INTERNATIONAL-SURVEYING-RESEARCH-JOURNAL-ISrj-ISrJ-Vol-11-Year-2022

and leaving times as they wish daily. The employee may also define their new standard working hours.
Flexitime without core hours means the employee is required to work 48 hours per week but the core hours is
not applicable. This type of Flexitime can be adjusted to let the employee to differ a regular timetable as needed
such as emergency or early school dismissal however the employee occasionally will have to work additional
periods one day to fulfil the shorter hours worked on the other day (Workplace Flexibility, 2010).
To cope with the scarcity of skilful employee (Rubin, 1979) and to diminish absenteeism of the female
workforce (Shagvaliyeva & Yazdanifard, 2014), the German Economist has introduced the concept of
Flexitime in 1960. The definition of Flexitime has five constituents. First, a band where all workers are expected
to work in a time frame. Secondly, the core period, for example the time it takes for employees to be present
at the workplace, essentially. The third constituent is the flexible time, and it is the time when employees are
free to enter and exit the workplace and can make that choice before, after or between the core times (Rubin,
1979). Employees may also carry forward their excess or insufficient working hours for the fourth component
of Flexitime if there is one such thing as banking. Lastly, schedule variability, which allow the workers to make
changes in their schedule without having to ask for approval from their managers (Wickramasinghe &
Jayabandu, 2007).
World bodies such as the International Labour Organization (ILO), the European Union (EU) and the
Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have recognised FWAs that includes
flexitime as a means to achieve and effective work-life balance for the employees. Despite the existence of an
organization policy to guide implementation, utilization of flexitime and other FWAs remains problematic for
many employees (McDonald and Cathcart, 2015; Skinner et al., 2014).
Current Working Practices in Construction
Different countries all over the world have dissimilar labour laws which specify the terms and conditions of
employment to which all companies, employers and workers must adhere. In Malaysia the "Malaysian
Employment Act 1955" governs the working rules. All employees are entitled to one full day's leave pursuant
to the MALAYSIA EMPLOYMENT ACT 1955 PART XII SECTION 60A-HOURS OF WORK and are therefore
required to work six days a week. The typical daily working hours will be eight hours, so no more than 48 hours
a week. When an organization has worked less than six days a week, workers must be limited to no more than
10 hours a day, except breaks and 48 hours a week. Like other Malaysian industries, the construction industry
also applies the regular working hours, which is 8 hours a day. However, there may be a case where workers
are expected to work beyond the aforementioned normal working hours and that applies to the word overtime
(Sheik Ilmi & Rogbeer, 2016).
ISrJ Vol. 11 - 2022, Session 2022/2023 16