitdhood expqiences
Fgarding ot.is .omn€nrs on rh.ir eighl ed sbape, The espondenr is also suppos.d
b Epon thcn subjetve falines .id anirud€s lowsds rh.n le4ring b.hayiou. Ttis elle
al$ acquiEs sood psychohelric pbpenhs wjlh hi8h iir@ @nsrslenc, @mci€.i
mging frch.85 to 92.
"Balec€d EDorion Emparhy Scal.,. is eother $atc by M€h6bi.n ( 1996) which
aim al nat[ing irdividusl dillehq ed Gedo.s ro olxe6. falings. Ttey defin
noliom eDpatht 4 .one vi@ious .xperi..e of mlh.ts Fe@!y m6@nHts-.
lu des(ib6 indiliduat diff.Fnes in the r.nde.ciB ro hale eDorionat ehrathy wnn
oteu, This scate h in rhe fom of a qu$rionnaire. Subjccts Epon rne d€8ree of rhe,
le@nor or d'sg@tunl ui.g s poim $.1.. Ttu, rhis $ate aho siSriti6 rh. fd $al
tnc dic@l racto6 innuene rnc jndividul 6mu8h hig hq o9l qy or pe4eivins dd
Fo$er (200j) deviql.d frcm dE exisling melhods of6$ssinSexpBed ehodons
by Mrd $afl in del.hining Ibe wclt b€iog of psychiabic in-pdienrs. Thcy repon the
dd.lopnc oa Pcqived E\pGs*d Emoftn in SilFs.ate s a q@ljoordiE n6uring
€xpEssed €hotrons in $rtla p@.i!€d b, rhe pari€nts. tt i, a @nvqicnr h@ur.
which may have uriliry fof both Esearch od ctinical purposes.
72

The hedod ofskinS for Espon*s b lh. hlFrheicat sc.narios ofsoci.l
plld€ns 6 usd by Dhs dd Maeotin (2007). wh.n lhey studied rhe innue.ccs of
paentst @ital agg€ssions on rhe child@.s a$Essi!. My of prcblcn $lving *nh lbe
peds, The study w6 d€signed to find chitrlEn,s lbilily ro slvc $en ecial problens ed
to se th€ corn.clion berwe€n paE {hildEn aDd padnrs respomes toMds sid
pbblens. Obvio6ty il m not pcsihle to pur lhc panicipsl3 in tive snulions. aor rhe
elc of Espon$ ob.GMrion onty. So in rhar ce a1e rhey exhmed rheir Gspon6 io
lhe hypothedcal sn&iq.
2.5 P.repru.t Dc0cn i! p,y.ti.r.ic Dtord.r
2.5.1 percept.rt rteltcit in S.rtzophert
CoCnirivedeficns ha!. mditonalty btr! as$cialtu 6 a coe realure or
ehizoph8oia (Bl€utci. I9l t ; KheFIin. 19l9). Tnis faclor u EspoNibte for $e
fucdonai imp6iodc of tc pariqls of $hiaphrnia, C@mr. we8ne, ary, O
'N.il ( 1989) @ndrcEd a study &d @Dpald th. &cuhy or !c@pr!on &d judenc of
.modonal srater ofolhers j! parienb wirh schiaphenia ed nomal conbots. They
showed fi ve video senes depi cring d ifiere enotio,ll exp€ssioc of eutuy i.
butine life. Sc.n€ A stD*rd a wonen anxiousty c@king for a man who ws politive
rowrrli h€r, in Scen B, a farh€, was g€!ri,8 &8ry on h9 oaugnr.r, D een C. a morher
e6 cniicizine h.r en tor b.jng in bed all rh€ dnc. in Scae D. d dio6 noder
genrr'g mhqcs€d for h€r en.s tud. behavior lo orhe6 dd in $oe E. s rcme. e6
app@i,tine a paindng ofa he who w6 nol vd, @nfideft 6Doul & qualiry. A tist of
the adjediyes of vdious emoiio@l shtes w6 prolided lo .&h parricipant &d they wer
asked ro hre lh€ nain acbr ofeach $en€ on .r resr ro$adFcriles i.e. *onied. ed,
Ela dd 6hm.d erc. lr @ foud lhallb. parienrs with shi&phenia prcduced 26%
.13

delidl Espons while tne acqu.ncy ofsucn rcspon*s itr nomat conrots 6 onl,4yo.
h wa also obwred lhar rhe difeence was even mor sig.ificant on $e $oB tbr rhe
scfts in which lhc ailurion M compoErirty uncteu. So rhe li5€dhe6 @ncluded
that .h rh€ small€st d.se of mbiguit, prlduc.d croB m rne perccptioro of $e
parienbof $hizophr.nia. Sinitarph€nomcnon was.ssin inv.srigared by Cmmer,
Boen. and O Neil ( t 992) wn n lh.y qdord rhe qusion or .lreed Fcptbn of
emotion i. the pad€nts of shiaphEnia,
wl'il. obening fi. .abihy of*hi2ophEni. ro peeive and coF wirh ft8dive
aflect Ballal, Mu6er. wade. Sayen. &d Monien ( 1992) sh ted froh ehlibomenbl
ExpEs*d Enorions ro subj€crivc Esponses. tn $eirsludy 34 patimls wirh shizophFnia
in & &ure inpdtior hospilal we @np.!.d wjti 24 inpdicols or@jo, afl€.dvc
d'$rde^ dd I 9 non pdient contrcts on a rcle ptay rc$ of df{r perceplion md $cial
s&ills, rh€y foud thal p.riots wilh $biephEnia did nol shoq uy dillftniirl
rhparme qhcn p€s.nrd with hjsb EE. wheth€r confonred wilh b.ni8n c.ilicish or
wilb hish EE |hey dcnicd emE and onsistcntly lied mher rhd Espondins ssenively
or Epologizing. 'Ite shjbphrnia pa{dr @nsisteotly unj.Esuh.tcd lh. a ensiry of$e
enoiohal d isplays o f allccr perception tcsl.
l. dei. srudy tjbell and his coltcgks ( I 99l) h.ve di*ussed lh. ootioi of
lodilioMl Expi€sed Emotion of $e fmily menbeB and irs .eeafve consquenc.! on
$e d.innituion lized *hi@phFnia prienrs. To a$cas tne Elarr€s, a itudes od
@riom bwlrds rhe patienb atmcr alt of lhe r*ehcs have been basd on Ihe
'nt€N,ew of . key Elarive of lhe pated s a r€pEsenlarile of the whole lbmity.
l|owver, de &rhoE .imed ro hi&ligli 0!. fa.r ofrhc inpoile ot pardls. p.rc.pdon

g&ding d€ir Elalionship wth thcir elatives. They dgued lllat ,,jrrcladv€s, anitud.s
ed lhe quliry of $e retadonship have e €iler oo Ehps by edns 6 a $E$o, on lhe
vulnerable sbiephEnia pad.nh, one would expeq tar rnce out@D6 *ould b€
nediard by pat.nb. perceptions o I negar ive fMily r.laronship.,Op.Zjl_754).
culline, A6kG, dd D@h€ny C006) srrived to explore lhe view of exprc$ed
€oorion ftoh the pedp.ctive ofschi@phEnic parieft, l.hey inctuded l2 pai6 of
patiqls art significnr olhe6 in $eii srudy ed neasued lhc telet of expeskd enotioi
depicr.d tud peR.iv€d by th.n respecdvcly, tud explord wbeth€r the lwo orcspond
ho orc dorher or nor. AccodinS to rh€ Gs@h predicuons n w6 bud lhar rhe lwo
findings @mspond€d wel on fte p.Eeplion ofcridet codnenrs ed chorionat o!er.
involvtu.nr. HoEver, p!li.ms- td.t ofensnivny to qircrsn af.cred lhe eponed
level ofsrlts ofpariqts. Ttus deir findings ale Ef.r@ b rh. sgnificance of
Freptroul pd ollhe c,Ehstae5 achn8 in Eatn).
2.5,2 p.t.ptuat d.falt ia dc!6i@at dbonlca
Ir is wlt $4ed in fie tirealur thal si.l @ennion is hishly aff€dcd b,
psych'.tric di%.s 4pccialy pa@d!, (F@nen, Oaner, (uipe6, Fowt.r. & Bibingto.
2002). The Elalionshjp of cognili!€ ,leDina lalk drd rhe ar.rbution slyl€ snn rhe
paleoid d€lusions hd bcen a favouite aer of rcs.aeh duing ihe last few dcad€s
(O@ry & Fcene. 1999i Benlal. 200 r ; M.nin & peo, 2o0 r ). Conb6, Mictet. and
Pem (2006) exmin€d th. el|ecls of psanoi, on ehotion pe(cption acm$ co.rinuun.
On rhe b6is of diilcE D@ures tor th€ dcg@ otp&eoio dcldoro lbe, fod.d
dilfeEnr sDups md coDped then pdfoio&ce or difld€nr .moror prEeflioD bsts.
Tney found a lowcr teyel of seBirivny for rhe @ognnion of.horiomt shl.s @d ,
pdfomece d€ffcil on enodon percedion lasks in hishq hveb or pardoi!. Tney
?5

supponed rheir find ines wilb ihc exptearions of Davi s a.d cibson ( 2000) rha( ,lhe
d.ficic i. horion F@prion may Efldr rh. imtte slepr,c,sD and kunry dsiatcd
stn posed emorion task. , Thh subjecrive Bpon$ cd als b€ inrcAler€d wirh lcl.erence
to annbudon dd coenidve bi4. So thcy arsucd.har lh. pEmiting notion ofincEsed
sensnivityofPdanoid paienr ro enodonat $inuli w6 not screnrficalty supponed and
need.d funtur csdah in r\ar @.
Cmia Mone sd his co €agues (Geia Monr*, Cs8aq pez - Atvarcz,
Fidqlgo. & Curiedez, 2006) sudied th€ ph.nommon of the rct€ or m.b{ognilion ed
oou8nt co,rot lehriq@s lo €xploE "th. pFdisposirion b visut dd audilory
hallucinadoo by nlnbd of rscdhers Thcy tunh€, nention€d h.Iy res@he^ who
err.d lo defin€ $. Dl€ ofn.l..coenirion dd halucituron. fte dtcvme ofrhc mera_
cogrron lo lhe sl udy of hal tuc i Mrion bs b*n explaincd heE. s the notion thar exc€s
or$lf f@u*d an.ndon ed Eft*dE p@s ad aclivafto. or en in dystu.crional
beli.fs de fte coE chdadedsdcs ofhalucination. The inlerpreraron ofrhis inrusive
rcnt.l .xperieNc is b!*r! on rh. sp€cific mcra_@snirion or. paniclt& individul, .nD
audon ref€r to the U.dings of rhc najority of ,ek@hes in this conrext lhat $e deSree
atd flrguocy of th. phe@m.non ofhalucinadon vdi4 ac@rdrng to rh€ nela{o8lrilive
characr€rinics of rh. individul. Hcnce lbc study fou.d a posnrve ass@r.tron ofcognirile
@nfidcnce ed thoudr control *irh a pEdisporirion ro a ha uciDrion.
CmbeU (2007) exptor€d rhe eldionship belwen comb experime ed $c
detuion.like b€tie|! in Bririsb We veleMs having po$ Taumlic Srr.$ Di$rder
(PTSD). They w€E .dninislccd a qu6lion@irc cgadiog p r SD synFohalotog, and
app@el of cohb.l .xp.riences. tr wa found thar negaiive beli€r! Ebour p@oia wcE
assial€d wnh n gllive pcr T6una oSririon. tt w atso roud rhal vctetu wilh
16

PrSD had moi€ dclusion-tike ideas 6 comped to orh€^. The €searchcr conclnd.d rhal
vll.mbihy lo deluionat beliefs ws nediard b, neSativ. appraisal about rhe so d
2.5.3 PeNNtd .reJlit i4 t!.pa$i@ i n6s
Okah. dd collcdgucs ( t 994) repticated d sludy in Egyptid comnuity ro
nesue $e 6te ot et.pse ot rh€ paridB ofdepEssiv. illncss wirh Ef.cnce ro
.xpEss

Hool€y (1985) and Kuipeu (1992) rponed s.veEl sudies on $ess$ciarion
b€trcen bieh levcls ofexpEss.d enotioD in rh. fuili6 ofpatienb with *hj&phmia
dd $e palie.k wi$ subeqE rldps. They have .ho enphsized lhe ful $at
pali€ils' oM pee!'tion of lbe cdrici$ ollhcn panneB ed poor meiag€ w aeain a
sig.ificant pedicror of relape Tney neasmd the Ded€prion of rh. paden[ on a t n
poior atulosue sle wirh the options fon nor al atl crilical ro v.ry ciitiqt inde.d. In fie
esulr th. Esdh6 coocluded tnar th€ lev.l ofinitial criticisn @ nol Nocial.d wirh
et of the ftdnionally clain.d out@nes like s6pe of emhsion or dhe to rctape.
Mo@Er,lhey aho f@us€d on tne |acl $6t expEs*d criicisn ws nor etated b
pereived cnlicish. Aeain lhc mdiht adjsrnenl was more relaled perceived cirhiM
nthd the rh. expB$d oE. Th. infomaion Egardine Freiled EE B ddiled froo
lhe patients' inlepiews bsed on Clinical i.terview for DepEsion (CID) by parkel
{ 1985), I 7 ilm H.milton R rins Scate for Dep6sio. (HRSD) by HMilton ( 1967), fld
qteSoiaio. or Bmission and retapse by tCD major depresion crnsid.
2.5.4 P4.ptaat i.Jicit in oCD
cail, Judy, Didne, Tlloms. md Chrles (200?) srudied ofp€rceived c ticisd as
a pr.dictor of *v€E diety symfloms in !6id1s witn obsiv€ conpulsirc dierd6.
They dhcus$d the link€dpercciledcritickm fon thesignificaol fanit! nenbeEro
hidq hl6 ofElapF, tud se realmenl ourone, They frlnlB! thEw tighr on rhe
inponmt issues of the equally ihpondt dcbate by lh. psycholoeilts wh€ther rhe
p€r€iv.d cdri.ism rcsulb in pooi tr@lndt oltome or in,fad ir is beaus of rh. dcSr
lo which parienl is disrurb.d and distEskd. However.lh.y 6e$ed synplohs severiry
of th. p.tienb $ nh OCD ed pa.ic dierdcr bcforc md affer trsIncnr. Their llndinss
snppon.d the hyporhesis rhar perceived crilicisn. ra$cr lhe fic aymplom sev€liry
78

de@ed thc lbiht oa $e padeds to poFrty E pond ro th€ lddnionat $.Epy. Tney
al$ oph6izd lhe inpotuce otrhc subjc v€ Frption of a high €xpGed molion
on to tn. d.gft ofill.es md envioM.nr.l f&ro6 itslt h a way they again pmnord
th. jdea th tn Frceived cnricism v6 not b.cause ofill@ss blr becaus ofrhe
pe@ived criichn th€ parient $uck ro rhe iln.ss in spile of ellons of b.havionl
Tnvidi (2006) h6 e&ned ro rh. 3tudj.r done sF.ific.lty for rhc chamHianion
of EuopsFholoSic.l deficirs in pafi.nc vith OCD. TlEy epon deficir in .xftutive
funcrio.ing lound in seveEl sludies. This d.ltcir was €xptaihed in lms of perfo|mhce
dilticulti.s, They concluded rhat padenb ofOCD perfomed poorty on rh. Gst ofnon
vcdal hcmory. SoDe studies funher @lyzed tn r en@de ed EaU of intomaiion n
p.or in OCD while rhe nonee of i.foma on ir quile inact olr exsuiivc funclionina n
I found $!l lhe OCD pali€nb rsrfom signincdlly low lev€1. Mo@v.i lhe dcSR
oa etuneous tsk wss posniv€ly codel.r.d to rhc sev€nry of OCD.
2.t.t P.rceptaot d.fbit ond a4lLxdet dknttq
Bienan (2004) advocared rhat iniegiiry of cosnilile. behavio!.t dd €molionll
pl@$B is espntid fo' rhe s@ial adjusim. ofchildEn.'tis leied rbinkingpm.$
shich is t.mc

Recendy Mclowi (2OO?) has rried ro .$ablish the sme norion ih childEn b,
studyi.g childro s slenghs dd ec!ln.s3 ofsocial infomadon pdesinS ed ils
int AEotion- To achiw. tnis sod b. alPli.d sr.6t individuly adminij€Ed lesrs
ma

consislenl with $eir appreh€sions tud pr.occuparioro wirh bodity *nsaions. On the
other hmd, th. non-dious psnicipots quickly @oedzd $e ncutEl word ..t]mi.g,.
(!.1l8)
HiSnlighiig th€ cognilive 6p4t ot PTSD McNally ( l 999) commenrs thdr lbe
phenohenoiogical rcpons olthe sullceu c-cxperie.cing lheir tmums in fie fom ol
lccollccriotr, niehrmd$ dd flDhbackq $ar imply $Et rdumarh inrrusioN e
'nrrusiye
m@ly b.*d upon th. aulomaric cogniriv. prces*. The adbor Epons rhal lhe
ttst&he6 who applied rcGions oa lh. .nolionat sr@ps pandiem hsv. veiocty bsre{t
this ph.nomenon. In ihis €xercile lhc words of diffecnr enodonal significancc ae
pds.led and the subj€c$ @ dhed b nrne rhe coloB in which rhose words are pri.ted.
Ir wa inv&iably csiabthh.d ib lhe words whicn had moriohal significd.. for $e
subje.r nad stMps inlederene. exhibil.d rhrcugh d€lay in cotor @ing of thoe
Fni@le word5. ThB ir B nor lhc qod irs.lfbur th€ ognnive lppoiel ch.n8.d rhe
p@eplion oflhal iodividual, panicut&ly aboul PTSD. Ine author concludB. ..Tnwa
Elared i era.rncc rll€cts inr.usive cognirive acriliry bscialed wirh PTSD hiher ftm
nerl) En(tinB a hnroD ot fa\rng been.rpord ro rEumalic eren6
Ehlc6 .d Clek (2000) prcsncd a @gnnive model of posrrEumaric s,€s
dierd€r tnal .mphaized o. a nesarivc f@. of EfeMce rcsarding $. p.eFion for a
Ddrl'cule ram4 This negldv€ peGpdon 6 ciihr fo, one.s oM setf 6 incapabt. of
tircing lhe elcnr or fot other Fople hd rh. cxtcmal world 6 rbrearning, Moniso!.
Fme, md La*in (2003) also suecesred lbdr d.vetopme orranlty appiaisalabour rhe
elf or o$e6 .rc follosrd by rhe €xposG lo rh. tElmtic €xpsi.nc$. Th€s appdiets
oEn co on to c.u* nisinrepEbrion ol $. rcldnc cvenrs ac!fting in rh. .rviomcn!
ad lne eslll, phenonenor o f ov.F intrusion.
3t

G.il. Judy. Didn., Tnon6. dd Chdlcs (2007) $udi.d the ldels of dxi.ry dd
depEssion in the patienrs wnh obs*sive-conpllsive dierder or panic dhorder wiln
asoB phobia 6 arecrcd by Feived cdlicbn. They po$ulard lhar policnr' pcrceprio.
ofrlariv. cniicin ord ft. dcgft lo which rn y w.e up6cr by th. criticis play€d a
signific.nt role in bringing about negaiiv. aflrcr md dieomlbn during extosure *sio.
Ths with $se fDdings. th.t suggestcd lo imprcve ihe outcone of rreamenl Thcy
mphai4d lhe sisnific&c. otaddEsingpdli€nls Frceiv.d criticim dd rh. culdng
etltct3 on then i erF^onal enliromenr.
The p€rception of.xptss*d enotion on tbe pan of lhe onl@kd or r.re.r peMn
h6 nol onlt been osido.d for najor psychi ric illNsi bu Fri€demm (1996)
dporred his relared finding foi lh€ patients with psycho$m ic gdrci.lesrinal
disord6. He conducled ihis sludy to exploE thc aud€nricity of eshblishcd hypo$6is
thar pad.nrs wirh Fychoemdc di$.d6 lrck in mpariy, Hc onducl€d lh. srudy by
sking a SEup of I4 paicnls and l4 @naol panicipmls to dccode facial expG$ion of
on€ nale ed on. fenalc no

lhe IiL evenls dd sr€ssoB in d uniqc way (welts& MatheM. 1994). Modien (2OOl)
ulucd lhe poser ofdis phenonenoh ro lhe exrnt of ctainihg rh,| even in psrchosis th€
dcg@ ofhallnci.dlion dd d€lGion is !.ry nuch d.pcnd.nt on thh betief sysen,
Motuvtr aeording lo tn€n chorionat disrEss is aho caused by ihe sm. nfthmisr of
nera{ognnive beliefs Eearding rh€ f.etings of b€in8 conhled by rne patuoid
delusions. Laroidd Vfl Der Lindon (2OOt also coiduded thjs rypeofslud, and
confim.d th. pcdicrive vstu. ofborh lr?cs ofbelie& for lh. prenenes of Fychosis.
while s@bing for lh. eriologicdl faclos of bulimia heryosa r€boux dd Hose
(200?) deviat.d arcn rhe hdnionat sicms about lb. issue ed conducEd o dp3nded
srudy in which along with orhq vdiables h. al$ i.ctud€d the ds€$nent ofrhe
Frcc'v€d non sh.rcd envimnn€mat f&roB d.fbed 6 uique exp.ri€nes ofth. siblings
living in lbe sme .nlilonheni tn a wsy, lhcy have hightieht€d rtE significecc of
rlbiR r c cogn(v. paft.m in rh. uniqc Freprion ota sme en\ romqr
2.6 R.iionsle ofth! prBonr Srudy
In dE lasl few d@d6 lhe signific$ce ofhjgh cxpesw .morons r
exedating the severity ot $e iune$ or causi.B elaps afler Ecove.y or shizoptue,ia
ad ene of rhc oficr pst hjaric iltness h2d b€en a chaltengi.g d.bate uong
proLssionah. The iniriat wort shned by exploring and mebunng h. pnenonenonol
High ExpEsd Enodoro (HEE) onty. Tlr n6| rcnowd me6od i.e. Cmh.Mll
Fmily l eniew {CFl) dotlcd $rcush inretuiews of rh. tmilics of the pdlieits wirb
shiaphMia on rh.h Esutd ro ow up6 an4 bcine di$hsreed fom rh€ hospilali
Ho*.vcr, s the @ncepr bftan. populd among ctinicia.s who enpbyed n in tuh
@gemenr pl€$. si8nifi@c of rhe p.(.prion of HEE ws d$ &tt by clinicies and
l*mh.s.ln $e light oflhe significec€ofwork done by lne ennc resea(h.s
83

stded €rlier, it is imDol1anr nol b over enphsize tnc 6pecl of exprcssd emotions but
ale lhe pqception ofrhe Ecipidi ii a panicuk snudon. Ou .norioDat @tiois Ec
rcsrain d or mplilied besus. of ou cogririve f,ee wo,k i.e. coeni ve appsjsal
which helF p.cive ed inr.Drel qperictucs_ On rh. b6is ofuis n€ch&isn &
individualis bound ro r€spond in a uniqu. way (Smirh & E swonh 1985i Hel€y, &
Tadrlq 1989i Sti irg. Tdr.D. Irrn6. N.wby. & Mo .g@, I99la Tomp&n,
Goldslein, Lebell, Mintzi, & Mard€r, 1979i Woo, cotdstien, & Neuchrerlein, 1997j
Hayhu^r Cmpd. Paylet, V.mals, & Rd.na. I 997; Tsi€r. yusuporl Kim.r.
Mecanry. Cladhill. & Haddocl( t998i po .k.2002; Lcicbseming, 2OO2r c@aro, &
Bruy.r, 2001 wds.2o05i Bhske, 2007).
Co8id€rine culrul.Id fmilial vaiadom panicltrty in lh. onLxl ofce
g'ving ro feity nenb€s wirh psychiarric disordeB, th. researcber who is a ctiniql
psychologisr ob*red dEl in pati$,n lhe v.lidiry of CFI ems lo bG subdued. Ttc
sitqdon b€.ones nole cdrical when som. ofrhe culturat based behsviouN srch s of
oq involv€nc e .ppeiard dd ratd s posilive for pmvidinS suppon hlhr rhan
navrng negadvc €llecls on rh€ parients. Moreoler. rhe Frc.plion of Expr€sed Emorions
panicllrly by th. palie s wirh shiaphmid. which is lnoMsd iltn6 of p.rc.plul
dencns, is a qu6rionabl€ pbcnohenon. As dhcu$ed in dcrajl slir (pp.42-49).
F@ption ofExprcssed Enorions my lary vitn the typc ed w.riry otrhe FychiaLic
illrcs*s. Sinilsly, it my v.ry at individul. cuhualdd tditEl t.vels,
By Dow ii ha ben discu$ed dar whac@ver hiSh expEssd emotioN apped to
be. ln.ir si8nificdcc q ontt bc qlibrar.d wift Ef€r.ne lo rhe inE6iry wirh which
lh.y de beine $*sred a.d p.rceiv€d by a panicular p€6on n panrcurr circ@st&ces.
Th. E*@her hs atEady givm dctailed d.$dpdon ofs4at6 ro n6ure re FEdved
84

aspet oflhe Expressed Efrotions (printz, Fostr. Kent, & O'kdy. l9?9i C, penh.
.,eben, Lindstren, vonKnoring, & H.Pdis,l980j R. M@e. & B. M@s. l98l I
Pc(.6on, Sannel, Boeyer. Ablamson, Merahky, & Seligns. 1982i Dmiels & plomin
I985a l9E5b: Klzdin. Rodge6. & Colb6. t986; Fahinsbarcr,l987; Coh... 1988i
Col. & Kdiu, I988j Robin & Foster. 1989i M&L€o

indilid@h Th6 whcn rh€ conequ€.@s of.xpie$ed enotions on psycbiar.ic or nomat
popuhtjo. G being malyz€d, it souds significmr 10 in!6ligEr. tbeir F(eplio. sd
@rion b EE ale. Thc ctmnl res.dh lheEaore is @ied out ro develop perceived
Exprcsed Emotion Scal. and exmine ts factor srrucrure..d to illusrmr. pEE ahong
lbe padents with $hizophrchia OCD ahd d.pressile i oess and non psychiatric
2,? ObjectivB of th. ltuily
. To develop a scak for assssing pcrceived Expresed Emotions.
. To.xmift F&ror Strlcrft ot pEE sle.
. To find ou v&iaioft ofPe@iv€d ExpFsd Emolios in pqdhls wirh
$hiephFni!. OCD and depEssive ittn6s and .omar conros.
,tt &t 6ir ,.. Th€rc @ sisninc&t diflrcnces in pEE in $e psrricip€nB sirh
diferent psychopathologi6
tlp?/terir /; As comped to othf panicipmr goups. palie s witb
shiaphEnia cndcr ls modod Esponss to rlE scneic of Expced
ttJrr,rrair ,rrj Pmeived Exprssed Emorions vary in Eldtion to lhe iyF of
ttlporldir ,14 Pcrceived ExpBs.d Ehorions vdi€s in elaiion lo rbe p€Bonalily
86