a handbook of the mosquitoes of north america - Systematic Catalog ...

A HANDBOOK OF
THE MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA

A HANDBOOK OF
THE MOSQUITOES OF
NORTH AMERICA
THEIR STRUCTURE * HOW THEY LIVE - HOW
THEY CARRY DISEASE - HOW THEY MAY BE
STUDIED * HOW THEY MAY BE CONTROLLED
HOW THEY MAY BE IDENTIFIED
BY
ROBERT MATHESON
Professor of Entomology
Necw York State College of Agriculture
Come11 Udversity
1929
CHARLES C THOMAS, PUBLISHER
SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

COPYRIGHT 1929 EY
CHARLES C THOMAS
MAN UFACTURED IN
THE UNITED STATES
The preparation of the illustrations of the hypopygia of the Czdicidae
was aided by a grant from the Heckscher Foundation
for fhe Adzlancenzent of Research established by
August Heckschcr at Cornell University.

PREFACE
Mosquitoes are familiar to everyone. They have plagued
mankind from the earliest times and they still contest his
advance into almost every region of the globe. During the
short summer, the Arctic region swarms with them and veri-
table fairy tales have come to us fro,m explorers, travelers, and
scientists who have visited these lands. The temperate regions
are not exempt from countless hordes while the tropics have
them at nearly all seasons of the year. Though man has suf-
fered so much from them, it is one of the riddles of advancing
knowledge that he has learned so little about them. Not till
the nineties did we know aught of their life-histories except
Reaumur’s ( 1738) delightful account of the house mosquito
(C&x pipiem) which was copied and dilated upon as the gen-
eral life-cycle of all mosquitoes. Dr. L. 0. Howard was the
first person in America to study the life-cycle of an anopheline
mosquito and he published an account of his observations in
1900.’ Shortly before this Sir Ronald Ross (1897-1899)
demonstrated that the “dappled-winged” mosquitoes (Ano-
p/&es spp. ) are vectors of human malaria and the ordinary
mosquito (Cz~lex spp. ) is the vector of ibird malaria. These re-
markable discoveries resulted in immediate intensive studies in
mosquito biology and taxonomy. In the autumn of 1900, the
American Yellow Fever Commission, consisting of Major Wal-
ter C. Reed, Dr. James Carroll, Jesse W. Lazear, and Dr. H.
Agramonte, announced that Culex fasciatzu (now Aedes
aegypti, or Aedes calopus or Aedes argezteus or Stegonzyia
fasciata) is the vector of Yellow Fever. This discovery was
soon fully confirmed and gave great impetus to the study of
Culicid biology. Since 1900, an immense, one might almost
’ When Howard’s observations were published, Professor Minot,
of Harvard, recalled some of his earlier work and published, in 1901,
an account of rearing an Anopheles species.

say a terrifying, amount of literature, good, bad and otherwise,
has been published on mosquitoes. In 1900, Howard recorded
thirty species from the United States. Giles (1900) lists 242
species. from the world of which 41 are recorded from North
America. At the present time, over 2,000 species are known
from the world and Dyar (1928) lists 540 species from the
Americas, 123 of which are known from North America, north
of Mexico. It will thus be seen that in a short period of
scarcely more than twenty-five years the number of known
species has increased seven to ten fold. If all the synonyms
were included, the number of species described would be vastly
greater !
It is the object of the present handbook to present as con-
cise an account as possible of the species occurring in North
America, to summarize their life-histories, habits, breeding
habitats, their relation to our own welfare, and to discuss the
problem involved in any attempt at their reduction. It is also
hoped to present the taxonomic part so that beginners, public
health workers, medical men and the average citizen may be
able to identify our common species and take a direct interest
in the reduction and control of our most annoying forms.
With these high hopes, the author presents the book to the
public.
No attempt will be made to acknowledge the various text
books, publications, etc. consulted in the preparation of this
handbook. I have gleaned information from so many sources
that this would be impossible. All direct quotations, or sources
of definite information will be found duly acknowledged in
the text. However, it would be impossible to write even this
short book without the invaluable aid of the masterly work
of Howard, Dyar and Knab.-Tlze Mosquitoes of North and
Central Amkca and the West Indies (1912-1917), Dyar’s
The Mosquitoes of the Americas (1928) and the numerous
writings of the last named author. To them and all writers
on Culicidology, the author extends his grateful thanks. The
illustrations in the text are nearly all original and prepared

under my direction by Miss Ellen Edmonson, Mrs. Burckmyer
and Mr. Pate. These were made possible by a grant from
the Heckscher Research Foundation of Cornell University to
aid me in my study of Culicid biology. A few have been drawn
by the author. To the artists I extend my warmest thanks.
The photographs are by the author, except those duly credited
in the text.
Ithaca, N.Y., August, 1929 ROBERT MATHESON

CONTENTS
Preface . . . . . .
Plates . . . . . .
Figures . . . . . .
CHAPTER I
Characteristics of Mosquitoes . .
External Structure of the Adult
Head and Mouth Parts .
The Thorax . . .
The Wings . . .
The Legs . . . .
The Abdomen and Male Gen italia .
External Structure of the Larva
The Pupa . . . . .
Internal Anatomy of the Adult
CHAPTER II
The Biology of Mosquitoes . .
The Life-cycle of Mosquitoes .
Egg-laying Habits . . .
Larval Habits and Habitats .
Habits of the Adults . .
Food Habits . . .
Flight Habits . . .
Time of Activity . .
Mating Habits . . .
Longevity . . . .
Hibernation of Mosquitoes .
IX
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
XII
xv
V
1
1
1
6
11
12
12
17
24
25
29
29
33
34
39
39
41
42
42
43
43

CHAPTER III
Mosquitoes in Relation to Human Welfare . . .
General Considerations . . . . . .
Irritation Caused by Bites . . . . .
Diseases Transmitted by Mosquitoes . . .
Malaria and Blackwater Fever . . .
Yellow Fever . . . . . . .
Dengue . . . . . . . .
Filariasis . . . . . . . .
Mosquito,es in Relation to, Animal Diseases . .
Reduction in Land Values Due to Abundance of
Mosquitoes . . . . . . .
CHAPTER IV
The Problem of Mosquito Reduction . . . . 59
The Fundamental Principles of Control . . 59
Types, of Control Operations . . . . . 62
Drainage . . . . . . . . 62
Filling and Grading . . . . . . 64
Streams and Ponds . . . . . . 64
Oiling Operations . . . . . . 66
Poisons . . . . . . . . 70
Destruction of Adults . . . . . 71
Natural Enemies . . . . . . 71
Other Methods of Mosquito Reduction . . 72
Protection from Mosquito Bites . . . . 73
Plan of Organization fo’r Mosquito Control Work 74
CHAPTER V
How to Study, Collect, Rear, and Preserve Mosquitoes .
The Study of Mosquitoes . . . . .
How to Collect Adults . . . . . .
Collection, Preservation and Rearing of Larvae .
CHAPTER VI
A Systematic Account of North American Mosquitoes .
The Family Culicidae . . . . . .
x
45
45
46
48
48
53
55
56
57
57
76
76
76
78
82
82

The Sub-family Culicinae . . . .
Keys to the Tribes of Culicinae . .
The Anophelini . . . , . .
Keys to Adults and Larvae . . .
Keys to the Males . . . . .
Description and Notes on the Biology of the Species
CHAPTER VII
The Tribe Culicini . . . . . . . .
Keys to Genera ; Adults and Larvae . . .
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
Genus Aedes . . . . . . .
Keys to Adults . . . . . . .
Keys to Males . . . . . . .
Keys to Larvae . . . . . . .
Descriptions of Species, Distribution and Bio-
logical Notes . . . . . .
Genus Culex . . . . . . .
Keys to Adults, Males and Larvae . . .
Descriptions of Species, Distribution and Bio-
logical Notes . . . . . .
Genus Theobaldia . . . . . .
Ke>vs to Adults, Males and Larvae . . .
Description of Species, Distribution and Bio-
logical Notes . . . . . .
Genus Psorophora . . . . .
Keys to Aduls, Males and Larvae . . .
Description of Species, Distribution and Bio-
logical Notes . 189
Genus Taeniorhynchus 197
Genus Uranotaenia . 200
Genus Orthopodomyia 202
Genus Megharinus . 204
Genus Wyeomyia 205
REFEREKCES . . . . 208
PLATES III TO XXV . 213
INDEX . . . . . 263
XI
82
82
83
83
84
85
93
94
95
96
99
103
106
159
160
162
177
187
179
187
177

II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
I.
PLA TES
Lateral view of thorax of: 1. Ural20 taenia lowii
2. Theo baldia morsitans : 3. Agtopheles punctipenfzis
4. Psoroplaora ciliata : 5. Megarhinus septeMron,alis.
Lateral view of thorax of: 6. Ovtlzopodamyia signifer
7. Deinocerites pseudes : 8. Wyeonzyia smitlzii : 9. Culex
pipiens : 10. TaePziorhync1tu.s perturbans : 11. Aedes
vexafzs. Me. Lower mesepimeral bristles; Pn. Pro-
thoracic group of bristles ; Pe. Pronotal group of bristles ;
Pa. Pre-alar group of bristles; Ps. Prosternal group of
bristles; P. Sp. Post-spiracular group of bristles ; Sp.
Spiracular group; St. P. Sterno-pleural group . .
1. View across a marsh area with many pools and slug-
gish streams in which breed Aedes vexam and AnophcZcs
punctipefznis. 2. A hog wallow where Aedcs vexam and
Cztlex pipiem breed in enormous numbers . .
3. A small woodland pool which has an interesting mosquito
cycle. First appears Aedes stimztlans, then Aedes
cinereus, followed by Aedes vexans. Anopheles pzmctipe?z?zis
occasionally breeds here in late June and July.
4. A small filthy pool, packed with the larvae of Aedes
vexans. . . . . . . . . .
5. A deep woodland pool in which Aedes stimulans,
A. fitclzii and A. excrucians breed in immense numbers.
6. A shallow woodland pool where Aedes stimzdans, A.
jitchii, A. cxcmcians, A. intrudeus, A. triclzums, and A.
canademis breed. . . . . . . .
A typical marshy swamp in which countless numbers of
Aedes stirnzdam and A. excruciam breed. . . .
7. A typical breeding place for Aedes pmctor, A. intru-
deu, A. abserratus, A. conz~zz~nis and A. canadeGs.
8. The large hole (indicated by an arrow) at the base of
the tree is a typical breeding place of Theobaldia znorsi-
tam. . . . . . . . . . .
XII
7
9
213
215
217
219
221

VIII. 1. Wings of Anopheles. 1. A. maculipennis. 2. A. quadri-
waculatus. 3. A. zvalkeri. 4. A. pltflctipennis. 5. A.
cmciam. 6. A. barberi. . . . . . . 223
IX. Hypopygia of Anopheles. 1. A. maculipennis. 2. A. quad-
rinzaculatus. 3. A. walkeri. 4. A. punctipennis. 5. A.
cm ciam. 6. A. psezldopulzctipenlai. . . . . 225
X. Hypopygia of Aedes. 1. A. ciuereus. 2. A. vexam. 3. A.
excmcians. 4. A. jitclzii. 5. .4. canademis. 6. A. com-
nzztnis. . . . . . . . . . 227
XI. Hypopygia of Aedes. 1. A. triclzums. 2. A. flavescens.
3. A. abserratus. 4. A. pzmctor. 5. A. intrudens. 6. A.
iwzpiger. . . . . . . . . . 229
XII. Hypopygia of Aedes. 1. A. dorsalis. 2. A. sollicitam.
3. A. cantator. 4. A. taeniorlaynclaus. 5. A. aurifer. 6. A.
diafataeus. . . . . . . . . . 231
XIII. Hypopygia of Aedes. 1. A. hirsuterow. 2. A. atropalpus.
3. A. varipalpus. 4. A. aegypti. 5. A. triseriatus. 6. A.
patllatus. . . . . . . . . . . . 233
XIV. Hypopygia of Aedes. 1. A. near&us. 2. A. aborighis.
3. A. campestyis. 4. A. ?aigronzaculis. 5. A. spencerii.
6. A. cataplzylla. . . . . . . . 235
XV. Hypopygia of Aedes. 1. A. aldrichi. 2. A. tlaibaulti. 3. A.
dzlpreci. 4. A. atlanticzts. 5. A. infiwzatzls. 6. A. riparizrs. 237
XVI. Hypopygia of Culex. 1. C. pipiens. 2. Mesosome and
supporting structures of C. pipielzs. 3. C. territans. 4. C.
salinarius. 5. C. apicalis. 6. Mesosome and supporting
structures of C. apicalis. . . . . . . 239
XVIa. Hypopygia of Culex. 1. C. quinquefasciatus. 2. C. tav-
salis. 3. C. inhibitator. 4. C. pilosus. 5. C. peccator. . 241
XVII. Hypopygia. 1. Theobaldia waelalzura. 2. T. nzorsitans.
3. T. inornata. 4. T. inapatiens. 5, T. ha&dens. 6. Psoro-
phora posticata. . . . . . . . . 243

XVIII.
XIX.
xx.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
xxv.
Hypopygia. 1. Psoroplzora Izowardii. 2. P. colunabiae.
3. P. ciliata. 4. Taeniorhynchus pertztrbans. 5. Orthopo-
dowzyia siglzif er. 6. Wyeonlyia smithii. . . . 215
Larvae of mosquitoes. 1. Aedes irztmdem. 2. Aedes
conz?ttzu~is. 3. Aedes triclzztrus. 4. Aedes canademis.
5. Aedes excrzrciafzs. 6. Aedes fitclzii. . . . . 247
Larvae of mosquitoes. 1. Aedes aegypti. 2. Aedes tri-
seriatus. 3. Aedes vexans. 4. Aedes punctor. 5. Aedes
stinzzclaw. 6. Aedes abserratzts. . . . . .
Larvae of mosquitoes. 1. Aedes cinereus. 2. Aedes hir-
stlteron. 3. Aedessollicitans. 4. Aedes atlanticzu. 5. Aedes
cantatoy. 6. Tlzeobaldia inoruata. . . . . .
Larvae of mosquitoes. 1. Theobaldia nzorsitans. 2. Psoro-
plaora ciliata. 3. Culex pipiem. 4. Taeniorlaymlaus per-
turbans. 5. Culex territans. 6. C&en- apicalis. . .
Illustrations of the scales of the comb of various Aedes
species. 1. Aedcs abserratus. 2. A. aegypti. 3. A. atlanti-
cu. 4. A. cauadcnsis. 5. A. cinereus. 6. A. intrudens.
7. A. cowmmis. 8. A. fitchii. 9. A. trichms. 10. A. hir-
mteron. 11. A. z’exans. 12. A. impiger. 13. A. triseriatus.
14. A. stiwzdam. 15. A. excmciam. 16. L4. pwctor. .
Illustrations of the teeth of the pecten of various species
of Aedes. 1. A. aegypti. 2. A. cincreus. 3. A. canadensis.
4. A. trisel-iatus. 5. A. wen-ans. 6. A. stimulans. 7. A. com-
munis. 8. A. jitclzii. 9. A. abserratlls. 10. A. excvucians.
11. A. atlantims. 12. A. impigcr. 13. A. hirsuterofz.
13. A. intrzrdcus. 15. ,1. pultctor. 16. A. triclzzmts. .
Illustrations of the Mesosome and supporting structures
of various genera. In figures 1, 3, 3 and 5 parts of the
9th segment are also shown. Fig. 1. Tlzeobaldia nzorsi-
tans, dorso-lateral view. 2. Tltcobaldia inornata, dorsal
view. 3. The same in lateral view. 4. Psorophora ciliata,
dorsal view. 5. The same in lateral view. 6. Taenio-
rlzynchus pertzlrbans, dorso-lateral view. 7. The same in
lateral view. . . . . . . . .
XIV
249
251
253
255
257
259

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6
7.
FIGURES
Aedes vexa~zs, female. Abd., abdomen; ht., antenna; E.,
Eye ; I?., Femur ; Mes., Mesonotum ; Mx. p., maxillary palpus ;
Pb., proboscis ; Set., Scutellum ; T., tibia; Tar., Tarsus with
its five joints; IV., wing. . . . . . . .
Aedes vexam, male. . . . . . . . .
The head of a female mosquito with the mouthparts dissected
out. Ant, antenna ; E, eye; H, hypopharynx; Lb, labium ;
Le, labrum-epipharynx ; Md, mandible; Mx, maxilla ; Mxp,
maxillary palpus. . . . . . . . .
Cross-section of the proboscis of a mosquito. Hp, hypo-
pharynx ; Lb, labium ; Mn, mandible; Mx, maxilla ; Le,
labrum-epipharynx ; Sd, salivary gutter. . . . .
Wing of .~~~opl~clcs eualfic~i labeled according to the Comstock-Needham
terminology and the usual terms employed by
Dipterists (in brackets). c, costal ; SC, subcostal (an-illary) ;
rl (1st Zol~gitz~dinal) ; I-~ and r3 (z~zd longitudinal) ; r4+s (3Yd
Longitudinal) ; m,,, and mg (4th longitzldina2) ; cu, and cu2
(5t!z Zongitudi+zal) ; 2cla (6th longitudinal). r-m, radio-medial
cross vein (anterior CYOSS zlcin) ; m-cu, media-cubital cross
vein (posterior CI’OSS rv2ilz). The cells,-a, SC. (subcostal) ; b,
R, (1st marginal) ; c. R, (21zrl marginal) ; d, R, (szhnzargin-
al) ; c, R, (1st postcriov) ; f, M, (zlzd posterior) ; g, M, (3yd
posterior) ; 12, Cu, (J//z posterior) ; i, Cu, (anal cell) ; j, 2A
(axilla7-y cell). . . . . . . . .
Hypopygium of .dctlcs stiurldam. _\.L., apical lobe; B.L.,
basal lobe; B.P., basal plate ; C., claw of clasper ; Cl., clasper ;
Cs., claspette ; F.cs., filament of claspette ; I.F., interbasal fold ;
1~9, lobes of the ninth tergite; P., paramere; S.P., side-piece;
lOS., tenth sternite; 9T., ninth tergite. . . . .
Dorsal view of the 10th segment, mesosome and supporting
structures of Acdcs stimulans. A.P., apodeme ; D.,4., dorsal
arm of the paramere; B.P., basal plate ; D.A.S., dorsal arm of
the tenth sternite; D.B., dorsal bridge ; L.,4., lateral arm of
the paramere ; Mes., mesosome; P., paramere ; lOS., tenth
sternite; lOT., tenth tergite; V.B., ventral bridge. . .
2
4
3
5
11
15
16

8.
9.
9A.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Lateral view of the ninth and tenth segments, mesosome and
supporting structures of Aedes stimztlans. Lettering as in
Fig. 7. . . . . . . . . . .
Dorsal view of the larva of Aedes stiwzuhzs. The eighth
and ninth segments and the siphon are turned laterad so as
to give a side view of them. Ant., antenna ; A.T., antenna1
tuft; A.A.T., ante-antenna1 hair-tuft; A.G., anal gills; C.,
comb; D.B., dorsal brush; D.P., dorsal plate; E., eyes; L.A.T.,
lateral abdominal tufts; L.H.T., lower head tuft or hair;
Mb., mouth brushes; P., pecten ; S., siphon or air-tube ; S.D.,
subdorsal hair-tufts of the abdomen; S.H.T., siphonal hair
tuft; St., stigma; U.H.T., upper head tuft of hair; V.B.,
ventral brush. . . . . . . . . .
Larva of Avzopheles punctipennis. Cl., clypeal hairs; F.H.,
float-hairs or tufts; St., stigma. Compare with Fig. 9. .
The pupa of Aedes cinereus. . . . . . .
Diagrammatic longitudinal section of an adult mosquito.
1. proboscis; 2. sa 1 ivary gland; 3. buccal cavity; 4. pharynx ;
5. esophagus; 6. esophageal diverticula; 7. esophageal valve;
8 and 9. mid-gut (9. usually called stomach) ; 10. Malpighian
tube; 11 and 12. hind gut ; 13. rectum; 14. rectal papilla.
(From Nuttall and Shipley, Jour. Hyg., vol. 3.) . .
CuZex pipiens. Adult female. . . . . . .
Eggs of various species of mosquitoes. a. Egg mass of CzlZex
pipiens. b. Egg mass of Theobaldia inonzata. c. Egg of
Aedes aegyp ti. d. Egg of ATzopheles pmctipennis, dorsal
view, e. The same, ventral view. f. Egg of Anoplzeles quad-
rinzaculatzts, dorsal view. g. Egg of Anopheles crham.
(From Howard, Dyar and Knab.) . . . . .
Larvae and pupae of Aedes species resting and feeding at the
surface of the water; others are seen feeding at the bottom
and swimming through the water. Two larvae, seen resting
nearly parallel to the water surface, are species of Chaoborus.
(These belong to the Chaoborinae, the sub-family of non-
blood sucking mosquitoes.) . . . . . .
Larvae of Anopheles resting at the surface of the water. Note
that the head is turned at an angle of 180” so that the mouth-
parts are sweeping the surface film for food; also note the
small float-hairs break through the surface film and aid in
the support of the larva. . . . . . . .
17
18
20
24
25
28
30
31
35

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Diagrammatic representation of the life-cycle of the benign
tertian malaria parasite (Plas~zodiz~~~z zviz~~x) in man and the
mosquito. Nos. 1 to 4 show the growth of the parasite in the
red blood cell; nos. 5 and 6, the mature schizont dividing into
merozoites and their escape is shown in 7; these merozoites
invade new red cells and the cycle continues. Nos. 8,9 and 10
show the development of the male and female gametocytes.
The mosquito is shown obtaining these sex cells. No. 11, the
male cells being discharged; no. 12, the sperm cell uniting
with the female cell ; no. 13, the fertilized zygote; no. 14, the
migrating egg, or ookinete; no. 1.5, the oocyst outside the stomach
wall of the mosquito; no. 16, a nearly mature oocyst;
no. 17, the stomach of a mosquito showing oocysts attached;
no. 18, the discharge of the sporozoites by the breaking of the
oocyst; no. 19, sporozoites in the salivary glands; no. 20, the
salivary glands of a mosquito; no. 21, an anopheline is seen
discharging sporozoites into the blood stream of a new host;
nos. 22 to 28 show the asexual cycle in new host. (Modified
from James.) . . . . . . . . .
The principal endemic areas and malaria mortality for the
United States. There is probably no endemic malaria in Can-
ada. (From James.) . . . . . . .
A type of drainage gate to prevent back flow. . .
A simple spray tank for oiling operations.
gallons and can be carried with ease. .
A power
ways.
It holds three
. .
outfit used in oiling large areas accessible to road-
A simple chloroform bottle for collecting mosquitoes.
Various methods for mounting mosquitoes. a. A mosquito is
pinned on a card board point. b. Pinned on a minuten nadeln.
c. Pinned directly through the thorax. d. Adhering to a drop
of shellac on the side of the pin. . . . . .
Details of a cane collecting outfit used by the author. 1. The
cane fitted with brass cap; the end screw removed. 2. The
small water-net. 3. The large folding air-net. . . .
47
51
63
68
69
77
78
79

CHAPTER I
CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSQUITOES
THEIR EXTERNAL ANATOMY. STRUCTURES USED IN CLASSIFICA-
TION, LARVAL AND PUPAL STRUCTURES,
INTERNAL ANATOMY
The mosquitoes or Culicidae belong to the Diptera, an order
of two-winged flies. They are characterized as small, soft
textured flies with long and slender abdomens, narrow wings
and the absence of the V-shaped suture on the thorax (Fig.
1). The males have bushy, plumose antennae (Fig. 2). The
most distinctive features are found in the wings (Fig. 5). The
costal vein surrounds the wing, the medial vein is only two
branched, and there is a marginal fringe of scales. The wing
veins also bear scales. In the females the mouthparts are
fitted for piercing and sucking.’ In the males the mouthparts
are not adapted for piercing and none are known to suck blood.
The larvae are all aquatic. The pupae are all aquatic and active.
EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE ADULT
In order to identify and study mosquitoes, it is necessary to
know those structures involved in classification. A brief sum-
mary is here presented. As in all insects the body is divided
into three easily recognizable divisions-head, thorax and ab-
domen.
The Head
The head is nearly globose and is borne on a slender neck.
It bears t,he large eyes, the antennae and the mouthparts (Fig.
1). The ocelli are lacking. The antenna consists of fifteen
segments but the first segment is greatly reduced and may be
ignored for descriptive purposes. Assuming fourteen seg-
’ In the sub-family Chaoborinae the mouthparts are not fitted for
piercing.
1

FIGURE I. Aedes vexajzs, female. Abd., abdomen; Ant., antenna; E
Eye; F. Femur; Mes., Mesonotum ; Mx. p., maxillary palpus ; Pb., probosy
cis ; Set., Scutellum; T., tibia; Tar., Tarsus with its five joints ; W., wing.

CHARACTERISTICS 3
ments, the first is large, globose, with a cup-shaped hollow into
which fits the second. The remaining thirteen joints are slen-
der, cylindrical, pubescent, and each bears a whorl of hairs.
In the males these whorls of hairs are dense (Fig. 2) and
give a distinctly bushy appearance to the antennae. The mouth-
parts are termed the proboscis and in the females, are fitted
for piercing and sucking (Figs. 1, 3, 5). Externally lies the
labium, a heavily chitinized structure which encloses all the
other mouthparts except the maxillary palpi. The labium is
FIGURE 3. The head of a female mosquito with the mouthparts dis-
sected out. Ant, antenna ; E. eye ; H, hypopharynx ; Lb, labium; Le,
labrum-epipharynx ; Md, mandible; Mx, maxilla; Mxp, maxillary palpus.
a hollow, cylindrical tube, narrowly open along its dorsal sur-
face, and ends distally in two pointed labellae. It is clothed
with scales and hairs. It forms a sheath ( Fig. 5) for the deli-
cate piercing organs and never enters the wound made for ob-
taining blood. Within this sheath lie the following parts:-
( 1) The labrum-epipharynx. This consists of two’ thin chit-
inous lamellae imposed on each other so as to form in cross-
section a U-shaped channel, open on its ventral surface. The
labrum-epipharynx extends the entire length of the labium and
tapers to a sharp point. (2) Lying directly beneath the la-
brum-epipharynx and closing the ventral slit is the hypo-
pharynx. This consists of a thih, linear, lanceolate, lamella

FIGURE 2. Aedes vexans, male.

CHARACTERISTICS 5
of chitin, through the middle of which extends a longitudinal
chitinous thickening. This organ fits closely to the ventral
surface of the labrum-epipharynx, thus forming the tube
through which the blood is drawn. In the longitudinal chitin-
ous thickening is a very fine channel extending from the base
to the tip of the hypopharynx. Through this channel the se-
cretion of the salivary glands is poured into the wound. (Sd.
Fig. 4). The mandibles are delicate, linear-lanceolate chitinous
structures lying close beneath the hypopharynx. Each tapers
slightly towards the tip which is somewhat thickened and ends
le
sd
md
mx
FIGURE 4. Cross-section of the
proboscis of a mosquitao. Hp, hypo-
pharynx; Lb, labium ; Mn, Mandible ;
Mx, maxilla ; Le, lahrum-epipharynx ;
Sd, salivary gutter.
in a sharp point. (4) The maxillae are slightly more robust
than the mandibles but have the same general form. Each
maxilla is thickened along its upper edge by a chitinous shaft
which undoubtedly gives considerable rigidity to it. The tips
are somewhat more enlarged and there is generally present
a row of several backward projecting teeth. At the base of
the maxillae are the maxillary palpi consisting of three to five
segments.
In the male the mouthparts are greatly modified and not
adapted for piercing (Fig, 2). The maxillary palpi are usu-
ally elongated, extending beyond the tip of the proboscis.
The mandibles and maxillae are greatly reduced or lacking.

6 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
The Thorax
The thorax is distinctly wedge-shaped, the base uppermost.
The sides of the wedge form the pleura while the apex bears
the legs. The spiracles appear as prominent black-rimmed
apertures. Th e various sclerites composing the sides of the
thorax bear stiff setae or hairs which are arranged in rather
definite groups. The arrangement of these hairs and the ab-
sence or presence of certain groups form land marks for the
placing of our northern species in their respective genera with
comparative ease (Plates I and II). These setal groups are
as follows: (1) P YO t/ zoracic group, a varying number of
setae massed on the prothoracic lobes. (2) PTostema,l
group, a single strong setae or a dense mass of them located
on the proepisternum. (3) Pronotal group. This character-
istic group is located just in front of a ridge on the posterior
margin of the pronotum and consists of one or several stout
setae arranged more or less in a row. (4) Spiracztlnr group.
These are located in front of the anterior spiracle and behind
the pronotal ridge. They are usually arranged in a row and
must be looked for with care. (5) Post-spiracdar group.
These, when present, are situated on the upper portion of the
mesepisternum and behind the anterior spiracles. (6) Pre-
alar gr0u.p. A small group on the dorso-posterior projection of
the mesepisternum and directly in front of the point of attach-
ment of the wings. (7) Stenzo-pleural group. This group
consists of a variable number of setae located on the posterior
half of the mesepisternum. In most of our northern genera
it consists of a transverse row arising below the pre-alar group
and then extending ventrally as a more or less dense row along
the posterior margin of this sclerite. In some cases the setae
are located near the centre (Megarlzinxs), near the ventral
margin (Wyeomyia), or they may be scattered (Orthopo-
do?nyia). (8) upp er mesepimeral group. These are located
on the upper portion of the mesepimeron. (9) L ozwer ‘k12esepirneral
group. This group consists of one to several setae lo-
cated usually on the lower half of the mesepimeron.

PLATE I. Lateral view of thorax of : I. Uranotne~~~ia lnwii : 2. Theo-
baldia morsitms : 3. Anopheles pu?zctipemis : 4. Psorophora ciliata : 5.
Megarhinlls scpte~ltrionnlis.
7

PLATE II. 6. Lateral view *of thorax of : 6. Orthopodorjlyia siqllif cr :
7. Dehocerites pseudes : 8. Wyeonlyia smithii : g. Culex pzpieus :
IO. Taeniorkynchs pertwbam : II. Aedes z~exaus. .
Me. Lower mesepimeral bristles ; Pn. Prothoracic group of bristles; Pe.
Pronotal group of bristles ; Pa. Pre-alar group of bristles ; Ps. Prosternal
group of bristles ; P. Sp. Post-spiracular group of bristles; Sp. Spiracular
group ; St. P. Sterno-pleural group.
9

CHARACTERISTICS 11
The dorsal area of the thorax offers few characters of value
in systematic work except coloration. The mesonotum forms
the major portion of the dorsal surface. It bears coarse setae
variously distributed but their arrangement and abundance do
not appear to have much significance. Stiff setae are present
along the anterior and lateral margins and these are generally
more abundant and coarser over the roots of the wings. The
scutellum is separated by a transverse suture from the mesolno-
turn. In all genera, except Ano~lzeles, the scutellum is trilobate
and each lobe generally bears a group of stiff setae. In Anoplze-
Zes the scutellum is arcuate behind without any indication of a
trilobate condition. The region behind the scutellum is known
as the postnotum.
It is generally nude, smooth or distinctly
keeled. In Wycom~ia, there is a small group of setae located
in the middle near the posterior margin. In front elf the meso-
notum is the pronotum represented by the two prothoracic
lobes. These lobes are widely separated and appear lateral
in position.
The Wings
The wings are long and narrow. The venation is very char-
acteristic. Figure 5 illustrates the wing, the parts labeled ac-
FIGURE 5. Wing of Alzopheles walkeri labeled according to the Comstock-
Needham terminology and the usual terms employed by Dipterists (in brack-
ets). c, costal ; SC., subcostal (auxiliary); rI (First lo~zgitudinal); r2 and
rs (2nd. longitudinal) ; r4+5 (3rd. longitudinal); ml+2 & m3 (4th. longitu-
d&al); cul Pr cu2 (5th. longitudinal); ada. (6th. longitudinal). r-m, radio-
medial cross vein (anterior cross veigz); m-cu, medio-cubital cross vein
(posterior cross vein). The cells, -a, SC. (subcostal) ; b, rI (1st mar-
ginal); c, rz (2nd marginal); d, r3 (submarginal); e, rj (1st posterior)i
f, ma (2nd posterior); g, w (3rd posterior); h, cu, (4th posterior); a,
cu2 (awl cell); j, 28 (auxiliary cell).

12 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
cording to the Comstock-Needham terminology and the usual
terms as employed by many students of the Diptera. The
presence of scales is very distinctive. These scales are fre-
quently of different colors or may be distributed so as to give
definite patterns ( AnoplzEles and Tlzeobaldia species).
The Legs
The legs are long and slender. They are composed of the
usual parts- coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus of five
joints (Fig. 1). The tarsi are slender and usually quite long,
especially on the hind legs. The last tarsal joint bears a pair
of claws. The claws vary greatly in size and shape and those
of the hind legs are generally smaller than those of the other
legs. In the females the claws are usually simple, that is they
do not bear teeth. In the males the claws are considerably modi-
fied. In Anophelines the claws of the front feet only are
moldified by the addition of teeth on one claw and the marked
reduction of the other claw. In the Culicines the claws of
both the front and middle legs are frequently modified either
by an increase in size or by the addition of teeth.
Th,e Abdowmz
The abdomen is nearly cylindrical, narrowly elongate, and
consists of ten segments. The first eight segments are quite
similar but the ninth and tenth are greatly modified for the
sexual function. In the female the abdomen is more or less
pointed. The ninth segment is reduced and in the interseg-
mental area between it and the eighth segment lies the open:
ing of the reproductive organs. The tenth segment is greatly
reduced and bears the cerci and the anal opening. The abdo-
men of the male is, frequently longer than that of the female.
The terminal segments, the eighth, ninth and tenth, are greatly
modified and bear the clasping organs. Mosquitoes are very
difficult to identify and the genital structures offer excellent
specific characters. In the male the eighth, ninth and tenth

CHARACTERISTICS 13
segments undergo a torsion through an arc of 180” within a
short time after it emerges from the pupal case. In Aedes
stiwdaxs this torsion is completed in twenty-four hours. AS
a result of this torsion the ventral portion becomes dorsal and
the dorsal structures ventral. The tip of the abdomen back of
the eighth segment is generally called the hypopygiunz. In
order to identify many of our mosquitoes with certainty the
male hypopygium has to be specially prepared and studied.
The following technique will be found simple and ideal results
may be obtained if ordinary care is observed.
1. Snip off the tip of the abdomen with a pair of fine dis-
secting scissors. Be sure to attach the same label to the pinned
specimen as to the portion removed. (Alcoholic material may
be employed).
2. Transfer the cut off portion to a 10 per cent solution
of potassium l?ydroxide and slowly bring to the boiling point.
Avoid boiling more than a few seconds as the parts may be-
come too clear when finally mounted.
3. Remove from the potassium hydroxide solution and
slowly bring to the boil in a goobdly amount of ordinary tap
water.
4. If mounts are not to be made directly, transfer to an
equal mixture of 95 per cent alcohol and glycerine. The hy-
popygium is now ready fo’r study and easy manipulation of the
parts can be done under the binocular. Such preparations can
be studied and then preserved in small vials stuffed with cot-
ton and placed in larger bottles filled with 85 per cent al-
cohol.
5. If permanent mounts are desired transfer the hypopy-
gium directly to a miscroscopic slide. Under a binocular mic-
roscope draw out the hypopygium from the anterior segments
by means of fine dissecting needles and gently spread out all
the parts. Drain off the water and add 95 per cent alcohol.
Make several changes and finally dehydrate in 100 per cent
alcohol. Then centre the specimen with the dorsal s,ide upper-
most, drain off all the surplus alcohol and mount in Euparal.

--__ ---
14 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
The Euparal will clear and at the same time give a beautiful
permanent mount. Undue pressure on the hypopygium may be
avoided by using a small coverglass or small pieces of ground
glass may be placed in the mounting medium before placing
the coverglass. If Euparal cannot be obtained clear in carbo-
xylene and mount in Canada balsam.
THE HYPOPYGIUM, MALE
In order to understand the parts and their terminology a
typical hypopygium is figured and labeled (Fig. 6). As the
terminal segments undergo a torsion of 180” shortly after the
emergence of the male it is essential to remember that ventral
becomes dorsal and ‘ofice 1zw.m. The terms lower and upper will
be used in their ordinary sense but all morphological terms as
ventral and dorsal and the names of sclerites will be used with
their correct morphological meaning.
Typically the hypopygium begins with the ninth segment.
This consists of a complete chitinous ring. The tergite ap-
pears on the lower surface and arising from it are two lobes
(lobes of the ninth tergite) which bear stout spines. The
sternite appears as a broad chitinous expansion on the upper
side connected with the tergite by narrow pleurae. From
within the ring formed by the ninth segment there arises from
the ventro-lateral margin a large pair of forcep-like appen-
dages. The basal segments are called the side-jGxc.s. (S.P. ) .
Each side-piece consists of a hollow, more or less cylindrical
organ with a narrow opening along its inner face. The dor-
sal portion of the side-piece bears two prominent lobes, the
basal lobe (B.L.) and the apical lobe (A.L). The basal lobe
is crowned with short setae and a stout spine. The apical lobe
bears short setae. Arising from the apex of each side-piece
is a long, stout, chitinized appendage-the clasper (C.L. ) .
The clasper is articulated at the outer end of the side-piece be-
tween its upper and lower halves. Each clasper ends in a stout
spine or claw (C).

CHARACTERISTICS 15
Uniting the bases of the side-pieces on the ventral side is
the interbasal fold (I.F.). From each side of the interbasal
fold arises a small organ, the claspette (Cs.). It consists of
a slender, cylindrical stem, bearing at its apex an articulated
broad, leaf-like expansion -the filament of the claspette (F.cs).
FIGURE 6. Hypopygium of Aedes stimztlans. A.L. apical lobe; B.L.
basal lobe; B.P. basal plate; C. claw of clasper; Cl. clasper; Cs. claspette;
F.cs. filament of claspette; I.F. interbasal fold; Lg. lobes of the ninth
tergite; P. paramere; S.P. side-piece; 10s. tenth sternite; gT. ninth
tergite.
Lying in the median plane, directly above and extending be-
yond the lobes of the ninth tergite and within the cavity formed
by the ninth segment and the side-pieces are the chitinized
parts of the genital orifice and the anal appendages. Owing
to the torsion of these parts the anal opening is below that of

16 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
the genital organs. Arising on each side just beneath the lobe
of the ninth tergite and extending downward and outward and
then curving caudad and dorsad is a dark band of chitin which
ends in a heavily chitinized point and meets, in the median line,
its fellow from the opposite side. This structure constitutes
the tenth segment (Figs. 6, 7 and 8, 10s). The tenth sternite
gives off a short projection (basal arm) near the middle which
articulates with the dorsal arm of the paramere (P). Directly
D.A
FIGURE 7. Dorsal view of the 10th segment, meso-
some and supporting structures of Aedes stimuhas.
Ap. apodeme ; D.A. dorsal arm of the paramere; B.P.
basal plate; D.A.S. dorsal arm of the tenth sternite;
D.B. dorsal bridge ; L.A. lateral arm of the paramere;
Mes. mesosome; P. paramere; 10s. tenth sternite; IOT.
tenth tergite; V.B. ventral bridge.
above the lobes of ninth tergite and partially surrounded by
the tenth segment is the chitinized genital orifice. The ejacu-
latory duct is membranous but it is surrounded by chitinized
plates, the penis valves. In this species the penis valves form
a somewhat cylindrical-shaped organ chitinized on the sides
and over the dorsum. The median ventral portion is not chit-
inized except at the base where there is a complete ring. The
portion over the dorsum has been called the lower bridge, and

CHARACTERISTICS 17
that on the ventral side the upper bridge (Figs. 7 and 8). This
structure is called the rnesosome or phallosome.
At each side of the mesosome and articulating with it is a
sclerite, the paramere (P). Each paramere is directed dorso-
laterally and is furcate. One branch, the dorsal arm, articu-
lates with a short branch, basal arm, of the tenth sternite. The
other arm (L.A.) extends outward and articulates with the
side-piece. There is another prominent sclerite, basal plate,
which articulates between the branches of the paramere and
D. A
FIGURE 8. Lateral view of the 9th and 10th seg-
ments, mesosome and supporting structures of Ae$es
stimulam. Lettering as in Fig. 7.
extends cephalad and ventrad. The basal portion articulates
with a projection of t,he side piece (npodenze).
THE EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE LARVA
The larva (Fig. 9) consists of a prominent head, a large
unsegmented thorax, followed by a slender abdomen of nine
segments and the prominent siphon or respiratory tube which
arises from the dorsal side of the eighth segment. The head

I_ ’
,.L7 ’
A,A.T 4,’ .“ i ’
FIGURE 9. Dorsal view of the larva of Cedes stinzulans. The 8th and
9th segments and the siphon are turned laterad so as to ,give a side view
of them. Ant. antenna; A.T. antenna1 tuft; A.A.T. anteantennal hair-
tuf,t ; A.G. anal gills ; C. comb; D.B. dorsal brush ; D.P. dorsal plate ; E.
eyes; L.A.T. lateral abdominal tufts; L.H.T. lower head tuft or hair; Mb.
mouth brushes ; P. pecten; S. siphon or air-tube ; S.D. subdorsal hair-
tufts of the abdomen ; S.H.T. siphonal hair tuft; St. stigma; U.H.T.
upper head tuft of hair; V.B. ventral brush.

CHARACTERISTICS 19
is broad, somewhat flattened and rounded in front. Behind,
it is sharply constricted and is inserted on the thorax by a
very narrow neck, the opening into the head being surrounded
by a chitinous collar. The antennae are inserted on the outer
anterior angles of the head. Behind the antennae, near the
posterior border of the head, are situated the two pairs of eyes ;
the large compound eyes are in front and a small pair of ac-
cessory eyes immediately behind them. Between the anten-
nae the anterior margin colnsists of the narrow clypeus. Aris-
ing from the clypeus is the labrum. Its median free lobe is
marked by two prominent spines which arise from the anterior
margin of the clypeus, one on each side (Cl. Fig. 9A) The
other mouthparts lie on the ventral side of the head.
The antenna is cylindrical, slightly curved inwards and con-
sists of a single segment. It tapers but slightly to the tip. The
apex is truncate and bears a conical sensory organ, a single
stout spine, two slender spines and a short stout conical spine.
About the middle, on the upper surface arises a fan-shaped
group of fine hairs from a single stout base, the a,demzal tuft.
The antenna1 shaft is beset with small forward directed spines.
At the base of the antenna and arising from the front is a
prominent hair tuft-the anteantcnmd hair tuft. Between the
antenna1 tufts and arising on each side of the middle line of
the head are two pairs of hair-tufts. The anterior pair, each
of which consists of a single hair in this species, is called the
lozver head tzt ft or hair:
hea,d tuft, or hair.
the posterior is kno’wn as the zapper
These tufts are rather constant in number
of hairs and polsition for each species and are used extensively
for diagnostic purposes. Other small hairs may be found on
the head but they do not seem to have any significance for the
separation of species.
The mouthparts consist of the labrum, mandibles, maxillae
with their palgi and the labium. The labrum is a complicated
organ and is highly developed for the purpose of sweeping
food into the. mouth opening. It consists of three portions, a
median free lob’e, the so-called palatwn, which projects from

FIGURE gA. Larva of Anofiheles pulzcti~mnltis. Cl. clypeal hairs; F.H.
float-hairs or tufts; St. stigma. Compare with Fig. g.

CHARACTERISTICS 21
the anterior margin of the head, and is attached between the
clypeal spines ; two lateral portions, each of which has at-
tached to it a dense mass of long yellow hair and which form
the well known Plzozl.t/z-brzzslzes. By means of muscles these
mouth-brushes can be moved rapidly backwards and forwards
producing a lashing motion.
_ Directly under the labrum lie the mandibles, large and elab-
drate in structure. The apices facing each other bear large
chitinous teeth. Directly below these is a large movable blade-
like structure, foIllowed by five other smaller ones which curve
inwards and forwards. These arise from a deep hollow, the
lower portion of which extends inwards in an elaborate struc-
ture bearing two projections provided with long hairs at their
tips. The base also bears hairs. The anterior margin bears
a large mass of hairs on its outer angle followed by three
large articulated spines. On the inner face, just below the
insertion of the retractor muscle, is a group of long hairs di-
rected inwards. The mandibles are moved by two powerful
muscles, a retractor and an extensor muscle. The maxillae
are large, flattened structures showing few of the details found
in mandibulate insects. The palpi are short and bear several
cone-like structures at their apices. Closing the mouth on the
ventral side is the labium. Anteriorly this consists of a heavily
chitinized triangular plate with a serrate margin-the labial
plate of authors. The labial plate is articulated to the anterior
edge of a large, median, ventral sclerite. The further details
of the structure of the labium and hypopharynx may be omit-
ted here. The shape, serrations, etc., of the labial plate are of
importance in systematic work.
The Thorax
The thorax consists of three fused segments. It is broad,
somewhat flattened and without any prominent angles. There
is a prominent row of long and short hairs along its anterior
margin, and prominent lateral and dorsal tufts of long hairs.
The arrangement of these hairs and hair tufts indicates the

22 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
three segmented condition of the thorax. Wesenberg-Lund
(1920) has devised a formula for indicating the position and
number of hairs in the tufts constituting the anterior marginal
row. In Aedes stiwmlam this reads 211121 l/l 121112. This
formula is interpreted in the following way:-starting at the
median line read to right or left of the sloping dividing line-
first hair tuft with one hair; secoad hair tuft with one hair;
third hair tuft with two hairs; fourth hair tuft with one hair;
and follow out in this manner to the last hair tuft with two
hairs. Wesenburg-Lund believes that twelve pairs of hair
tufts, constitute the original number but some of these may
be suppressed or additional ones may appear. The number
of hair tufts, the number of hairs constituting each tuft, and
the relative length of the hairs of each tuft often constitute
good characters for separating the various species. By their
judicious use in coanection with other characters they fur-
nish aid in separating closely allied species. At the middle and
hind angles are large fan-shaped ciliate tufts which are di-
rected forward. Some small tufts and single hairs are also
present on the dorsum.
The Abdomen
The abdomen is long, slender and cylindrical; it consists
of nine well defined segments. The integument is membranous
except that of the ninth segment which is chitinized, the chit-
inization being called the dorsal plate. (Fig. 9, D.P. ) . Between
the segments the integument is thin and delicate. The first
five segments are rather short and broad ; the sixth and seventh
are longer and narrower. On the sides these segments bear
hair tufts, the &era1 abdominal hair tufts. These are double
on the first to fifth segments, single on the sixth and seventh.
Other tufts are present near the posterior margin of the seg-
ments and these constitute the sub-dorsal and dorsal hair tufts.
In some species these tufts form well marked longitudinal rows
and are useful in defining species.

CHARACTERISTICS 23
The eighth segment is short and bears on its dorsal aspect
the prominent respiratory tube or sipholz. On each side is
borne a prominent patch of scales-the comb (Fig. 9, C).
In this species the comb consists of a triangular group of from
20 to 30 small scales arranged in rows. Behind the comb are
two large feathered hair tufts and on each side of these a
single hair. The siphon is heavily chitinized, cylindrical, and
tapers gradually beyond the middle. On its basal half there
are two ventro-lateral longitudinal rows of closely set dentate,
flattened spines-the pecten. Beyond the pecten, near the mid-
dle of the siphon, are two laterally placed hair tufts. At its
tip we find the opening through which the larva takes air into
its tracheal system. This opening is closed by a series of five,
pointed flaps. When the larva comes to the surface the pointed
tips of the flaps penetrate the surface film and then spread out
and press against it. By this means the larva hangs suspended
from the surface and draws air into the tracheae.
The ninth segment is attached ventro-posteriorly to the
eighth segment and points directly downwards and backwards.
Its integument is chitinized on the dorsal and later surfaces,
forming the so-called dorsal plate. In this species the lateral
margins of the dorsal plate do not meet. on the ventral line.
In many species the dorsal plate forms a complete chitinous
ring and the ninth segment is then spoken of as “ringed by
the dorsal plate.” On the posterior-lateral margin of the
plate there is a single hair. Beyond the chitinous plate the
segment is fleshy and bears the anal opening. Surrounding
the anus are four cylindrical, tapering appendages, the tracheal
or aflu1 gills. At the postero-dorsal angle is located the dor-
sal brush. In this. species this consists of a short multiple hair
tuft and a long stiff hair on each side of the median line. These
are inserted on small chitinous bases. On the ventro-pos-
terior margin is located the remarkable group of hair tufts
known as the rdentral brush. Compare this larva with that of
Anopheles pwctipenzis shown in Figure 9A.

24 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
THE PUPA
The pupa (Figs. 10, and 14) is ayuatic. It is active and
capable of moving rapidly through the water. It can take no
food and this period is devoted to the transfojrmations which
take place before the fully developed adult may emerge.
The pupa differs markedly from the larva in shape and ap-
pearance. The anterior portion is large and consists of the
head and the thorax enclosed in a common chitinous sheath.
FIGURE IO. The pupa of Aedes cinerezbs.
Within this sheath can be distinguished the head with its
mouthparts, the legs and wings. The abdomen consists of
nine somewhat flattened, freely movable segments. When at
rest it is curved under the bulky cephalo-thorax. The tip of
the eighth segment bears a pair of large chitinous plates, the
“paddles” or “fins.” On the dorsal surface of the cephalo-
thorax is a pair of “horns” or “trumpets’‘-the openings of
the respiratory system. The respiratory tubes are inserted on
the mesothorax just in front of the bases of the wings and
connect with the anterior pair of thoracic spiracles. When

CHARACTERISTICS 25
the pupa comes to the surface of the water the trumpets break
through the surface film and thus communication is established
with the air. On the external surface of the pupa may be
found a few spines and hairs but their number and arrangement
have not been studied sufficiently so that they can be used for
distinguishing the different genera.
INTERNAL ANATOMY; ADULT
The internal structures can be referred to but briefly. The
most important organ is the alimentary canal (Fig. 11) and
FIGURE II. Diagrammatic longitudinal section of an adult mosquito.
I. proboscis ; 2. salivary gland ; 3. buccal cavity; 4. pharynx ; 5. esophagus;
6. esophageal diverticula ; 7. esophageal valve; 8 and g. mid-gut
(9. usually called stomach) ; IO. Malpighian tube; II and 12. hind gut ;
rectum ; 14.
Kl. 3.)
rectal papilla. (From Nuttall and Shipley, Jour. Hyg.
as there is not much variation in structure the following brief
account may apply to any species. The alimentary canal be-
gins where the piercing mouth parts coalesce to form the buc-
cal cavity. This leads. directly to the pharynx which is the
chief pumping organ. At the junction of pharynx and buccal
cavity is a valvular arrangement which is supplied with fine
hairs and is supposed to act as a kind of filter. The pharynx
is a pear-shaped organ, strongly dilated behind and tubular in
front. Its lumen is lined with three longitudinal chitinous
plates, joined at their margins by thinner chitinous folds. In
cross-section the lumen is triangular in shape. The three chit-

26 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
inous plates. are provided with powerful muscles attached to
the head capsule so that the capacity of the pharynx can be
greatly increased by their contraction. The relaxation of the
muscles allows the walls to contract owing to the great elasticity
of the chitinous plates. By this means the mosquito can suck
up liquids into its pharynx and as the muscles relax the con-
tained liquids are forced onward to the esophagus. The eso-
phagus is a thin-walled tubed extending to the esophageal valve.
Near its posterior end open three large diverticula or sacs.
The ventral one is the largest and extends backward to the
sixth or seventh abdominal segment; the other two dorso-lat-
era1 sacs are much smaller and are contained within the thorax.
The function of these sacs is not fully known though they
usually contain gas bubbles and act as food reservoirs. The
esophageal valve or proventriculus serves as the connecting
link to the mid-intestine and is surrounded by a very thick
sphincter muscl’e.
The mid-intes,tine or mid-gut is the only part of the food
canal that is not lined with chitin and it is believed that only
in this part can food absorption take place. It is a straight
tubular organ extending from about the middle of the thorax
to near the distal third of the abdomen. The posterior por-
tion is somewhat expanded and is generally referred to as the
stomach. The stomach is capable of great distension allowing
the insect to obtain large quantities of blo,od. It is also in
this portion that the malarial parasites develop. The stomach
connects directly with the hind intestine and at the point of
juncture there arise five malpighian tubules. The hind intestine
extends to the anal opening. It varies somewhat in size and
shape as it passes backward so that the names ileum, colon
and rectum have been applied to separate parts. These are
vertebrate terms and have probably no, significance here. The
malpighian tubules are elongate narrow tubes composed of
large secretory cells.
The salivary glands are important structures. These con-
sist of three small glands situated on each side of the thorax

CHARACTERISTICS 27
above the first pair of legs. The ducts from each gland unite
near their bases to form a single duct on each side; these lat-
eral ducts converge and pass forward into the head where they
unite at the anterior end of the pharynx to form a common
duct. The common duct leads to the drum-like membranous
pump situated at the base of the hypopharynx. The salivary
fluid is forced into the wound by the pump along a gutter ex-
tending from the base to the tip of the hypopharynx (Fig.
4). The glands are simple in structure, each consisting of a
lumen lined with a single layer of secretory cells. The finer
structures of each gland seem to differ somewhat. These glands
are of great importance as the sporozoites of the malarial organ-
ism congregate within their cells and are passed out with the sal-
ivary secretion. What the exact function of the saliva may be is
not known though evidence indicates that it does not prevent
coagulation of the blood nor aid the steady flow of the blood
into the mosquito’s alimentary canal, as is generally stated.
The reproductive organs of the female consist of a pair of
lobulate organs located in the abdomen. Each opens by a
duct into a common oviduct which extends posteriorly to its
external opening in the eighth segment. Into the common
oviduct open the seminal receptacles and a cement gland. The
male genital organs consist of a pair of testes located in the
eighth segment from each of which leads a vas deferens. These
unite just before opening to the exterior into a common ejacu-
latory duct. The latter terminates in a short penis which is
guarded by an elaborate arrangement of claspers and various
chitinous structures whch are termed the Iz.ypopygium. The
structure of the male hypopygium is very important from the
standpoint of classification and a full account of it has already
been given.
The respiratory, circulatory and nervous systems correspond
closely to those generally obtaining in all insects and it does
not seem worth while to discuss them in a brief hand-book.2
2 Consult Comstock, An Introduction to Entomology. (1924) ; or
Imms, A General Textbook of Entomology (1924).

FIGURE 12. Culex pipiens. Adult female.

CHAPTER II
THE BIOLOGY OF MOSQUITOES
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS, EGG-LAYING HABITS, LARVAL
HABITS AND HABITATS, HABITS OF THE
ADULTS, HIBERNATION
During their life-cycle, mosquitoes undergo a complete meta-
morphosis, i.e., from the egg hatches a larva, this transforms
into a pupa from which the winged adult later emerges (Figs.
13, 14, 10, and 12). The larval and pupal stages of all
species are aquatic-they can be found only in water and each
species seems to select a special type or types of aquatic habi-
tats.
The life-cycle of the common house or rain-barrel mosquito,
Culex @pieas (typical for the genus Ctilex), may serve to il-
lustrate mosquito biology. The fertilized females (Fig. 12)
hibernate in various shelters as attics, cellars, cow sheds, sta-
bles and out-buildings of all kinds where protection and semi-
darkness are found. The males all die with the approach of
winter. Enormous numbers of females may hibernate in very
small shelters. I have estimated from careful counts of definite
areas that over 100,000 hibernated in a small c1a.rk cellar not
over four feet by six feet with a height of only seven feet.
Scarcely a pinpoint could be found on which a mosquito did
not cling to ceiling, walls, hanging ropes and a pump which oc-
cupied the centre of the small room. During the cold weather,
the hibernating individuals show little activity though occa-
sionally they invade the warmer rooms. in search of blood.
With the approach of spring, activity is resumed and the fe-
males seek suitable places for oviposition. Depending on the
locality, egg-laying begins in May or June. Each female de-
posits from 100 to 400 or more eggs in a boat shaped mass
29

30 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
(Fig. 13, a) on or close to the surface of standing water well
protected f ram winds. Each egg is cylindrical and tapers to
the end away from the water. The favorite breeding grounds
are rain-water barrels, cisterns, tanks, garden pools stocked
with aquatic plants, slow flowing polluted streams, polluted
FIGURE 13. Eggs of various species of mosquitoes. a. Egg mass of
Cl6le.r pipiem. h. Egg mass of Theobaldia inornata. c. Egg of Aedes
aegypti. d. E gg of Anopheles puncApen?zis, dorsal view. e. The same,
ventral view. f. Egg of Anopheles quadrinzaczrlafus, dorsal view. g. Egg
of Anopheles crucians. (From Howard, Dyar and Knab.)
ponds (Plate III, 2)) catch basins, sagging gutters, and almost
any water-filled container.
Depending on the temperature, the eggs hatch in from one
to three days or more. The young larva escapes from the
lower end of the egg and swims actively about in the water.
During warm weather, larval development is very rapid, the

BIOLOGY 31
pupal stage being reached in seven to ten days. In cold weather,
larval development may be greatly delayed. There are four
larval stages, the last molt disclosing the pupa. The larvae
are very active, swimming with ease and rapidity by sudden
jerks of the body. Being somewhat heavier than water, they
rise to the surface by a rapid wriggling of the body from side
to -side, break through the surface film with their air-tubes and
FIGURE 14. Larvae and pupae of Acdes species resting and feeding
at the surface of the water; others are seen feeding at the bottom and
swimming through the water. Two larvae, seen resting nearly parallel
to the water surface, are species of Chaoborus. (These belong to the
Chaoborime, the sub-family of non-blood sucking mosquitoes.)
rest, the body sloping at an angle (Fig. 14). During all
this time, the mouth brushes are in motion sweeping small
particles of food into the alimentary canal along with a cer-
tain amount of water.
The pupal period is very short, usually only two or three
days. The pupa (Figs. 10 and 14) normally rests at the sur-
face, the air-tubes piercing the surface film. When disturbed,
it swims rapidly downward by means of violent abdominal

32 MOSQUITOES OF hToRm AMERICA
contractions. The tip of the abdomen is provided with two
broad paddles which greatly aid in pupal movement. Being
lighter than water, the pupa when quiet rises again to the sur-
face. As the time fo,r the emergence of the adult approaches
the pupa when disturbed descends with difficulty and rises
more rapidly.
The time occupied in the transformation from pupa to adult
is very short. The pupa will be seen to straighten out the ab-
domen and air appears between the pupal skin and the adult.
The pupa now seems almost silvery-white, and its specific grav-
ity being greatly reduced, the whole cephalo-thorax and part
of the abdomen touch the surface. The pupal skin now
splits in the median line of the cephalo-thorax and the dor-
su11? of the adult appears in the slit. By constant pressure,
the sllit widens and two transverse slits appear on each side.
Slowly the adult works its way out using the pupal skin as a
float and balancing itself with great care. In two or three
minutes the insect, now swollen with engorged air, stands
poised on its previous prison cell, and is soon ready for its ini-
tial flight. At first the adult is almost colorless, but in a few
hours the permanent color pattern appears. In aquaria, I have
observed the emerged adults remain on their pupal boats for
several hours, and then fly away with remarkable ease. There
are several generations of Czdlex pipiens during the summer,
the species breeding till late in September, October, or later
where conditions are favorable.
Another type of mosquito biology may be briefly illustrated
by a common and very annoying species (A&es stivrzulans)
widely distributed throughout the north-eastern United States
and Canada. Aedcs stimzdmzs passes the winter in the egg
stage. The eggs are laid during the summer in dry wood-
land depressions, areas near water courses which are flooded
by spring freshets, in dry marshes, swamps, and similar loca-
tions. The woodland depressions, swamps, and marshes are
filled by the winter snows and early spring rains. The eggs
hatch during March, April or early May, the larvae appear-

=
BIOLOGY 33
ing before the ice has melted. In central New York, the larvae
reach maturity in April and early May. According to the
season, the adults emerge from the middle of April to the
middle of May. This species sometimes appears in immense
swarms and as they live throughout the summer, they are
serious pests not only in woodlands, along river courses, lake
resorts, etc., but they travel considerable distances invading vil-
lages, towns and even large cities. How long the adults live,
we do not know, though they are present each year till the
middle of September.
EGG-LAYING HABITS OF MOSQUITOES
The egg-laying habits of mosquitoes vary widely. All our
Cz~?ex species deposit their eggs in rafts (Fig. 13, a) on the
surface or near the surface of water. This is also true for the
species of Theobaldia (Fig. 13, b), Taeniorhynchus and
Urarvzo talenia, Asop1zeZe.s species lay their eggs singly or in
small loose groups upon the surface of the water. The eggs
lie on their sides and float by means of a lateral expansion
which is made up of small chambers containing air (Fig. 13,
d, e, f, and g) . The great majority of the northern species
belonging to the genus Andes do not lay their eggs on or in
water but on the ground at the bottom of dried out pools,
ponds, marshes, swamps, etc. (Fig. 13, c). These eggs are laid
during the summer and remain till the following spring. Sub-
mergence in water during the same season will not cause them
to hatch. Thus these species usually appear in one great an-
nual brood, the adults emerging in early or late spring. All
our Aedes species are not single brooded. Aedes aegypti (the
yellow fever mosquito) is a domesticated species living at all
times in close proximity to human habitations. It breeds con-
tinuously throughout the year if water can be found and the
temperatures do not remain below 68” F. This species lays
its eggs (Fig. 13, c.) singly either on or just above the sur-
face of the wa.ter. Aedes vexam, a very troublesome species
in many sections of North America, appears to have very dif-

34 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
ferent habits in different parts of the country. In the central
New York area, there are two well marked broods-one in
late May if rainfall is normal (Plates III and IV). If the
pools dry out too soon, the brood may not appear till mid-
June, provided rain occurs to fill the pools. If June is dry and
rainfall takes place in late June, the brood will appear in early
July. A second excessive brood usually appears again in early
or late August or early September if rains have again filled
these pools. This would indicate two egg-laying periods-one
in mid-summer and a second in late autumn. I have reared
adults of this species. from sun-baked mud taken from the bot-
tom of pools that gave two annual broods of Aedes vexam.
In New Jersey, this species is said to have several broods a
season. Hearle states that in British Columbia all the over-
wintering eggs do not hatch at one flooding but at different
flood periods during the season. Freeborn finds that in Cali-
fornia the species has but one brood where the spring floods
furnish the only water supply while in other sections which
have frequent flood periods a new brood appears after each
freshet. It will be seen that the egg-laying habits of this, as
with many of our species, are not well known. Aedes triseri-
atus and A. varipaljus lay their eggs in tree holes. Psorophora
species deposit their eggs on the ground. The eggs are pro-
tected by heavy spinose coats and may lie dormant for months
or years. They hatch very promptly in the presence of water.
LARVAL HABITS AND HABITATS
The larvae of A~zopheliutes and Czt&Gzes can be readily
separated not only by their larval structures but also by their
habits. All anopheline larvae normally rest parallel to the
surface maintaining their position by the peculiar abdominal
float hairs and the expanded margins of the spiracular open-
ings (Fig. 15). The anopheline larvae lack an air-tube or
siphon (Fig. 9A) ; it is present in all other mosquito larvae,
and they rest at an angle with the surface of the water. The
different species seem to have rather definite aquatic habitats.

BIOLOGY 35
Thus our anopheline species seem to prefer permanent to semi-
permanent bodies of water in which there is considerable vege-
tation, particularly algae. They are also partial to the bor-
ders of sluggish streams where the larvae develop amongst
the marginal plant growth. A 12 oplzeles pzbjzc tipemks develops
in almost any kind of water, as roadside puddles, foul pools,
swamps, (Plate III, 1) cat-tail marshes, rain-water barrels, cis-
terns, along the margins of slow flowing streams, cold springs,
etc. It has never been found living in deep woodland pools. Ac-
cording to Herms and Freeborn, AsoplzeCes mnculipemis (A.
occidentalis of authors) breeds by preference in rather clear
water open to sunshine and in which vegetation is fairly abun-
FIGURE 15. Larva of Anopheles resting at the surface of the water.
Note that the head is turned at an angle of 180” so that the mouthparts are
sweeping the surface film for food; also note the small float-hairs break
through the surface film and aid in the support of the larva.
dant. Anoplzeles qzladri~lzacztlatzts, our most important vector
of malaria, breeds in permanent and transient waters. Its
favorite breeding grounds are lakes, bayous, sloughs and
marshes in which there is an abundance of aquatic vegetation
especially of the floating type such as Lewma, Aeolla, water
lilies, etc., and algae of various species. Such situations be-
come ideal, when surrounded more or less by low growing
trees and shrubbery, giving the adults protection from winds,
etc., in order that successful oviposition may take place. This
species formerly bred in great numbers in the numerous
marshes, swamps, and borders of lakes in the central New
York area. It is rarely found now. An opheles crucians
breeds by preference in brackish water and is largely confined
to the coastal zone. A. atropos breeds. in salt water and has

36 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
never been found in fresh water. A. pseudo/mm tipemis pre-
fers clear shallow pools along the margins of receding water
courses.
The species of Culicine mosquitoes have widely varying
larval habits. For convenience we may group them into do-
mesticated species-those that breed in close proximity to
human habitations ; semi-domesticated species-those that have
a somewhat wider range of breeding grounds; wild species-
those that normally breed in marshlands, both salt and fresh,
swamps, open prairies, woodlands, etc. In the first group be-
long the two common species of house mosquitoes, C&x pi-
j&ns and C. quinqulefasciatus. The former has been fully dis-
cussed; the latter breeds in similar situations and occurs
throughout the southern half of the United States, and is
widely distributed throughout the tropical and semi-tropical
regions of the world. The yellow fever mosquito, A&s
aegypti, lives only in close proximity to human habitations and
finds its favorite breeding grounds in all sorts of artificial
water containers.
We do not seem to have any truly semi-domesticated spe-
cies in North America; all our other species may be classed as
wild. These we may group as early spring breeding and sum-
mer breeding species. Among the former are the following-
Aedes stimulam, A. fitchii, A. ktruldens, A. speacerii, A. inz-
piger, A. trichurus and A. cinereus. These and some other
species breed in the early spring pools formed by melting
snows, rains, or in flooded areas along water courses. Certain
species prefer deep woodland pools (Fig. 5, Plate V) such as
A. stiwzulam, A. excrucians and A. fitchii though they may also
breed in swamps, and marshes (Plate VI). Figure 3, Plate
IV, shows a shallow woodland pool which has an interesting
cycle. First appears A. stimuhzs followed by A. cinereus,
later A. vexam and in June a few An~oplzcles pumtijwmis ap-
pear. Though this pool is frequently filled by rains during the
later summer months, there is rarely any breeding except by
Aedes vemns.

BIOLOGY 37
Certain spring breeding species seem to prefer the shallower
woodland pools. Aedes pmctor, A. intmdens, A. ahermtus,
A. cowzvmwzis and A. cana.deutsis breed by preference in such
places if the b,ottom is thickly covered by rotting leaves (Fig.
7, Plate VII). Aedes aldrichi, one of the worst pests in parts
of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and nearby states,
appears to breed almost exclusievly in flooded river bottoms
which are deeply shaded by cottonwoods, or other moisture
loving trees and shrubs. There is but one annual generation
and if floods do not occur, the eggs remain viable for several
years, ready to hatch at the time of future spring floods.
The summer breeding species have widely varying habitats.
Aedes solicitans, A. cantator and A. taetiiorhynchus are our
predominant salt-marsh breeding species. A. soblicitam breeds
in marshes flooded by high tides and rains. If conditions are
favorable, there are several broods a season but if high tides
or rains do not occur, the eggs remain in the mud of the dry
marshes ready to hatch at the first favorable opportunity. A.
cantator and A. taeniorhynchus breed primarily in salt marshes
but usually in the shallower pools further inland, particularly
where the water is not as, salt as that preferred by A. sol-
Zicitans. Neither species is recorded as breeding far from the
coastal areas though they may occur in almost perfectly fresh
water. A. squauziger, another salt marsh breeder is confined
to the salt marshes of California extending from San Fran-
cisco s,outh. Aedes dorsalis breeds in the saline, brackish or
alkaline pools found in the great plains of the interior. It is
the dominant species of the western plains of Canada and the
United States. It also breeds in the more arid coastal plains
developing whenever rain fills the pools; in the saline pools
found in the vicinity of salt works, and not infrequently in al-
most fresh-water pools, particularly in irrigated areas. It pre-
fers open, unshaded pools. In the eas.tern United States, as
far west as the Mississippi Valley and Texas, Aedes triseriatus
breeds in the water found in tree-holes; in California, Ore-
gon, Washington and British Columbia, Aedes varipalpus has

38 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
a similar habit. This latter species prefers the water found
in the holes of oaks and is frequently abundant where favor-
able conditions exist.
The breeding grounds of the common house mosquitoes
have already been indicated. CUZEX territam breeds in more
or less permanent pools, especially if these have decaying leaves
or are fouled by wastes. In the northern parts of its range,
it frequently breeds in rain-barrels or other artificial recepta-
cles. In certain northern rural sections, it might be called a
semi-domesticated s,pecies for it invades houses and breeds
close about dwellings. It is rarely, if ever, found in urban
districts. Czilex tarsnlis breeds in almost any kind of ground
pool either in the open or in deep woodlands. It is the domi-
nant mosquito in certain sections of western North America.
Practically all our Theobaldia species breed in permanent
pools, some restricted to the dark woodland pools while oth-
ers, as T. imidem, can accommodate themselves to almost
any kind of permanent pool or even artificial water containers.
Our Psoroplzora species breed in the most temporary rain pud-
dles. The larval life is very brief, usually occupying only a
few days.
The most remarkable larval habitat of any of our mosclui-
toes is that of Taezziorlz31~zch,zks perturbam. The eggs are laid
in small rafts but the larvae on hatching settle down in the
water and attach themselves to aquatic plants, by means of
their heavily chitinized air-tubes (Plate XXII, 4). They live
entirely below the surface of the water and obtain their air
from the air-spaces in the plants to which they are attached.
Development is very slow. Though the eggs hatch in the sum-
mer, the larvae do not mature till the following summer. Pu-
pation also takes place below the surface of the water, the
pupae attaching to plants by means of their air-tubes. Though
it is frequently very abundant, a persistent invader of houses,
and an extremely vicious biter, I have not been able to locate
its breeding areas in central New York. All observations in-
dicate that it breeds only in comparatively shallow water in

BIOLOGY 39
which there is an extensive growth of aquatic vegetation. In
New Jersey, it has been found breeding in cranberry bogs.
Another interesting mosquito, W3~0~~z~ia s~&hii, breeds
only in the water contained within the leaves of the pitcher
plant (Sarraceka pwpurea). The eggs are laid usually in the
younger leaves above the water line. When water reaches
them, they hatch and develop to maturity. The species oc-
curs only where its hos,t plant is found.
HABITS OF THE ADULTS
Food-habits
Mosquitoes have gained their notoriety through their blood
sucking habits and, more recently, by the discovery that they
are the vectors of serious diseases of man. Not all mosquitoes
suck blood; some do not take blood of any kind, while others
restrict themselves to non-mammalian blood, attacking birds,
amphibia, and other hosts. The males are not known to ob-
tain blood and their mouth-parts are so modified that they are
not adapted for piercing. They feed principally on the nec-
tar and juices of plants. Other species, though attacking mam-
mals, do not readily attack man. Our knowledge of the food
of the adults is not very accurate or complete. The domesti-
cated species usually take human blood with avidity. Here
belong Cztlex $pielzs, C&ex qwinquef ascka tus and Aedes aegy-
pti. Culex territam may also be included though it may be
said to be only partly semi-domesticated. Most of our anophe-
lines readily attack man though some of them are said to pre-
fer other mammalian blood. There appears to be consider-
able evidence that the presence of the larger domestic animals
as horses, cows, dogs and pigs near human abodes may reduce
their attacks on man. Most of the Aedine mosquitoes attack
man with the greatest avidity and lurid tales of their blood-
thirstiness can be found in the accounts of arctic explorers,
hunters, trappers, and others who travel in our northern wood-
lands. The attacks of Aedes stiwmlalzs, A. excrucians, A.

40 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
+zctor, A. co~z~+~ztnis and other Aedes species will drive out
the most intrepid individual who dares to invade their haunts
unprotected by face nets and gloves. Even then their incessant
songs and persistence in boring through the more thinly clad
parts of the body usually cause the intruder to retire to some
more protected spot. Furthermore, many of these species
travel considerable distances and render life in our gardens, un-
screened porches, parks, playgrounds, camp-sites, etc., almost
unendurable. Aedes sollicitauw; the celebrated New Jersey
mosquito, is well known for its blood thirstiness wherever it
occurs,. Aedes vexam, though not so well known and this is
undoubtedly due to lack of definite information, is another
vicious mosquito and its frequent invasion of towns, villages
and cities is becoming well known. Unfortunately, such in-
vasions are often ascribed to Culex @&zs, and several out-
breaks that I investigated proved to be due entirely to Aedcs
vexam. Our tree-hole breeding mosquitoes, Aedes triseriatzts
and A. varipallpus, readily attack man and under favorable
conditions may become very abundant. Aedes spencerii, a
very abundant species, on the prairies of the Northwest, is a
vicious blood-sucker and attacks during the day. Culex tar-
salis is recorded as a fierce biter and an invader of houses.
Taenio9hynchu.s perturbans is a most vigorous biter, usually at-
tacking in the evening, though it readily bites at night and
during the day when its haunts are invaded. It is a persistent
invader of houses and gains entrance through every crack and
cranny. Psorophora species are rather large and are fierce
biters. Owing to their size, they can readily penetrate through
the clothing. Fortunately they are not very abundant in most
sections of North America.
Many species rarely, if ever, attack man and others are not
known to obtain blood. Theobaldia species, even though abun-
dant, rarely annoy man and scarcely anything is known about
their food habits. Czllex apicaEis, though extremely abundant
at times, will not attack man and is recorded as feeding on the
blood of frogs and snakes. Wyeomyia swzithii does not leave

BIOLOGY 41
its haunts and will not bite man though they readily settle
on the skin, evidently in search of moisture.
Flight Habits
From the standpoint of mosquito control, their flight habits
are of the greatest importance. Unfortunately, little is known
except in the case of a few species. In California, Herms
records a distribution flight of Ano~heZes macdipelznis shortly
after the emergence of the adults from hibernation. This is
supposed to be in search of breeding grounds, but the distance
of the flight is not definitely recorded. It is generally believed
that Anophelines. do not fly far from their breeding grounds,
probably not more than a half mile to a mile. A&es sollici-
tans, A. cantutor, and A. taeniorhyachus are known to migrate
considerable distances, at least forty miles in the case of the
first species. Aedes vexans is another migrant and in British
Columbia, Hearle finds that it migrates even in the open a dis-
tance of at least ten miles. In central New York, migrations
of from three to five miles have been observed. The time oc-
cupied in these migrations depends on climatic factors but is
usually a week to ten days. Aedes aldrichi is also recorded
as a migrant though its habits restrict it to following wooded
areas or where shrubbery affords, protection. A migration of
ten to fifteen miles is recorded. The great majority of our
early spring breeding Aedes species migrate short distances-
at least a mile or more. This is especially true when protect-
ing wooded areas occur at short intervals,. The domesticated
species probably do not fly any considerable distance. Taenior-
hydzzu pertwbans is undoubtedly a migrant. In central New
York, migrations of at least several miles have been observed,
the same swarm being followed from day to day. In this
case, the males accompanied the migrating females.
Mosquitoes are also distributed in other ways than by actual
long distance or short interrupted flights. Favoring breezes
are reported as bringing in hordes to otherwise mosquito free

42 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
areas. Railway trains, ships, and the modern automobile fur-
nish excellent means of transportation.
The of Activity
The period of activity of adult mosquitoes is of great inter-
est. Our anophelines are mainly crepuscular, confining their
activities to the twilight hours of evening and morning. Ano-
pheles atropos bites freely during the day in direct sunlight and
also attacks at night. The other species may bite during cloudy
days or when their haunts are invaded during the day time.
The yellow fever mosquito is strictly diurnal. The common
house mosquitoes are nocturnal but also bite during dark days
and in darkened rooms. All our far northern Aed’es species
are primarily diurnal. Aedes spencerii attacks with vigor in
bright sunlight. Acdes camdemis, A. stimulans, A. excrucians
and A. fitchii attack fiercely during late afternoon. In cloudy
weather, and in woodlands, they are easily aroused to un-
wonted activity at almost any time by the presence of blood.
Taeniorhywhus perturbans, though primarily crepuscular, will
attack in dark woods at almost any time. It also bites late
into the night if it can gain access to bed rooms.
Mathag Habits
The mating habits of a number of our common species have
been observed. The yellow fever mosquito mates shortly af-
ter emergence, during the daytime and while in flight. The
act occupies, only a few seconds and the males seek out the fe-
males with great eagerness. In most of the other species ob-
served, the males swarm. The males of Czhlex pipiem gather
towards evening, usually near sunset, in great numbers. They
hover over tall objects as telephone poles, trees and shrubbery
and frequently appear as great clouds. The swarm consists
entirely of males and they fly up and down and weave in and
out amongst each other. Into this swarm dart the females
and emerge united with a male. This continues till darkness
brings about the dispersion of the swarm. Similar swarm-

BIOLOGY 43
ing has been observed with Alzophdes pzrlnctipemis, Aedes
speacerii, Aedes punctor and others. Very commonly these
swarms appear over the head of the observer and may follow
him as he walks over the country side. A swarm of Aedes
pumtor was observed to form over a war>m automobile radiator
at about 7:00 P.M.
Longem’ty
The length of life of the adult is very difficult to determine.
Normally, Czllex adults are short lived but there is no exact
data except for those kept under artificial conditions. The yel-
low fever mosquito has been kept alive in captivity for over
five months. It is generally stated that the males live only a
short time ; only a few days or weeks at the most. Males of
many of our early spring breeding species have been taken in
central New York in June and July. This would indicate a
much longer life for the males of Aedes stiwmlaw, A. fitchii,
and A. puwtor. As these species emerge from late April to
late May and as there is only one brood a year, the males must
live at least one or two months or even longer. Females live
longer than the males. Czllex and Anopheles species hibernate
as adults so that the life of the over-wintering females is
greatly prolonged. Certain Aedes species live for several
months. Aedes excrucians, A. fitchii, A. stimulates, A. @M-
for and A. isztrzcdem appear as early spring species, usually
in early May. The adults have been collected at all times dur-
ing the summer, some of them as late as the middle of Septem-
ber. This would give an adult life for favored individuals of
at least four months. Normally they are very abundant in
June, July and early August. I have been driven from their
haunts by their attacks as late as the second week in August.
HIBERNATION
All our species belonging to the genera Culex and Anoplzeles
pass the winter as fertilized females; the males die at the ap-
proach of cold weather. The females seek various types of
shelters, as cellars, stables, cow sheds, out-buildings of all types,

44 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
caves, tree-holes, etc., where a certain degree of moisture and
semi-darkness obtains. During the hibernation period, the
females are normally inactive, resting quietly, closely hugging
the surface on which they rest. In houses, Alzoplaeles @tic-
tipenrzis and Culcx ~~/&Rs may frequently invade the warmer
rooms and I have taken both species in the act of sucking
blood.
The great majority of our species hibernate in the egg stage.
This is true of practically all the species of Aedes and Psoro-
plzora. The yellow fever mosquito cannot withstand cold
weather so that it breeds only in the warmer portions of the
south. Its occurrence in more northern locations is due to its
transportation during the summer season. Though it has been
repeatedly introduced into California, it never breeds there on
account of the cool nights. Its general distribution is to about
38” N. latitude and its breeding in this area is limited by local
climatic conditions. As far as known, all our Tlzeobaldia spe-
cies, except T. melanwa, hibernate as adults. T. melanwra
passes the winter as larvae in the bottom of the pools in which
they breed. Wyeowzyia smithii, the pitcher plant mosquito,
hibernates as larvae frozen in the water contained by the
leaves.

CHAPTER III
MOSQUITOES IN RELATION TO HUMAN
WELFARE
Mosquitoes have always plagued man and animals. They
have limited and still limit his occupation of many regions of
the globe. Always considered as abominable pests, about:
which he knew little and cared less, he was suddenly awakened
to their extreme importance by the discovery by Sir Ronald
Ross, in 1898, that they are the vectors of malaria or ague.
Long before this, however, Sir Patrick Manson had shown, in
1878-79, that mosquitoes were the intermediate hosts of Filaria
bancrofti, a round worm which causes serious diseases of man.
This discovery had not attracted much notice as the diseases
caused by this worm were not known and even yet are not
well understood. The discovery, in 1900, by Reed, Carroll,
Lazear and Agramonte that yellow fever is distributed by a
mosquito aroused the greatest interest in the mosquito prob-
lem. At the present time, mosquitoes are regarded by many
persons as the most important group of all our blood sucking
insects. In this chapter only a very brief account can be given
of the many and important relations existing between man and
mosquitoes.
In general, mosquitoes may be said to affect man’s welfare
in the following ways:
( 1) Direct irritation caused by their bites.
(2) Diseases of man which are transmitted through the
agency of mosquitoes.
(3) Diseases of his domestic and game animals which are
transmitted by mosquitoes.
45

46 RELATION TO WELFARE
(4) Reduction in land values, real
excessive abundance of mosquitoes.
DIRECT IRRITATION
estate, etc., due to the
To many persons the bites of mosquitoes are only a tem-
porary annoyance; others do not notice their bites; while many
people suffer greatly even from a few bites. The number of
people who appear almost immune to mosquito attacks is
probably not large and this immunity may be confined to the
bites of mosquitoes present in their region. Other species of
mosquitoes may cause them great inconvenience. As this phase
of the mosquito problem has never been sufficiently stressed,
I desire to call particular attention to it, especially at this time
when so much emphasis is placed on living out-of-doors to con-
serve our health. Mosquitoes probably affect young children,
particularly babies, more than we know. There is no definite
data on this point but it deserves careful attention. To many
people the bites are very severe, causing swellings, severe itch-
ing, followed by incessant scratching and the formation of
pustules. This is followed by restlessness, loss of sleep, nerv-
ous irritation and a determination to avoid mosquito areas at
all costs. In many persons, the lesions caused by mosquito
bites remain for months and retain that itching sensation. As
mosquitoes, other than Anophelines, are generally regarded
only as temporary nuisances, most of us cannot enjoy the out-
of-doors during the summer season. Our gardens, parks, re-
sorts of all kinds, camp sites, whole areas of the country, etc.,
are deserted by the less hardy and they retire to screened
houses, or if fortunate, to screened porches. Thus many per-
sons are unable to enjoy the benefits of the open air and store
up health for the more rigorous season. In some sections the
onslaught of a mosquito outbreak may cause the stoppage of
almost all outdoor work, and where this occurs frequently
prevents the development of those districts. This phase of
the mosquito problem should be more emphasized in public
health work.

FIGURE 16. Diagrammatic representation of the life-cycle of the benign
tertian malaria parasite (PZU.WZO~~UWZ Gvax) in man and the mosquito. Nos.
I to 4 show the growth of the parasite in the red blood cell; Nos. 5 & 6,
the mature schizont dividing into merozoites and their escape is shown in
7; these merozoites invade new red cells and the cycle continues. Nos. 8,
g & IO show the development of the male and the female gametocytes. The
mosquito is shown obtaining these sex cells. No. II, the male cells being
discharged; No. 12, the sperm cell uniting with the female cell; No 13, the
fertilized zygote ; No. 14, the migrating egg, or ookinete; No. 15, the
oocyst outside the stomach wall ,of the mosquito; No. 16, a nearly mature
oocyst ; No. 17, the stomach of a mosquito showing oocysts attached ;
No. 18, the discharge of the sporozoites by the breaking of the oocyst;
No. 19, sporozoites in the salivary glands; No. 20, the salivary glands
of a mosquito; No. 21, an anopheline is seen discharging sporozoites into
the blood stream of a new host; Nos. 22 to 28 shows the asexual cycle
in new host. (Modified from James.)

48 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOES
In North America, at least four important diseases are trans-
mitted by mosquitoes and only by mosquitoes. These are ma-
laria, yellow fever, dengue and filariasis. Each of these will
be discussed but briefly.
Malaria
Malaria is caused by a minute Protozoan which invades the
red blood corpuscles (Fig. 16). There are known to be
three distinct species of malarial parasites and each produces
a distinct type of disease. The parasites are known as Plas-
medium zizlax, causative agent of tertian malaria ; PZasnzod’iu~~z
mnlariae, causative agent of quartan malaria ; and Plasmodium
falciparzrna, the agent of malignant tertian, sub-tertian, perni-
cious or aestivo-autumnal malaria. The common and most
prevalent type of malaria in North America is the tertian.
Pernicious or aestivo-autumnal malaria occurs in the states
bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. According to Hoffman
(1916) the prevalence of the various types of malaria in the
southern states is about 6.5 per cent for tertian, 13 per cent
for quartan and 22 per cent for aestivo-autumnal. In order
to understand the essential rble played by Anopheline mosqui-
toes in the distribution of malaria, a very brief outline of the
life-cycle of Plasmodiwz viz~aax is here presented.
Plasmodium zizlax, in man, lives and multiplies asexually
in the red blood corpuscles (Fig. 16). This is called the asex-
ual cycle. As the organisms grow (Nos. 1 to 4), they cause
the red cells to become enlarged and they absorb the cell con-
tents. At the end of about forty hours, the trophozoite is
mature and is now called a schizont (No. 5). Each schi-
zont then divides into a number, 15 to 24, of merozoites and
these are discharged into the blood stream by the rupturing of
the cell (Nos. 6 and 7). Along with the merozoites, are lib-
erated the wastes, pigments, and probably a toxin. Each mero-
zoite now attacks a new blood cell and, in about forty hours,
becomes a schizont, dividing, and the merozoites are liberated

RELATION TO WELFARE 49
at the end of about forty-eight hours. The escape o.f so many
merozoites with their wastes corresponds with the onset of a
chill followed by a marked rise in the temperature of the pa-
tient. Hence this type is known as the tertian or three day
fever, the chill and fever appearing on the third day. After
the asexual cycle has continued for a number of days, there
appears a new stage in the cycle of the parasite. This is known
as the sexual stage. Certain merozoites now develop into
male and female gametocytes or sex cells (Fig. 16, Nos. 8,9 and
10). Two kinds are produced male, wzicvogawzetocytes, and
female, nfzacroga,we tocy tes. These now remain in the blood
cells and no further development takes place in man.
At this point the anopheline mo,squito becomes essential to
the continuance of the life of the parasite. If a person con-
taining the micro- and macrogametocytes in his blood is bitten
by an anopheline (as A. quadrinzaculatus) mosquito and num-
bers of these sex cells are obtained, a further remarkable de-
velopment takes place in the stomach of the mosquito. The
female or macrogametocyte matures into what is called a
macrogamete and is now ready for fertilization. The male
or microgametocyte gives off a number of small linear bodies
which are the true nzicroganutes or male elements (Fig. 16,
No. 11). These lash about till they find a macrogamete and
one of them immediately penetrates it (Fig. 16, No. 12) and
completes the process of fertilization. The union of the male
and female cells produces a zygote (No. 13). The zygotes
are produced in the stomach of the mosquito. The zygote,
at first passive, soon elongates and begins active movement,
hence the name ookinvzete (No. 14). The ookinete penetrates
the wall of the stomach and establishes itself between the
epithelial layer and the muscular layers (No. 15). Here it
becomes spherical and grows very large by the absorption of
food from the surrounding cells, and is called an oocyst (No.
16). Within the oocyst, remarkable changes (sporogony)
take place and at the end of four or five days, the oocyst is
completely filled by very minute organisms-the sporozoites

50 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
(No. 18). The sporozoites escape by the bursting of the oocyst
and are now in the body cavity. As insects have no closed
circulatory system, the blood bathes all the tis,sues so the
sporozoites are now free to wander with the blood. They are
said to bore into almost all the tissues and organs of the host
but great numbers of them invade the salivary glands (No.
19). The sporozoites are now ready to be passed with the
saliva into a new host when the mos,quito bites (No. 21). The
entire cycle within the mosquito occupies from 8 to 14 days,
depending on the temperature and other factors. It will thus
be seen that the presence of anopheline mosquitoes is essential
for the beginning of a new infection in man and furthermore
that man with gametocytes in his blood is essential before
mosquitoes can become infected. This interdependence is well
illustrated in figure 16, the so called etiological chain of
malaria. If it can be broken at any one point, a reduction or
even a complete elimination of the disease can be accomplished.
The cycles of the other two types of malarial organisms
correspond very closely to that of P. &ax. The time of spor-
ulation differs-that of P. quartavt taking place at the end of
three days and the rise in temperature occuring on the fourth
day ; that of P. fallcipa~rzw~ taking place irregularly in from
24 to 48 hours so that the rise in temperature of the patient
is irregular. Of course people suffering from malaria may
have two species present or a double infection of any one
and this complicates the clinical picture of the disease.
Fortunately, all anopheline mosquitoes are not vectors of
malaria. Some are known to be good vectors-that is they
are readily infected by feeding them blood containing the
male and female organisms; others are refractory and are not
easily infected; while others cannot, apparently, be infected.
Furthermore, even good vectors do not all become infected when
they feed on blood containing the male and female gameto-
cytes. Again some are infected by one parasite and refractory
to the other species of the parasites ; and again a mosquito may
be a good vector in one part of the world and the same species,

52 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
in another part of the world, prove a poor vector. The data
on all these phases of malaria are far from complete. This
is due largely to the fact that no other animal than man is
known to be susceptible to the disease. Man cannot be used
as a laboratory experimental animal.
In North America, the known vectors of malaria are Ano-
p,&Zes qu,adri?~zacz~Zutzts (a good vector), A. crz~Mns (prob-
ably a good vector in some sections), A. ~aculipennis (prin-
cipal vector in Europe and probably also in California), A.
punctipemis (not known to be a vector till 1916, undoubtedly
a poor vector), and A. @eudo+zctipennis (not known posi-
tively to be a vector in North America, but has recently been
shown to be the main vector in parts of Argentina).
Malaria is one of the most widespread and important human
diseases in the world. The principal endemic areas and the
malaria mo,rtality for the United States are shown in figure 17.
There is probably no endemic malaria in Canada. Although
the administration of quinine in various forms may reduce the
fever, there is, no known drug which will completely eliminate
the parasite from its human host. The most practical and
most efficient method of reducing malaria is to prevent or
control the breeding of anopheline mosquitoes. Control meth-
ods are outlined in the following chapter.
Blackwater Fezler
Blackwater fever is a severe fever accompanied by great
blood destruction, and the passage of haemoglobin in the urine
(the urine is a mahogany color, hence the name of the dis-
ease). Until very recently the disease was thought to be
caused by some unknown specific parasite. It is now generally
recognized that blackwater fever is due to repeated attacks
or continuous infection with malaria. The disease is widely
distributed throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions
of the world and is most prevalent in the intensely malarious
sections. In the Americas it occurs in the northern area of
South America, Central Americas, West Indies, and parts of

RELATION TO WELFARE 53
the southern States of the United States. Blackwater fever
is a very severe disease. It can be prevented only by the
avoidance of long and continued malaria attacks. It has many
complications and a person who has suffered from an attack
should not continue to live in a highly malarious region. In
order to reduce the incidence of the disease in any area the
only logical procedure is the destruction of malaria-carrying
mosquitoes.
Yellow Fever
Yellow fever is one of the most virulent of human diseases.
Formerly it was rather widespread around the Carribean Sea
and was introduced from time to time to northern cities
where numerous epidemics occurred during the summer. This
disease, so highly fatal to non-immunes remained a mystery
till Reed, Carrol, Lazear and Agramonte definitely estab-
lished, in 1900, that it could be transmitted from the sick to the
well only by a mosquito, the tiger mosquito (Aedes fasciatus,
Aedes nygentezls or Aedcs agypti; unfortunately this mosquito
has many synonyms). Their conclusions have been well es-
tablished and the chain in this disease is again the parasite,
the man with the parasite (the patient), the mosquito, and
finally the transference to a new patient. The parasite of this
disease, though definitely announced from time to time, seems
as yet unknown. Noguchi has isolated an organism, Lep-
tospira icte/oidcs, which may be the definite parasite but final
conclusions do not yet seem to be warranted. The importance
of the mosquito vector in this disease may be stated very
briefly. Aed’es Cpyypti must secure it from a patient suffering
from the disease. This must take place within three to five
days after the first appearance of the disease as the parasite
is known to be present in the blood serum only for a short
time. Within the mosquito, the parasite must undergo a de-
velopment for it requires from 12 to 14 days before the
mosquito is capable of infecting a susceptible person. When a
mosquito is once infected, it remains capable of transmitting

54 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
the disease. for the rest of its active life; in one case 59 days
after receiving the infection.
As there is at present no specific treatment for yellow fever,
the only known method of reducing the disease is to prevent
this mosquito from biting or prevent its breeding. As a com-
plete elimination of its breeding grounds is not always feasible,
the prevention of mosquito infection becomes one of the most
important factors in a yellow fever outbreak.
Yellow fever, though formerly widespread in the tropical
portions of the Americas, has been almost eliminated. The
last great outbreak in North America occurred in New Orleans
in 1905. At the present time an outbreak may occur if the
disease should appear and the mosquito is present to become
infected. That there are human carrier? of this disease, as in
malaria, is believed by some workers but there seems no posi-
tive evidence to substantiate this belief. At the present time
( 1929) there is an active center of yellow fever in West Africa.
Since the yellow fever mosquito occurs throughout much of
the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the entire world, the
possible spread of this disease to such countries as Asia should
fill us with the utmost alarm. It is therefore highly desirable
that every possible effort should be made to eliminate the breed-
ing of this mosquito in North America. Without the mosquito,
the introduction of “carriers,” if they exist, would not bring
about any outbreak of the disease.
Unfortunately, recent researches in West Africa demonstrate
that yellow fever (the type of this disease now prevalent there)
is transmitted by other species of mosquitoes. Bauer (1928)”
’ A “carrier,” in the case of malaria, is one who has recovered
from the disease and has the micro- and macro-gametocytes in his
blood capable of infecting mosquitoes; or he may be one who has
never shown symptoms of the disease and still have the sexual stages
in the blood. Whether such occur in yellow fever is not known since
we know scarcely anything about the organism which causes the
disease.
’ Bauer, Amer. JZ. Trap. Med., 8, p. 261, July, 1928.

RELATION TO WELFARE 55
has demonstrated experimentally that A&s luteocephalus
Newst., Aedes aficoawaclatus Edw., and Eretmopodites chryso-
gaster Graham, can transmit the disease from monkey to mon-
key. Three other species of mosquitoes were found to be nega-
tive. As yet but a comparatively small number of West Afri-
can species have been tested. The future spread of this disease
becomes a very serious problem. The work of mosquito con-
trol and eradication should be urged by every intelligent per-
son.
Dengue
Dengue is a non-infectious disease of low mortality. It is
frequently known as break-bone fever. Its onset is character-
ized by headache, aching eyes, and severe body and limb pains.
The causative agent is unknown, but it is a filter-passing or-
ganism and is transmitted by the agency of a mosquito-the
yellow fever mosquito (Aedes cFgypti).
This disease is widespread throughout many tropical and
sub-tropical regions of the world. It frequently appears in
epidemic or pandemic waves when the great majority of the
population may suffer. Its appearance in more northern areas
occurs in the summer or autumn when the mosquito host is
prevalent but it always dies out when cold weather intervenes-
killing off the mosquito. In North America, it is confined
largely south of 38” N. latitude and great outbreaks have oc-
curred in the southern states.
Recent work has shown that probably only one species of
mosquito, Aedes cpgypti, is the vector. In order to become
infected, the mosquito must bite a dengue patient during the
first three days of the disease. It requires-at least eleven days
before the mosquito can transmit the virus. Once infected the
mosquito remains infective throughout life.
As many people suffering from this disease may have it
in mCld form they remain at their daily tasks and are excellent
subjects from which large numbers of mosquitoes become in-
fected. The yellow fever mosquito is the most domesticated

56 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
of all our species and it is present in great numbers in houses.
It bites at all times during the day and even at night. It will
thus be seen that a small outbreak may soon become an epi-
demic and spread with great rapidity. The most efficient
method of preventing and controlling the disease is by the elim-
ination of the mosquito. The general spread of the disease
may be greatly reduced by carefully screening the patients
during the first five days after its onset. As the disease is
difficult to diagnose, the screening of the patients usually be-
gins too late.
Filariasis
Filariasis. is due to an infection of Filaria bavmofti Cobbold,
a round worm found in the adult state in man. The males and
females are usually found in some part of the lymphatic gland-
ular tissue. The females discharge their embryos which reach
the blood stream. In the blood, they appear as very small
embryos (microfilariae) , about l/5 mm. in length. These
microfilariae are incapable of further development unless taken
up by a mosquito. Those mosquitoes known to be vectors (ex-
perimentally) are C&ex qui9zquefasciatuls (fatigam), C. pipiem,
Anopheles rossi, Anopheles costalis and Aedcs (Stegomyia)
zrariega tau.
When blood containing microfilariae is obtained by a sus-
ceptible mosquito, the embryos escape from their sheaths and
bore through the intestinal wall. In about 24 hours, they have
all migrated to the thoracic muscles. Here each worm under-
goes development but there is no increase in numbers. In from
12 to 20 days, the larval development is complete and the para-
sites migrate forward to the proboscis. Finally they come to
lie, generally in pairs, in the labium. They are now ready to
pass to a new host. At the time of taking blood, the worms
escape from the labium and are said to bore directly through the
skin. In due time these larvae reach the lymphatics where they
become sexually mature; eventually new generations of micro-
filariae reach the blood stream. The mosquito is an essential
link in the chain in the development and transfer of this parasite.

RELATION TO WELFARE 57
The presence of mature filarial worms in man does not neces-
sarily mean a diseased condition. It is frequently, however,
associated with marked changes in the lymphatic system and is
believed to be responsible for a great variety of organic dis-
turbances, as lymphangitis, adenitis, elephantiasis, etc.
Filariasis exists in almost every country throughout the
tropical and sub-tropical world. In North America, it un-
doubtedly occurs in the southern United States and is known to
occur around Charleston, South Carolina. As neither age, sex
nor race is immune, the prevention of the spread of this para-
site is highly desirable. The only effective method is the con-
trol of the mosquito. Unfortunately, we do not know all the
species of mosquito that may act as vectors so that we should
endeavor to prevent all mosquito breeding.
MOSQUITOES IN RELATION TO ANIMAL DISEASES
A numiber of animal diseases is known to be transmitted
by mosquitoes. DirofiFaria iwzmihs of dogs is transmitted by
Czllex species. ; malaria of birds by CzdZex species; others are
undoubtedly associated with mosquito transmission but the in-
formation concerning them is scanty or very incomplete. Fur-
thermore, mosquitoes are terrible pests of many animals and
cause severe annoyance.
REDUCTION IN LAND VALUES
It is common knowledge that the abundance of mosquitoes
causes a marked reduction of land values. This is particularly
true in summer, seaside and lake resorts; in urban areas subject
to mosquito invasion ; manufacturing and industrial districts
often feel the effects of mosquito abundance. Some of our
most valuable land as in New Jersey, Mississippi bottom lands,
etc., have had and continue to have their development retarded
owing to hordes of mosquitoes which frequently render life,
except to the most hardened, unendurable. When this is ac-
companied by diseases, the development is almost stopped.
Furthermore, the outbreaks of malaria and dengue throws an-

58 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
other heavy burden on such communities due to sickness, the
consequent loss of income and the expense attendant thereto.
The remarkable results due to mosquito control and the conse-
quent increase in real estate values, health and vigor of the
peoples, etc., are so numerous that only a few may be cited-
as in Havana, Panama Canal Zone, Port Said, Singapore, et
al. Where diseases are not present, but only noxious mosquitoes,
their reduction brings about a marked increase in land values.
No finer example can be cited than the work done in New
Jersey. Dr. Headlee ( 1926)) after presenting a detailed sum-
mary of the tax valuations’ of the Atlantic and Bay Coast area
of New Jersey for the past twenty-five years, concludes with
this remarkable statement. “Thus it appears, under New Jer-
sey coastal conditions, that, where salt marsh mosquitoes are
naturally absent, there has’ occurred an average increase in tax-
able values during the last ten years of fifty-five per cent more
than where they are still present or only very recently reduced
and that, where salt marsh mosquitoes have been largely elim-
inated during the last ten years, there has occurred an average
annual increase of seventy-five per cent more than where they
are still present or very recently reduced.”

CHAPTER IV
THE PROBLEM OF MOSQUITO REDUCTION
TYPES OF CONTROL OPERATIONS; NATURAL ENEMIES OF MOS-
QTJITOES ; OTHER METHODS OF MOSQUITO REDUCTION ;
PROTECTION FROM MOSQUITO BITES ; ORGANI-
ZATION FOR CARRYING ON CONTROL WORK
The preceding chapter has indicated briefly the important re-
lations that mosquitoes bear to man. It is strange, that, know-
ing these conditions, man has not made greater efforts to con-
trol them. Only where great outbreaks of diseases have
occurred or where important national developments are under-
taken, or due to devastating sickness in time of war or where
public sentiment has been sufficiently aroused, have peoples
organized great anti-mo,squito campaigns. The results have
been of unprecedented success. Witness the work in Havana,
New Orleans, the Panama Canal Zone, New Jersey, Ishmailia,
Italy, parts of Greece, Palestine, the work at Singapore, etc.
All these campaigns were led by able men supported by govern-
ments and various other agencies and their main object was the
reduction of mosquito-borne disease. Yet despite this, vast
areas of the most fertile regions of the world suffer from
mosquito-borne diseases. Hoffman in 1916 made a plea and
presented a tentative plan for the eradication of malaria
throughout the western hemisphere. This plea is based on the
knowledge “that malaria is perhaps the most important of
human diseases, and though it is not often directly fatal, its
wide prevalence in almost all warm climates produce an enor-
mous amount ol sickness, and mortality.”
The problem of mosquito reduction involves two distinct
points of view; ( 1) that of the public health official who has
been and still is largely concerned with the reduction of mos-
59

60 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
quito-borne diseases ; (2) that of the entomologist who urges
that all species of mosquitoes be included in any plan of con-
trol. In the former case, money can be obtained and relief
measures are directed primarily to the reduction of the dis-
eases, as malaria, yellow fever, etc. When such diseases dis-
appear, the mosquitoes may breed at will and there will be no
further outbreak provided the source of the dis,ease produc-
ing organisms-such as human “carriers,” persons ill of the
diseases or infected mosquitoes, do not reach such an area. If
they do, another outbreak may occur and much of the work
will have to be done over again. Too often mosquito campaigns
can be organized only when disease outbreaks occur. Then
when time and money are the limiting factors all possible ef-
forts must be directed to the elimination of the disease-carrying
mosquito or mosquitoes. When the disease disappears, further
efforts are abandoned or carried on in a half hearted fashion.
When extensive outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases occur,
the control of the v#ectors must be undertaken at all costs. How-
ever, in many sections of North America, a wise and well or-
ganized plan of mosquito control by cities, towns, counties or
larger areas would bring about a gradual mosquito reduction,
prevent outbreaks of disease, reduce malaria, allow the people
to enjoy their gardens, playgrounds, parks, etc., and so in-
crease land and real estate values that the actual cost would be
more than repaid by the increased taxable values. No particu-
lar plan can be offered which will apply to all regions or even
to more than a few regions but the general underlying princi-
ples of mosquito reduction are the same for all sections of the
country. These fundamental principles should be ever in the
foreground when organized work is planned. They may be
simply stated :
(1) The species of mosquitoes in the area in which con-
trol work is planned should be determined.
(2) The mosquitoes that are liable -to migrate into the
control district should be determined by a definite survey around
the control area. This survey should be sufficiently extensive

MOSQUITO REDUCTION 61
and careful so as to avoid serious experiences later when con-
trol measures are under way.
(3) A topographical map of the control area should be
carefully prepared.
The three propositions above stated are essential to the out-
lining o,f control activities. How can they be carried out? Suc-
cessful control depends on scientific knowledge. Mosquitoes,
either in the adult or larval stages, can be determined only by
those who know them-not by those who think they know them
or believe that all mosquitoes have the same habits. In carry-
ing out the first proposition, much data may be obtained on
breeding areas which can be located on the topographical map.
But omitting all factors but the first one for the present, let
us see the problem in its true relation to the problem of con-
trol. The species that are mainly responsible can usually be
collected during an outbreak. If it proves to be the common
house mosquito (C&x pipiens), the types of breeding grounds
are well known and control measures are indicated. If it proves
to be Aedes z~exa.xs, a different breeding ground is assured and
other control measures must be applied. If the main outbreaks
are due to the early sprin, u species, as Aedcs stimulam, A. ex-
cmciam, A. fitchii, etc., another type or types of breeding places
must occur in or near the area. If anophelines are present in
numbers, then still other types of breeding grounds prevail and
other methods of control are indicated. If the main outbreaks
are due to such migratory forms as TmGorhyzclzzw pertzwbam,
Aedes znexans, Aedes sollicitans, A. canhtor, or A. tavziorlzyz-
clzzts, the problem becomes more complicated.
The second step is necessary in order that the species breed-
ing in the area surrounding the district under control may be
known. If migratory species breed here steps will have to be
taken to reduce the breeding areas as much as possible.
The third step may be combined to a great degree with the
first if determinations are made from the larvae. Every part
of the area should be carefully mapped, all standing water,
streams, ponds, cisterns, wells, catch basins, etc., should be

62 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
accurately located on a large scale rnap.l All such places, par-
ticularly the ponds, streams, bayous, swamps, etc., should be
carefully described so that changes of personnel will not delay
the work.
When the above information is at hand a definite plan for
the ultimate reduction and elimination of breeding grounds
may be undertaken. Any plan will depend largely on local
conditions, the extent and character of the breeding grounds
and the species of mosquitoes involved. The only known
methods now available are drainage operations, filling and grad-
ing, keeping the banks of streams and large ponds clear of
marginal and floating vegetation, employment of surface feed-
ing fishes, oiling operations, and the use of poisons. Any plans
evolved should be in co-operation with all the other agencies
which have to do with s&anitation, city or rural planning com-
missions, departments df public works, etc., and such work
should be under the immediate direction of the agency dealing
with public health. It is too early yet to hope for the States
or provinces to undertake large scale operations unless it is in
particularly malarious regions and then only in co-operation
with the national governments. When the co-operation of all
public bodies and the citizens of a given area can be obtained,
plans should be carefully prepared and continuity of activity is
essential from year to year.
TYPES OF CONTROL OPERATIONS
When a plan for mosquito reduction has been evolved, suit-
able for the area under consideration, particular attention
should be paid to the various methods of control. A few of
these may be briefly outlined here.
in
Drainage
When the known breeding areas are fairly well determined
a given district, those that can be drained or greatly reduced
‘Such maps can be obtained by enlarging the topographical maps
of the Geological Survey.

MOSQUITO REDUCTION 63
by drainage should receive the most careful consideration.
Plans for drainage should be made by expert sanitary or drain-
age engineers. Careful attention should be paid to the type
of drainage, as open or closed drains, the discharge of the flow,
etc. Where water has to be discharged from a dyked tidal
area, gates must be provided to prevent all back flow (Fig. 18).
This is true only if the land is to be reclaimed for agricultural
or other developmental purposes. Otherwise open ditches with
(Courtesy of the CaZifornia Corrugated Culvert Co., West Berkeley, Calif.)
FIGURE 18. A type of drainage gate to prevent back flow.
clean margins will permit the flushing of these areas at each
high tide. If the drainage is well done, all water will be car-
ried away within a few days and thus prevent a brood of
mosquitoes reaching maturity. Furthermore, the inflow of
the tides will bring an abundance of fishes which will aid in
devouring any mosquito larvae present along the drains, or that
hatch with the presence of water. The problems of salt marsh
drainage, dyking, pumping, etc., are all very difficult but ex-
ceptional progress has been made in New Jersey and Cali-
f ornia. In the interior, where discharge into rivers, bayous,

64 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
lakes, etc., subject to rise in levels, takes place, drainage gates
should be installed. Various types are on the market and full
information can be obtained f ram engineering firms. Figure
18 shows one type of drainage gate in operation.
The problem of drainage is one that should be carried out
only by experts. If well and carefully clone, the value of re-
claimed lands, either for agricultural, developmental or indus-
trial purposes, will often more than repay the original cost. All
drainage work must be carefully inspected from time to time
in order that it be kept functioning properly.
Fillitlg and Grad&g
Filling and grading operations should be developed as a con-
tinuous procedure. Plans for this work can be made only when
the mosquito breeding areas are rather definitely located and
the work should be done in co-operation with whatever organi-
zations have supervision of public works, park commissions,
town or city planning commissions, building commissions, etc.
In this way, all temporary pools, stagnant and unsightly ponds,
borrow pits, pools formed along railway embankments, by road
or street construction, by building operations of all kinds, by
impounding of water for city water supplies, and all operations
of whatever kind which may bring about standing or stagnant
water will be brought under the supervision of those in charge
of mosquito control work. By careful co-ordination of these
various activities, new ponds or pools may be avoided and many
old ones can be filled with the minimum amount of labor and
cost. This feature of mosquito control operations is one of
the most important in cities, villages and towns. Full authority
by law should be provided for carrying out effectively the sani-
tary regulations involving any or all such operations.
Streams and Ptvwtane~zt Ponds
The problem of local streams, rivers, permanent and im-
pounded bodies of water presents many difficulties. Where the

9
MOSQUITO REDUCTION 6.5
streams are sluggish, the banks with marginal vegetation, with
little side pools, bayous, bottom lands subject to overflow, etc.,
the problem becomes complicated. As far as possible, the
stream should be diverted in a direct course with the maximum
amount of fall. The vegetation and shrubbery should be re-
moved but not so as to give an unsightly appearance. All rocks
and debris which prevent a free flow or may provide stagnant
pools during drought should be removed. Bottom lands sub-
ject to flood may be drained by sub-soil drains. The control
work along streams and rivers should be made as permanent
as possible.
In the case of large ponds, reservoirs, etc., that must not
be drained, it is possible to reduce and even prevent mosquito
breeding. Such bodies of water should have clear margins,
the trees and shrubbery removed for some distance from the
banks, flotage and the growth of all types of floating vegeta-
tion prevented. This will allow free wind action which will
largely prevent oviposition ; the removal of the shrubbery
destroys the resting and hiding places for the adults. This
method of procedure has been found quite successful in some
sections of Louisiana where stagnant water in bayous has been
impounded by damming, raising the water-level, clearing out
of debris, and removing the shrubbery. Here, it was not pos-
sible to drain as the river level was higher than that
of the bayous, pumping was not advisable, so the experi-
ment of impounding these waters was tried and proved suc-
cessful. This type of water storage should be attempted in
other sections of the country.
Local conditions create special problems but as our knowl-
edge of mosquito biology increases, methods, may be devised to
prevent or control breeding. In many parts of the tropics, the
most hopeless situations have been valiantly attacked and the
results have been successful beyond the fondest hopes. It would
therefore appear that even the most difficult situation in Amer-
ica can be successfully attacked if we have the courage and
perseverance to push on to the end.

66 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
O&g Operations
Dr. L. 0. Howard was the first to suggest and use kerosene
oil to kill mosquito larvae. The employment of various grades
of petroleum oils to destroy larvae has since extended to all
parts of the world. The exact method by which these oils
kill is not known but is due in all probability to the penetration
of the oils or their volatile parts into the tissues, causing death.
It has been generally stated that it is due to the cutting off of
the air supply, but this is very doubtful. Where drainage,
filling, or any other means cannot be employed, oiling is un-
doubtedly the most successful, particularly in limited areas.
In many northern sections where their problem is mainly con-
cerned with the early spring species as Aedes stiwutlam, A.
excruciaw, A. cal/zademis, A. fitchii, etc., a single annual appli-
cation of oil will be sufficient provided it is used at the right
time. Too often, I have observed oiling operations, being con-
ducted after all the larvae had transformed and the adults were
on the wing, ready at the proper time to begin operations. Such
failures have discouraged many people and they resign them-
selves to the inevitable. If the employment of oils is to be suc-
cessful, their use must be directed by those who are familiar
with mosquito biology. This phase of mosquito control can-
not be too urgently impressed upon those who plan or propose
mosquito reduction.
In sections of the country, where there are several annual
broods,, or where different species breed at different times, oil-
ing operations must be carefully timed. Oil films disappear
in a short time, lasting scarcely longer than a week to ten days.
In certain types of water, as those heavily charged with sewage,
the oil is broken down within a day or two. The oil is effec-
tive longer in cooler areas than where the temperatures are high.
Many other factors, such as the use of unsuitable oils, poor
methods of application, failure to check all operations, etc.,
have resulted in failures.
As the result of continued investigation the New Jersey Ex-

MOSQUITO REDUCTION 67
periment Station recommend an oil with the following spec
fications :
Specific gravity-32”-37” Baume
Flash point-150” F.
Cold test-O”F.-pour.
Boiling range-350”-675” I;.
Color-straw to yellow
Viscosity-50-100 Sayb./lOO
Surface tension-20 dynes per cm.
This oil has proven very successful under the New Jersey con-
ditions, and will, in all probability, be effective in most sections
of the country. Oils with definite specifications can be pur-
chased from most of the large oil distributing firms. Rather
than await a special oil, operations should be started with any
good petroleum oil or kerosene. Kerosene oil is rather volatile
and it does not remain long as a film so that the operation has
to be repeated at shorter intervals. Most of the ordinary crude
petroleums are highly toxic to mosquito larvae and their use
should prove efficient. Many attempts have been made with
waste crank case oils from automobile garages. Such heavy
oils are thinned or cut with kerosene oil. The results either in
reduced cost or control have not been very satisfactory.
Though such waste oils can be secured simply for their re-
moval, the cost of storage, the addition of the kerosene oil and
the difficulties encountered in applying them make it as ex-
pensive as using a high grade toxic oil with definite specifica-
tions. Furthermore these heavy oils are extremely unsightly
even when employed on large marshes, ponds and streams.
The residue collects on the margins, on all floating debris, on
plants, and renders aquatic areas, anything but pleasing.
The method of applying the oils will depend largely on the
area to be covered, its accessibility to roadways, and the diffi-
culties of actually reaching the water. On small ponds, streams,
in wooded areas, in marshes, swamps, etc., the ordinary
shoulder spray tank is most satisfactory (Fig. 19). Here the
pressure is obtained by compressed air, and any size of nozzle

68 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
may be used but preferably one that gives a fine mist-like spray.
In areas accessible to trucks, as along roadways, extensive nar-
row marshes, or swamps, the oil may be applied from an auto
truck having a tank and a pump driven by the engine of the
truck (Fig. 20). Such power driven spray outfits are in ex-
tensive use in orchards, parks, and woodland areas, to control
insect pests. They can easily be employed in anti-mosquito
campaigns. By the use of several leads of hose, and lengthen-
(Cowte;yj of the E. C. Brown Co., Roclacstcr,
. .
FIGURE Ig. A simple spray tank for
oiling operations. It holds three gal-
lons and can be carried with ease.
ing them, extensive areas can be covered in the minimum time.
Their use will depend entirely on local conditions.
Many other methods of applying oil have been tried and
some are in use. Streams, ditches and ponds have been treated
by placing barrels filled with oil and so constructed that a con-
stant drip reaches the surface. The oil is gradually carried on-
ward by the stream or spreads slowly over the surface. This is
not very satisfactory owing to the failure of the oil film to
penetrate the grassy margins, drift or flotage. Waste soaked

MOSQUITO REDUCTION 69
in oil and anchored in ponds has the same drawbacks. Fine
sand soaked in oil and sowed broadcast over ponds has given
satisfactory results. As the sand falls on the water or sinks
through the vegetation to the water surface the oil is given off
and leaves a good film.
In large lakes, ponds, etc., where the margin and flotage is
not easily accessible except by small boats a large tank fitted
(Courtesy of the Hudson County, IV. J., Mosquito Commission.)
FIGURE 20. A power outfit used in oiling large areas accessible to road-
ways.
with a pump to give the necessary pressure may be employed.
The pump may be used to force the oil out directly or it may
be used to compress the air. If air compression is employed,
pumping is not continuous and in general a better and more
even spray may be obtained.
In all oiling work, the most essential points are the use of
a good, free running, toxic oil, good equipment, and extreme

70 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
care in covering all the water surface with a film of oil. The
laborers should be carefully trained and their work constantly
supervised by reliable inspectors.
Poisons
In recent years, poisons have been used extensively for the
control of anophelines. As the larvae are surface feeders, any
poison that will remain at the surface or on the surface film
for a short time will be eaten by them. In tl$s work Paris
Green has been found most efficient and has been employed
extensively in areas where malaria is endemic. The Paris
Green is diluted with some diluent as soapstone, hydrated lime,
road dust, etc., and dusted on the surface by various means.
When well done, the results are almost perfect, destroying prac-
tically 100 per cent of the Anopheline larvae. More recently
airplanes have been employed and, carrying specially designed
apparatus, have dusted large areas of marshes, swamps, densely
wooded areas, etc., with the greatest success. Only a pound of
Paris Green need be used per acre. As yet no successful way
has been found to destroy the larvae of Culicines by poisons,
though much experimental work is directed to this end.
Recently, I have shown that Iborax, in concentrations of 2 to
2y2 ounces per gallon of water, is effective in preventing mos-
quito’ breeding in rain water barrels, cisterns, and similar con-
tainers. Borax treated water should not be used for drinking
purposes. It is excellent for washing purposes. The advant-
age of borax over oil is that it is permanent and needs only to be
renewed when the cisterns, etc., are refilled by fresh water.
Water barrels so treated have remained all summer without
further treatment. It is only necessary to add more borax
when the barrels are refilled by fresh rain water.
Many other substances are under investigations, as Derris,
Pyrethrum powder, other arsenicals, etc., and methods of em-
ploying them against the non-surface feeding culicines will
undoubtedly develop.

MOSQUITO REDUCTION 71
Destructiovl of the Adults
Frequently the control of mosquitoes may be aided by the
destruction of the hibernating adults. The species of A120-
pheles, Culex and most Thle,obaldia, pass the winter as adults
hidden away in all sorts of shelters, particularly in houses, out-
buildings, stables, etc. A close inspection in badly infested re-
gions will locate the principal hiding places. The adults may be
destroyed by fumigating with cyanide gas, dusting with calcium
cyanide, or spraying the walls with kerosene. The use of
hydrocyanic gas in any form should be done only under the
supervision of some one familiar with its deadly properties.
The kerosene should be employed with care, due to the fire
hazards involved. The destruction of hibernating adults should
be undertaken only when excessive breeding has produced such
numbers that a systematic clean-up in restricted areas seems
warranted. The most efficient method is an educational one-
teach everyone the importance of destroying all adults during
the winter.
Mosquitoes have many natural enemies, both as predators
and parasites. Certain species of birds, bats, and insects prey
upon them but their effectiveness in reducing the mosquito
population does not appear very marked. Many species of
fish feed on the larvae and certain top-feeding minnows, par-
ticularly of the genus Gambzrsia,2 have been extensively em-
ployed in many parts of the world. Though undoubtedly fishes
play an important part in mosquito reduction and the utiliza-
tion of certain species is highly to be commended, yet adequate
control cannot be obtained by them alone unless the conditions
are more or less ideal from the standpoint of the fishes em-
ployed. In any plan to use fishes in a control area, the best pos-
sible scientific advice should be obtained. The effectiveness of
the fishes depend on conditions which bring about their rapid
2 For an extended and excellent account consult, Hildebrand, “A
Study of the Top Minnow,” U. S. Pub. Health Bull. No. 153, 1925.
_

72 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
breeding, maintenance, and furnish them a continuing food
suPPlY*
Other natural enemies occur. Recently a tadpole, Ham-
mond’s Spade-foot (Scaphiopus hammon&i) has been shown to
feed on larvae in New Mexico. I have shown that our ordinary
spotted salamander, (Diemyctylus zGridescen.s) is a most vora-
cious devourer of them .* This species is widespread through-
out many sections of North America but we know scarcely any-
thing about rearing it. Undoubtedly much information will be
gained as the study of mosquito biology receives more atten-
tion.
0 ther Methods of Mosquito Reduction
In recent years, much attention has been devoted to the study
of the aquatic conditions which favor or reduce mosquito breed-
ing. It is a common observation that certain ponds, etc., are
favorite breeding grounds while in other similar ponds or
marshes no breeding occurs. Though much work has been
done, no conclusions seem warranted. Certain aquatic plants
as Churn species, Ph3111otria species, and others appear to have
a deterrent effect both on egg deposition and larval develop-
ment. In general it may be said that the presence or absence of
the necessary larval food appears to be the deciding factor. But
what is the necessary larval food ? Many examinations of larval
gut contents have been made; some studies of the plancton in
typical breeding pools versus non-breeding pools have been
carried out; from these, however, no conclusions can be drawn.
As the larvae sweep all available material into their intestinal
tracts, there are no means of deciding what is actually digested
and what is passed out in the wastes. Only by the carefully
planned rearing of larvae on specific foods or organisms can
progress be made. Such work has been started and results
ought to be forthcoming. If by the use of certain aquatic
* Chandler (1918) has also shown that the western newt (Notoph-
thahus torosus), a close relative of D. viridescem, is an efficient
destroyer of mosquito larvae in Oregon.

MOSQUITO RJDUCTION 73
plants, by the chemical treatment of water areas, etc., the neces-
sary larval food can be destroyed, mosquito control operations
may be greatly simplified, and rendered less expensive.
PROTECTION FROM MOSQUITO BITES
Many preparations have been recommended as efficient in
preventing mosquito attack, In most cases, these various pallia-
tives are effective for a very short time and then only if the
mosquitoes are not abundant. I have tried a number of those
most urgently advised but found them entirely ineffective when
our northern spring species are out in force. Around gardens,
parks, etc., some of these preparations are useful and may be
employed. The most satisfactory is oil of citronella but its
odor is objectionable to some people. It can be applied to the
face, hands and ankles and is not harmful to the skin. It is
effective for only a few hours so that it must be applied fre-
quently. A towel treated with a small amount and hung over
the head of the bed is said to be effective for most of -the night
against the ordinary house mosquito. The oil of citronella is
sometimes mixed with liquid petrolatum ( 1 oz. to 4 oz.) or
cedar oil ( 1 oz. to s oz.) but either of these makes a greasy
preparation which is not very pleasant. The effectiveness is
not increased but the evaporation of the oil of citronella is re-
tarded.
When one goes into places, as in fishing, hunting, trapping,
etc., where mosquitoes are very abundant, the only safe way
is to use head nets and gloves. A very effective head net is
manufactured by A. I. Root Co. of Medina, Ohio. It allows
freedom of movement, does not interfere with seeing to any
great extent and the air circulates freely. In countries where
malaria is prevalent, a bed net is absolutely essential. This
should be made of the best possible material to allow freedom
of air circulation as well as prevent mosquito attack. Numer-
ous types are on the market. Great care and constant attention
to the mending of the fabric and its use should be exercised by
all those traveling or living in malarious regions.

74 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
In houses, the only effective method of keeping out mosqui-
toes is screening. All windows and porches should be tightly
screened. The smallest breaks in screens will be found by
mosquitoes so that they should be kept in perfect repair. The
size of mesh for screens should be 16 to the inch; if smaller,
air circulation is retarded, and if larger, some species can get
through. The best type of screen cloth is copper or bronze,
though more expensive than the black or metal coated. As
copper cloth is. very durable, lasting many years (in many cases
over 20 years) the initial expense is more than offset by the
length of service.
PLAN OF ORGANIZATION
In order to plan and carry out mosquito control, a well or-
ganized unit is essential. Such an organized division should
be in close association with or directly under the officer in
charge of public health work. This work may be done under
local regulations or, where several communities unite, under a
specific state or provincial law3 empowering townships, districts
or counties to organize mosquito abatement districts. In any
such organized district, the work of mosquito control should be
under a responsible, well trained entomologist or one familiar
with the problems of mosquito biology. The success or failure
will largely depend on his ability and freedom to plan and carry
out effective measures. The budget for the proposed work
should be independent and appropriated specifically for mos-
quito control work. The officer in charge should be granted
wide discretionary powers, and he should have authority to
carry out well planned schemes which may involve either private
or public property rights.
Such an officer should have authority to secure the co-opera-
tion of all public and private planning commissions, private or
public bodies engaged in any operations which involve or may
3 Such laws are in effect in New Jersey, California, New York
(for special districts), and probably other states. The New Jersey
law seems the most far reaching and adequate for efficient work.

MOSQUITO REDUCTION 75
involve the formation of ponds, reservoirs, impounded water;
with building, street, road, real estate developments, drainage
schemes, etc. Only in this way will the officer have an oppor-
tunity to inspect all plans which may involve or compel him to
modify his scheme of mosquito control.
The organized unit should include trained inspectors and
laborers. The numbers and their equipment will be dependent
on the extent of the abatement district. Furthermore, the of-
ficer should have authority to engage sanitary engineers for
drainage work, and experts when highly technical plans have
to be prepared and carried out. In this way, one person will
be held responsible and his success or failure can easily be
judged by the mosquito density in his district. Every taxpayer
can be his judge.
Another important duty will be to aid the health authorities,
public works departments, etc., in drawing up careful sanitary,
drainage and water storage regulations involving all conditions
which may increase or decrease mosquito breeding areas.
The expense of such an organization will depend on many
factors. There is one consideration, however, which should
outweigh the cost -any work done should be well done, a long
time plan of operations is obtained and a continuing policy
is assured. Furthermore, the cost of the improvements to
private and public property may be largely charged to such
properties and the general increase in taxable values should
far exceed the costs. A mosquito free area would become the.
mecca of all those seeking rest and recreation.

CHAPTER V
HOW TO STUDY, COLLECT, REAR AND PRESERVE
MOSQUITOES
The study of mosquitoes, though attended with some diffi-
culties, is fascinating. The adults may be captured when bit-
ing, resting during the day in various shelters, or they may be
taken with an ordinary collecting net. When taken in a net,
they are so liable to be injured or rubbed that they can be identi-
fied only with great difficulty. They are so fragile that they
must be handled with care. If collections are made while they
are biting either on himself or on animals, careful notes should
be made of the time and method of attack and the animal on
which they are feeding. There is very little exact data on the
feeding habits of many of our mosquitoes.
COLLECTION OF ADULTS
The adults may be collected while they are feeding by invert-
ing a cyanide or preferably a choroforml bottle (Fig. 21) over
’ The chloroform bottle should be prepared as follows: Select the
type of bottle most suitable to your needs. In the bottom of it place
cut rubber bands or small pieces of rubber to the depth of an inch.
These cut pieces should be about one-half inch in length. Fill the
bottle with chloroform to the top of the rubber. Place over this a
small wad of cotton. On top of the cotton, place several pieces of
blotting paper cut to fit the tube rather closely. In the tube place
pieces of thin tissue paper cut in narrow strips. The bottle should
have a close fitting cork. The rubber will absorb the chloroform
and it is given up gradually so that such a bottle should last several
days if used with care. When weakened by use, more chloroform
may be added by removing the blotting paper sections. The thin paper
strips will prevent too much rubbing of the specimens and also keep
them from getting moist.
The cyanide bottle needs no description as full accounts of their
preparation may be found in any book on entomology.
76

them. In the open, they may be obtained by the careful use
of a fine net. When in the net the mosquitoes should be caught
individually by placing a chloroform bottle
FIGURE 21. A sim-
ple chloroform bottle
for collecting mosqui-
toes.
COLLECTIKG An-D REARIKG
over them while they rest on the sides of
the net. In this way many will escape but
mass collection should not be resorted to as
the specimens will be rubbed and injured
beyond identification. Efforts should be
made to collect males whenever possible as
they can be identified although badly
rubbed or injured. Collections can also be
made while the adults are resting during
the daytime, about old Ibuildings, on shrubs,
bark of trees, flowers, etc. In the winter,
hibernating individuals may be secured by
searching aLbout attics, cellars, horse
stables, cow barns, pig styes, and similar
situations.
As soon after collection as possible, pre-
ferably within a few hours, the specimens
should be pinned. Use only fine pins, Nos.
1,O or 00, or Gnztten mzd&. They should
be pinned d irectly through the thorax,
dorso-ventrally (Fig. 22, c) and great
care should be used to prevent rubbing or
injury of any kind. If the specimens are
fresh, they can be pinned with ease. If
they are dry, they may have to be placed in
a relaxing jar* for a day or two. Dried
“A relaxing jar may be made of any small jar with a wide mouth
and a tight cover. Place in the bottom a small amount of moist sand
and add a few drops of carbolic acid to prevent the growth of molds. i
Over the sand fit a few layers of blotting paper. The jar is now
ready for use. Carefully place your dried material on papers to
prevent any undue moisture. Cover the jar and allow to stand in a
I
warm place. In a day or two the mosquitoes will become softened
and they can be removed and pinned.
77

78 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
specimens may be mounted on points using glue or shellac to
make them adhere (Fig. 22, a), or a small bit of shellac may
be put on the pin about $& inch below the head and the shellac
pressed against the side of the insect (Fig. 22, d). This latter
method gives excellent mounts with the least possible injury.
After pinning each individual should be carefully labeled as to
time and place of capture. The pinned adults may be pre-
served in any of the various types of museum boxes now on
a b C d
FIGURE 22. Various methods for mounting mosquitoes. a. A mosquito
pinned on a card board point. b. Pinned on a minuten nadeln. c. Pinned
directly through the thorax. d. Adhering to a drop of shellac on the
side of the pin.
the market. Old cigar boxes fitted with a thin cork bottom
make excellent temporary storage places.
The method of identification of the adults is fully explained
in another chapter. A good hand lens is essential and a micro-
scope should be available. The most ideal instrument is a bin-
ocular microscope fitted so as to give magnifications from 16 to
48 diameters.
COLLECTION, PRESERVATION AND REARING OF LARVAE
The larvae of mosquitoes are all aquatic. To obtain larvae,
search all possible aquatic situations and do not depend on your
sight to determine whether wrigglers are present or not. The

COLLECTING AND REARING 79
simplest method of collection is by means of a tea strainer,
about three inches across, and a zcflzitc e?zawZed cup. The tea
strainer should fit into the top of the cup. Dip with strainer
in the water; then by placing the strainer in the CUD nearlv full
of water, any larvae secured can be seen with ease. The larvae
can be freed in the cup and a new
pools the strainer may be fastened
collection made. For large
to a long pole by means of
FIGURE 23. Details of a cane collecting outfit used by the author. I. The
cane fitted with brass cap; the end screw removed. 2. The small water-net.
3. The yarge folding air-net.
fine wire. In this way collections may be made from the bot-
toms of deep pools, far out in open water under distant logs,
etc., without too much wading. When a collection is made, the
cup may be emptied into a pint or yuart preserving jar and
sealed for carriage home. By taking a number of jars along,
collections from different types of pools may be kept separate.
For collection purposes, I use a stout cane fitted with a brass
tip (Fig. 23). Into the brass tip is inserted a stout screw
I
i

80 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
which can be easily removed. When removed, nets fitted on
brass rings of various sizes can be screwed in and co,llections
of larvae or adults made whenever desired. The water nets are
small and can be carried with ease. The air net is so made that
it folds together when removed from the cane. By inserting
the permanent screw, the cane is very useful in tramping over
hills, marshes, bogs, etc.
Prcserz~ation ,o f Larvae
The simplest method of preserving larvae is in 85 per cent
alcohol. Kill directly in the alcohol and transfer to small vials.
Do not atte’mpt to kill too many larvae at once as the larvae
will wriggle so much that many hairs, spines, etc., will be lost.
In order to prevent the loss of hairs, etc., which easily rub off.
place a small amount of loose cotton in the vials, to prevent
shaking. The ideal method of securing larvae for future study
is to bring carefully collected specimens to the laboratory.
There they should be killed a few at a time in water just at the
boiling point. Of course only fourth stage larvae should be
selected. Do not leave in the hot water more than a few
minutes. Transfer to 50 per cent alcohol for 24 hours, and then
to 70 per cent for the same time and store in 85 per cent alco-
hol.
The larvae should be mounted for study unless you are a
specialist and can readily identify them by examination in the
alcohol. The larvae should be dehydrated in 95 per cent alco-
hol, in 100 per cent alcohol and then mounted directly in
Euparal, a substance that gives permanent mounts and also
clears the specimens. If Euparal is not available clear in carbo-
xylol, oil of cloves, etc., and then mount in Canada balsam. In
order to secure the best mounts so as to see all the characters
used in descriptions the writer adopts the method of cutting the
larvae just in front of the eighth segment. This is done either
when the larva is in 100 per cent alcohol on the slide or after
adding the Euparal. The cutting can be done with fine dissecting
needles as the larva is then very brittle. By this means one

COLLECTING AND REARING 81
secures either a dorsal or ventral view of the entire larva back
to the eighth segment and a lateral view of the eighth and ninth
segments and the siphon. For Anopheline larvae this procedure
is not necessary.
Rearing the Lammae
This is by all means the best method of securing perfect adult
specimens. They can be reared in any type of aquarium pro-
vided you furnish the larvae with proper food and ordinary
rain water. The food should be secured, so far as possible,
from the type of pools where the larvae were captured.
The aquarium may be covered with a bell jar or other type
of covering and the emerging adults may be collected or allowed
to die and then be pinned. However, in order to know from
what larvae a certain adult came, it is necessary to do individual
rearing. By this method, isolations are made of nearly ma-
ture larvae into small 6 or 8 drachm vials. The mouths of the
vials are covered with cheese cloth held in place by a rubb,er
band or plugged with cotton. Many such isolations should be
made. The water should be changed every few days. When
the larva pupates the last larval skin can be preserved and
mounted. Some system should be used so that the shed larval
skin, the pupal skin and the adult can be connected. By dili-
gently following this isolation method one can obtain a good
collection of all stages of the mosquitoes found in any locality.

CHAPTER VI
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF NORTH AMERICAN
CULICIDAE
The family Culicidae consists of two well defined sub-fami-
lies. These are the C’jznobori~znc (Coretlzrinae of authors) and
the Culicinae. The members of the former are readily separ-
ated by the fact that the mouthparts of the females are not
fitted for piercing. This sub-family is not treated further in
this handbook. In the Culicinae, the mouthparts of the females
are elongated and fitted for piercing and sucking.
SUB-FAMILY CULICINAE
The sub-family Culicinae contains all those species which
possess an elongated proboscis fitted for piercing. Most of
them, especially our northern species, are blood-sucking in habit.
A few are not known to suck blood and some live on plant
juices. The Culicinae are divided into two tribes--A#zopheZini
and Culicini.
TABLE OF TRIBES
Adults
A. Scutellum trilobed, the marginal setae on the lobes
only; if trilobed then a spurious vein behind the
fif t/z vein (Mcgarlzimts) . Palpi ( in the females)
much shorter than the proboscis . . . . . . . . . . Czdicini . ’
AA. Scutellum never trilobed, crescent-shaped with the
marginal setae evenly distributed. Palpi (males
and females) as long or almost as long as the
proboscis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A~zo~hclini
Larvae
A. Eighth segment provided with a distinctly elongate
dorsal siphon or respiratory tube . . . . . . . . . . Czdicini .
82

CULI( IDAE 83
AA. Eighth segment without a dorsal siphon or respira-
tory tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Auophelini
THE ANOPHELINI
The tribe Anophelini has been divided into a large number
of genera (about thirty-eight’). It is proposed to recognize
only one genus, Amoplzeles. All our anophelines can be identi-
fied by the palpi, which in both the females (Frontispiece) and
males are as long as the proboscis. No other species of mos-
quitoes has such long palpi in the female. The larvae, when
feeding, float parallel to the surface of the water and do not
possess a respiratory siphon (Fig. 15). Only eight species are
known from North America and several of these are rare, local,
or confined to the more southern parts of the United States.
1.
3
L.
3.
4.
5
“.
TABLE OF SPECIES
Add ts
Wings uniformly dark scaled, without spots; a small
species ; breeds in tree holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . barberi
Wings not uniformly dark scaled, the scales forming
dark and lighter areas, thus producing more or less
distinct spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Wings with white or yellowish-white spots along the
costal margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Wings without such markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Wings with only one spot on costal margin, located
at apex; sixth vein with three black spots. . . . crztciatzs
Wings with at least two distinct costal spots; sixth
vein not as described above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5
A bronzy or coppery spot at apex of wing . . . ~naczdipezz~zis
Apex of wing uniformly dark colored . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Third vein largely pale scaled, darker only on proximal
third ; palpi ringed with white . . . . . psezldopzlnctipetzlzis
Third vein entirely dark scaled, palpi black . . pwctipennis
’ I;or full synonymy see Dyar, The Mosquitoes of the Americas.
1928.

84
6. Segments of
Segments of
1. Abdomen
ments ; head hairs simple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . barberi “
Abdomen
MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
1 walkeri
palpi white scaled at apices a . . . . . .
latropos
palpi uniformly dark scaled quadrimaculatus -’
Larvae
with plumose lateral hairs on first six seg-
7 with plumose lateral hairs on first three seg-
ments only; head with plumose hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2. Both inner and outer clypeal hairs simple, not branched
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . psez&o+nc tipeWi.s -I
Outer clypeal hair branched, fan-like ; inner clypeal
hairunbranched................................3
3. Abdomen with six pairs of dorsal palmate tufts. . . . . . . . .4
Abdomen with five pairs of dorsal palmate tufts. . . . . . . . S
4. Mandibles with eleven terminal teeth; six branched
hairs on mandible, arranged in an outward project-
ing row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . quadrimaculatus
Mandibles with nine terminal teeth ; ten branched hairs
on mandible, arranged in a forward projecting
row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .walkeri
5. First and last pairs of dorsal palmate tufts smaller
than the others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .cruciam I
All palmate tufts of nearly equal size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
6. Lateral plate of the eighth abdominal segment with 22
to 29 (8 to 9 long) teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . utzaculipemis
Lateral plate of the eighth abdominal segment with
17 to 22 (usually 6 to 7 long) teeth . . . . . pumtipemis2
Males
1. Mesosome without leaflets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . barberi v‘+
Mesosome with leaflets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2. Leaflets of mesosome serrate, two pairs. pseudopzln.ctipenlzis ’
Leaflets of mesosome not serrate ; more than two pairs . .3
’ Pmctipenni.s generally has six dorsal palmate tufts but the first
pair on the secotid segment i,s so minute that they may be disregarded.

CULICIDAE 85
3. Claspette not bilobed, triangular in outline; side piece
with scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . crucians ’
Claspette bilobed ; side piece without scales . . . . . . . . . . . .4
4. Processes of ninth tergite long, sharply pointed ; dorsal
lobe of claspette with two stout, blunt spines, fused
at the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .zclalkeri ’
Processes of ninth tergite short or long, blunt or ex-
panded at tip ; dorsal lobe of claspette not as in 4 . . . .5
5. Dorsal lobe of claspette with two blunt, stout spines,
fused at apex; processes of ninth tergite expanded
at apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . quadrimacz~latzrs c ”
Dorsal lobe of claspette with free, pointed spines ; pro-
cesses of ninth tergite not expanded at apex . . . . . . . .6
6. Dorsal lobe of claspette with three sharply pointed
spines ; leaflets of mesosome three pairs; processes
of ninth tergite very long and bluntly rounded at
apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wmulipennis -’
Dorsal lobe of claspette with two sharply pointed
spines ; leaflets of mesosome four pairs; processes
of ninth tergite short, curving outward . . .pu~~ctipewis
ANOPHELES PUNCTIPENNIS Sav
CzrCex pzuzcti/wwzis Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 3, 9. 1823.
Atzopheles fierplexetzs Ludlow, Can. Ent., 39, 267. 1907.
Fmde. Length about 5 mm.; wing 5-5.5 mm. Proboscis slender,
densely clothed with small appressed scales, black with a bluish
lustre. Palpi nearly as long as the proboscis, slender, brownish-black.
Antennae filiform, second joint long and thickened, the other joints
shorter, sub-equal, brownish-black. Occiput clothed with numerous
erect, elongate triangular black scales on the sides and rear; creamy
white scales on the vertex. Mesonotum elongate, blackish-brown on
the sides, a broad grayish median stripe broken by a short median
brown line on the posterior half. Vestiture of pale yellowish hairs,
the anterior more scale-like. Pleurae variegated with blackish gray
and white scales. Abdomen blackish with numerous pale and black
hairs. Wings (PI. VIII, 4) clothed with black and yellowish scales,
the yellowish scales being arranged as follows :-a large patch at

86 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
outer third of costa involving first and second veins; a smaller patch
on same veins close to apex of wings; fourth vein with two small
spots on stem and usually one on each fork; sixth vein with a patch
before the middle. Legs black, the tips of femora and tibiae narrowly
yellowish-white.
iWale hypopygizlm. (Pl. IX, 4.) Side-piece nearly twice as long as
wide, conical. Internal spine prominent, arising one-third from apex
of side-piece. A pair of stout basal spines present, each arising from
a large chitinized tubercle. Claspers longer than side-piece, nar-
rowed in the middle. Each claspette is a stout, bilobed organ reach-
ing to near the apex of mesosome; dorsal lobe with two closely set,
blunt spines ; ventral lobe with an outer large, broad, sharp-pointed
spine and an inner smaller spine; midway between these spines is a
fine hair. Mesosome long and narrow with four pairs of slender
leaflets at apex. Ninth tergite consists of a narrow chitinous band
with two broad lateral processes.
Lama. (Fig. g14.) Length 8 mm. Head longer than wide, front
conically produced ; a pair of long setae on front margin; a pair
of branching hairs on the clypeal margin dorsad of the mouth
brushes. Dorsal head hairs six, plumose, arranged in an irregular line
between the bases of the antennae. At the base of each antenna is a
single plumose hair. Four small plumose hairs lie in a curved line
in front of and between the eyes. Antenna spinous with a small
tuft on the basal third. Thorax longer than wide; hairs consist
of tufts, branched hairs, single hairs and plumose hairs. Abdomen
stout, the anterior segments shorter; first three segments with long
plumose hairs, double on the first and second, single on the third. A
dorsal series of fan-shaped tufts on the third to seventh segments.
Each lateral plate of the eighth segment broadly triangular, armed
on the caudal margin with a series of long and short spines, varying
in number from 17 to 22 (6 to 7 long). Anal segment longer than
wide with a large dorsal plate. Dorsal brush consists of a long and
shorter hair tuft on either side; ventral brush of many, long, branched
tufts. Anal gills as long as the segment, bluntly pointed.
This is the most widespread species of Anopheles in North
America, ranging through southern Canada south to the Mexi-
can plateau. It breeds in almost any situaton where suitable
water is present. I have found the larvae in rain-water bar-
rels, roadside puddles, ruts in muddy roads, grassy bogs, all
sorts and kinds of swamps, hog wallows reeking with filth,
spring pools, margins of streams, lakes and open ponds. I have

CULICIDAE
found them in nearly all acquatic situations except leafy pools in
densely wooded areas. The adults are present throughout the
season, their numbers largely dependent on the rainfall and
available breeding grounds. They attack at twilight, beginning
earlier on dark days, but do not cause much trouble after dark.
In wooded and grassy areas they will attack if disturbed dur-
ing the daytime but do not pursue their victims with any vigor.
ANOPHELES QUADRIMACULATUS Say
Aszopdze1e.s quadrinmcuht~ts Say, in Keating Narr. Exp. St.
Peters River, 2, 356.’ 1824.
Fenzale. (Frontispiece). Length 5 to 5.5 mm.; wing 5 mm.
Proboscis long, brown. Palpi as long as the proboscis, slender,
dark brown. Antennae almost black. Occiput dark brown, clothed
with numerous narrowly triangular or notched black scales, a white
patch on the vertex. Mesonotum brown, lighter on the sides, with
many pale yellowish hairs, derisest on the median line and at the
sides of the disk. Abdomen as in punctipemis. Wing scales black
and light brown, the black scales forming distinct spots (Fig. 2, Pl.
VIII.) Apex of wing without a coppery spot. Legs slender, black,
the apices of femora and tibiae tipped with yellowish-white.
Male lzypopygitim. (Fig. 2, Pl. IX.) Side-piece as long as wide,
slightly conical, with long and short hairs, scales absent. Internal
spine well developed, arising one-third from apex. Claspers longer
than side-piece, narrowed in the middle. Claspette bilobed, not reach-
ing apex of mesosome; dorsal lobe with two stout spines, fused at
their apices and extending closely approximated to their bases; ven-
tral lobe with two spines, the outer one broader and longer. Meso-
some very long and narrow; leaflets narrow, three pairs, the posterior
pair the largest. Ninth tergite consists of a narrow band of chitin
with two large, slightly clubbed, lateral processes.
Larva. The larva of this species is almost identical with that of
walkeri and can be separated from that species by minute mandibular
characters outlined in the key.
This species occurs from Mexico north throughout the
Mississippi valley to Canada and east to the Atlantic seaboard.
It is the most important carrier of malaria throughout the
eastern, central and southern United States. In many northern
sections, like that of central New York, the species has almost
87

88 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
disappeared during the past ten years and endemic malaria is
now very rarely reported. I think that the very severe winter
of 1917-1918 probably destroyed the hibernating adults for
since that time I have collected but four adults.
ANOPHELES MACULIPENNIS Meigen
Aaophe1e.s ~ac&ipenni.s Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., 1,
11. 1818.
ANopheles occidentalis Dyar and Knab, Proc. Biol. Sot. Wash.,
19, 159. 1906.
Anopheles lewisii Ludlow, Psyche, 27, 74. 1920.
Anopheles selengensis Ludlow, Psyche, 27, 77, 1920.
Fernale. Length 5 to 6 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis slender, dark
brown to black. Palpi as long as the proboscis, clothed with ap-
pressed brown to black scales. Occiput black; densely clothed with
erect, triangular, slightly-notched scales, black at the sides and be-
hind, a white patch in the middle. Mesonotum with a broad grayish
median stripe, the sides brown; vestiture of short yellowish-white
hairs. Pleurae brownish intermingled with pale areas. Abdomen
brown, the median area darker, clothed with numerous short yellowish
hairs. Wing scales black, forming distinct spots as shown in figure
1, Pl. VIII. Fringe at apex of wing with a distinct light yellow
to coppery spot. Legs black, with a slight bluish lustre; apices of
femora and tibiae narrowly yellowish white.
Male hypopygiuna. (Fig. 1, Pl. IX.) Side-piece at least one
and one-half times as long as wide, somewhat conical. Internal
spine located slightly beyond the middle. Basal spines, two, large;
outer spine longer and tapering to a fine point; inner spine broad,
recurved to tip. Claspers longer than the side-piece, narrowed
medianly. Claspette bilobed, almost reaching the apex of mesosome;
dorsal lobe small with two or three equal, pointed spines, not fused;
ventral lobe larger with three spiries. Mesosome long and narrow;
leaflets three pairs, the dorsal pair much larger. Ninth tergite con-
sists of a narrow band of chitin with two narrow, bluntly pointed,
lateral processes, reaching nearly to apex of mesosome.
Larva. The larva is almost identical with that of pzuzctipemzk.
The characters indicated in the key have proved the most satisfactory
for distinguishing the two species.
This species is widely distributed throughout the western
United States, British Columbia, Yukon, and eastward through

CULICIDAE
Canada and the northern border of the United States, Europe
and Asia.
ANOPHELES WALKERI Theobald
fllzophe1e.s xlallzeri Theobald, Mon. Culicidae 1, 199. 1901.
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis long, black. Palpi
slightly shorter than the proboscis, slender, clothed with narrow,
lanceolate scales, roughened on the first segment, appressed on the
others, black, with dull silvery-white narrow rings at articulations
of first and second, second and third segments and at apex of last
segment. Occiput brownish-black, whitish near the margin of the
eyes; vestiture of erect, narrowly triangular, slightly forked, black
scales, a few recumbent slender white scales anteriorly in the middle
line. Mesonotum brown, a narrow lighter, pruinose stripe on each
side anteriorly ; clothed with short, golden brown hairs; bristles at
roots of wing stout, dark brown.
Wing veins clothed with black and brown, narrow, nearly linear
scales, the black scales showing massing as in A. yuadriwzaculatz~s but
never so dense (Fig. 3, PI. VIII). The marginal fringe is entirely
black. Legs black, apices of femora and tibiae yellowish.
iMale hypopygium. (Fig. 3, Pl. IX.) Side-piece at least one and
one-half times as long as wide, slightly tapering to apex; apex broadly
rounded; clothed with hairs and setae, scales absent. Internal spine
well developed, about one-third down the side-piece. Basal spines,
two, large. Cl as p er longer than side-piece, broad at base, narrowed
beyond but not expanded at apex. Claspette bilobed, nearly reaching
apex of mesosome; dorsal lobe bears at apex two large club-shaped
processes which are united at their bases; ventral lobe bears a stout,
sharp pointed spine at apex; slightly mesad is a second sharp pointed
spine. Mesosome long and narrow : leaflets four pairs, all narrow, the
posterior two pairs longer. Ninth tergite consists of a narrow band,
slightly chitinized ; lateral processes long and pointed.
Larva. The larva is almost identical with that of qzladriwzaczlla-
tus. The characters indicated in the key may aid in identifying the
species.
This species occurs sparingly throughout eastern North
America west to Minnesota. It is very rare. Although the
female was described by Theobald ( 1901) from specimens col-
lected at Lake Simcoe, Ontario, the males and larvae were first
obtained and described by Matheson and Shannon ( 1923).
The larvae were obtained very sparingly in small pools in a
89

90 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
large cat-tail marsh near North Fairhaven, New York. NO
further observations have been made on larval habitats. The
adults (July, 1922) proved to be vicious biters, rivaling
Taelaiorhynchus perturbam in abundance and eagerness for
blood. They attacked not only in the evening but continued
long after dusk.
ANOPHELES CRUCIANS Wiedemann
Anopheles crztcians Wiedemann, Ausser. Zweifl. Ins., 1, 12.
1828.
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.
Palpi nearly as long as the proboscis, black, the last segment white;
a narrow white ring near middle of long joint and the extreme
base and apex of penultimate segment white. Occiput black, densely
clothed with erect, narrowly triangular black scales, except on the
vertex where they are white. Mesonotum gray, with two narrow
bare lines on anterior half of disk, and a pair of much broader bare
lateral lines on posterior half, brownish; vestiture of numerous short
yellowish hairs. Wing scales white and black, the black scales pre-
dominating; a white spot before middle of first vein, one on second
vein at middle and another before the fork, fourth vein white scaled
at base of fork and on middle of both its branches, fifth vein broadly
white scaled at middle of first branch and base of second, sixth vein
white with three distinct black patches (Fig. 5, PI. VIII). Legs
black, the tips of femora and tibiae pale.
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 5, Pl. IX.) Side-piece more than one
and one-half times as long as wide, with numerous scales near the
base and outer side. Internal spine about one-third down the side-
piece. Basal spines two, large, both recurved at tips, the outer spine
longer. Clasper longer than the side-piece, slightly expanded at base
and apex. Claspette consists of a single triangular shaped lobe;
a stout spine at apex and two spines on outer side of the lobe. Meso-
some long and narrow. Leaflets three pairs, the posterior pair much
longer. Ninth tergite well developed with very long lateral processes
reaching well beyond the apex of the mesosome.
Larva. Very similar to that of punctipenks and quadrimaculatus.
The first and last dorsal palmate tufts are usually much smaller than
the others. This is rarely the case in any other anopheline larva.
Other minute separating characters are frequently given but these are
as variable as the one mentioned above.

CULICIDAE
This species ranges from southern New York along the
coastal region to Florida, the Southern States, Mexico and
Cuba. It is considered an important vector of malaria in cer-
tain areas of its range.
ANOPHELES PSEUDOPUNCTIPENNIS Theobald
Anophjeles psezldopzt’zctip”‘z”lis Theobald, Mon. Culic., 2, 305.
1901.
Auophelcs f?ratzciscauus McCracken, Ent. News, 15, 12. 1904.
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.
Palpi nearly as long as the proboscis, black; long segment with a
median white ring, penultimate segment white ringed at the base,
last segment entirely white. Occiput densely clothed with erect, tri-
angular scales, white on the vertex, black on the sides. Mesonotum
with a broad grayish median stripe, black on the sides, clothed with
pale colored hairs, denser and almost scale-like on anterior portion
centrally. Abdomen brownish-black with numerous pale brown hairs.
Wing scales black and yellowish, the pale scales appearing in spots
as follows,-four costal spots, the basal two not involving the costa;
apical small spot; third vein largely pale scaled, a black spot on basal
third and near apex; stem of fourth vein largely pale scaled; fifth vein
pale scaled to fork except basal black spot, upper fork largely black
scaled, lower fork with pale scales except apical spot black; sixth
vein with basal half black, the apical half pale; tips of veins pale,
with yellowish spots in the fringe opposite them. Legs black, the tips
of femora and tibiae with pale yellow scales.
Male hypopygizmz. (Fig. 6, PI. IX.) Side-piece almost twice as
long as wide. Internal spine prominent, slightly distad of the middle.
Two stout basal spines present. Clasper longer than the side-piece,
somewhat constricted in the middle. Claspette bilobed,-the ventral
lobe dome-shaped with two stout apical setae, the dorsal lobe narrowly
elongate bearing three closely placed spines.
Larva. The larva is almost identical with that of mactdipemis.
The only distinguishing character is the long drawn out condition of
the leaves of the palmate hair tufts.
This anopheline has a wide distribution extending from Ar-
gentina along the coast lines of South America, through Cen-
tral America, the Southwestern United States and north in
California in the Sacramento valley. It is an important vector
91

92 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
of malaria in Argentina but no natural infections have been
recorded in the United States.
ANOPHELES BARBERI Coquillett
Auofheles barberi Coquillett, Can. Ent., 35, 310. 1903.
FemaZe. Length 3.5 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis black. Palpi
as long as proboscis, brownish black. Occiput black, clothed with
numerous, erect, forked, white scales. Mesonotum brown, slightly
grayish on the sides; vestiture of long golden brown hairs. Wing
scales blackish, uniform, no indication of spots (Fig. 6, Pl. IX).
Legs uniformly black to brownish-black.
This species occurs in the eastern United States from New
York southward. It is rare and breeds in tree holes usually in
association with Aedes triseriatus. The most northern record
is Ithaca, New York.

CHAPTER VII
THE TRIBE CULICINI
The tribe Culicini includes the great majority of our species.
All our Northern species, in the adult stage, are readily separ-
ated from the Anophelines by the trilobate scutellum and the
marginal setae arising only from the lobes. The females have
also short palpi. The larvae all possess a siphon or breathing
tube. The male hypopygial structures are all markedly differ-
ent from those found in the Anophelini and show closer rela-
tionship among themselves than to Anopheles. This tribe con-
tains a large number of genera and these have again been
divided into many sub-genera. The characters used in differ-
entiating the sub-genera are based mainly on the hypopygial
structures of the males. Such sub-generic divisions based on
secondary sexual characters are undoubtedly useful in the study
of relationships but it does not seem helpful to maintain them
even as sub-genera. It only adds to the already over-burden-
some, weary task of recognizing another set of names. At the
present time and for the past ten or more years students of
the Culicidae have been reducing the number of sub-families,
tribes and genera until today each genus has a list of synonyms
that is appalling.
The sub-genera now recognized were practically all proposed
as genera. The names are so interwoven into the classification
that it would seem impossible to eliminate them, and their elimi-
nation might cause more trouble than to let them stand. How-
ever, the writer desires to protest against the formation of gen-
era and sub-genera on such flimsy characters. It is not planned
to use sub-genera in the present hand-book.
93

94 MOSQUITOES OF RORTH AMERICA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
KEY TO GENERA OF CULICINI
Adults
Postnotum with a tuft of setae ............. Wyeomyia -2, cm
Postnotum without a tuft of setae ................. .2
Wings with the second marginal cell not half as long
as its petiole ................................. .3
Wings with the second marginal cell more than half
as long as its petiole .......................... .4
Pronotal bristles absent ; spiracular bristles stout,
forming a row ; proboscis strongly curved. . AJegarlzilzzls 23~;’
Pronotal bristles only one ; spiracular bristles only one ;
proboscis straight ..................... Urnno tmia -E* .
Spiracular bristles present ........................ .5
Spiracular bristles absent ......................... .6
Post-spiracular bristles absent ............. Theobaldict I’ ;”
Post-spiracular bristles present ............. Psorophora ’
Pronotal bristles only two stout setae ..... Ortlzofodomyia
Pronotal bristles more than two, generally a prominent
row ......................................... .
Post-spiracular bristles present .................. Aedes .
Post-spiracular bristles absent ..................... .8
Lower mesepimeral bristles absent ......... Deinocerites
Lower mesepimeral bristles present ................ .9
Lower mesepimeral bristles 1 rarely 2 ............ Cztlex ..
Lower mesepimeral bristles three or four. . Tatziorhywhus j*
Larvae
1. Anal segment without ventral brush . . . . . . . . . Wyeonzia ’ *
2. Anal segment with ventral brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
3. Air-tube without pecten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Air-tube with pecten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
4. Mouth brushes of lamellate, prehensile plates Megarlzimrs 1
Mouth brushes not as described above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5
5. Distal half of air-tube sharply attenuated Tmziorlzynchs ’
Air-tube cylindrical or fusiform . . . . . , . Ortlzopodomyia ‘-:

CULICINI 95
6. Air-tube with a single pair of ventral tufts . . . . . . , , . . .7
Air-tube with several pairs of ventral tufts . . . . . . . CuZex
7. Head elongate, elliptical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uranotcmia =-
Head nearly circular or transverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
8. Mandible angularly projecting laterally . . . . Deinocerites
Mandible concealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
9. Air-tube with the tufts close to the base . . . . Tlzeobaldia ‘r_
Air-tube with the tufts near the middle or beyond . . . . 10
0. Anal segment ringed by the dorsal plate, with hair
tufts piercing the ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Psorophora
Anal segment not ringed by the dorsal plate, or if
ringed the hair-tufts posterior tot the ring , . . . . Aedes 1
GENUS AEDES
AEDES Meigen
Aede.9 Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Bek. Eur. Zweifl. Ins., 1, 13.
1818.
This genus contains more than half (65) of all North Ameri-
can species of mosquitoes. It is world wide in distribution
and all the species bite, attacking mainly during the evening
though many are nocturnal and some primarily diurnal. When
disturbed or in favored situations, the great majority will
readily attack during the day. In North America, the majority
of our species are northern in distribution and the countless
hordes of arctic mosquitoes belong in this genus. The northern
species are lovers of woodlands, marshes, prairies, and moun-
tainous areas. Other species are coastal forms breeding in salt
marshes and such species become veritable plagues. Still others
breed in water found in tree-holes, rock pools and some have
become domesticated (A&es agypti) breeding only about hu-
man habitations. Only one species (Aedes agypti) is known
as a vector of disease (Yellow fever and dengue).
* This genus has some fifty synonyms. For a list consult. Dyar,
1928.
’

96 nrosQu1~0~s 0~ NORTH A~~IERIcA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
TABLE OF SPECIES OF AEDES
Adults
Tarsal joints ringed with white .................. .2
Tarsal joints not ringed with white ......... I .... .18
Tarsi with white rings on both ends of the joints ... .3
Tarsi with white rings on basal ends of the joints
only.. ...................................... .
Wing scales black and white intermingled ......... .4
Wing scales uniformly dark colored ............... .5
Wing scales uniformly mottled, black and white . .
..................................... campestris .
Third vein entirely dark scaled ...............
dorsaLis ..
Mesonotum entirely reddish-yellow ......... canademis ..
Mesonotum pale with broad, dark, median stripe. ..
....................................
Mesonotum without a dark, median stripe, variegated
a tropalpus ....
with pale and dark scales ................ zwipnlpzcs ..
Proboscis of female ringed with white ........... .7
Proboscis of female not ringed with white .......... 10
Abdomen without a longitudinal dorsal, pale stripe
.................................. tczniorhymhus
Abdomen with a longitudinal dorsal pale stripe ..... .8
Scales of wing wholly dark colored ........ tiktchellae
Scales of wings black and white intermingled ....... .9
Median stripe of abdomen and lateral spots conco-
lorous .............................. fzigromacz&s
Median stripe yellowish, lateral spots white . . sollicitam
Mesonotum with lyre-shaped silvery markings. .. cegypti
Mesonotum without such markings .............. 11
Tarsal white rings broad, especially on the hind legs . .12
Tarsal white rings very narrow ................. .17
Wing scales broad, having an inflated appearance
..................................... squamiger
Wing scales narrow, not inflated ................. .13

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
CULICINI 97
Large yellowish species ; abdomen covered with yel-
lowish scales, not banded ................ fiavescem ‘_J
Somewhat smaller species with little yellow; abdomen
inore or less distinctly banded ................ .14
Lower mesepimeral bristles absent ............... .15
Lower mesepimeral bristles present ............... .16
Mesonotum reddish-brown medianly, whitish or yel-
lowish white on the sides .............. excrucians ’
Mesonotum entirely reddish-brown ............ ri#mks ’ ?
Lower mesepimeral bristles only two ......... .fitchii “L
Lower mesepimeral bristles three to five ..... .stinzzdans /
Terminal abdominal segments with normal pale
bands ; breeds in fresh water .............. vexans ‘-J ’
Terminal abdominal segments largely pale scaled ;
breeds in salt marsh pools ............... cantntor ‘,?’
Lower mesepimeral bristles absent ............... .19
Lower mesepimeral bristles present ............... .25
Mesonotum marked with silvery scales ........... .20
Mesonotum not so marked ...................... .22
Mesonotum with broad median silvery stripe, not
reaching scutellum ..................... infirnm tus ...
Mesonotum with narrow median silvery stripe, reach-
ing scutellum ; or mesonotum entirely silvery ... .21
Mesonotum dark brown centrally, silvery on the
sides ................................ triseriatus ’
Female with narrow median silvery stripe; mesono-
turn of male entirely silvery ................ dztpreei
Mesonotal silvery stripe narrow in both sexes ....
...................................
I
at
1
an ticw
1 torweut tor
Wing scales bicolored, black and white intermingled.
...................................... spencerii
Wing scales uniformly dark colored ............. .23
Abdomen with continuous, or nearly so, lateral white
line .............. , ............ , ....... cinerezts /d

98
~IOSQUITOE~ OF NORTH ARIERIcA
Abdomen with lateral white spots, never a continuous
lateral line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
24. Mesonotum with narrow, dark, brown, median line
and two broad, brassy stripes ; sides dark brown to
black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trjcdittntus ‘-
Mesonotum with broad, dark brown median stripe
and two narrow, lateral ante-scutellar yellowish
stripes; sides yellow or golden yellow . . . . . . . nzwifer .
Mesonotum with golden-brown median stripe ; sides
yellowish-white to white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hirsuteron ’
Mesonotum with narrower dark brown median
stripe ; no ante-scutellar yellow lines ; sides yellow
except above base of wings . . . _ . . . . . . . . . tlzibaztlti ‘

31.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
CULICISI
Paired median lines separated by a narrow yellow
line ; sides grayish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . commmis l’-
Paired median lines separated by a broad golden-
brown line ; sides white . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . impiger ‘A;
Mesonotum with dark brown median stripe ; sides
golden to reddish-brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median stripe very broad, the mesonotum often en-
tirely grayish; sides gray to whitish . . . . . . triclzzwus ” ’
Male Hypopygitlm
Claspettes absent ...........................
cgypfi .
Claspettes present .............................. .2
Claspers inserted before apex of side-piece, furcate at
base ciuerczrs . 1- ,‘-
..................................
Claspers not inserted before apex of side-piece, not
furcate at base .............................. .3
Clasper furcate at apex. Claspette lacking a filament,
ending in a setiferous knob .ZVXQIZS -J-2
...............
Clasper not furcate at apex. Claspette with a fila-
ment ....................................... .
Side-piece without a distinct apical lobe ............ .
Side-piece with both apical and basal lobes .......... 11
Side-piece with a small group of long setae on the
inner margin at or beyond the middle ...... triseriatz~s . h _
Side-piece without such a group of setae ........... .6
Filament of claspette with a median retrorse spine-
like projection ..................... tcc~zior/z~~rzc/zz~s - ’ +’
Filament of claspette without such a projection ..... .7
Basal lobe narrowly elongate, clothed with stout long
hairs; a secondary area of short setae just beyond
.................................... myipalfms I, . \’ -3
Basal lobe consists of a small elevated area clothed
with fine hairs and setae ..................... .8
Filament of claspette much shorter than the stem
.................................... at~0paljm.s ‘; ... -=-
99
‘( ..

100 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Filament of claspette as long as or longer than the
stem ..................................... .
Filament of claspette longer than the stem .... mitchellae ...
Filament of claspette no longer than the stem ...... 10
Basal lobe with fine long setae .............. sollicitans .I. ’ ,Y’- 7A
Basal lobe with short stout setae ......... Ggromacu,Zis ’ I’ -“‘-’
Apical lobe a flattened setiferous area ...... canadensis ’ -‘- “- C-
Apical lobe not as above ....................... .12
Basal lobe a flattened setiferous area reaching almost
to the apical lobe. Spines absent . . . . . . . . excrucians ’ : - “- ’
Basal lobe not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Side-piece with a dense hair tuft either distad of the
apical lobe or along the basal margin of the apical
lobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...14
Side-piece not as described above . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .16
Side-piece with a dense tuft of hairs along the basal
margin of the apical lobe; filament of claspette
greatly expanded and ending in a recurved hook-
like tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .diantcx?us ” - 14-6
Side-piece with a dense tuft of hairs. beyond the apical
lobe ; filament of claspette not as above . . . . . . . . . ,15
Filament of claspette with a large median retrorse
hook; basal lobe nearly cylindrical and bears at its
apex a single stout spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nurifer I~1 ' - ' -5
Filament of claspette with a slight median tooth;
basal lobe cylindrical and bears two stout apical .
spines and another spine at the base . . . . . . intmdcm ’ . -r -J’
Apical lobe with short retrorse clinging setae . . . . . . . .17
Apical lobe without short retrorse clinging setae;
either nearly bare or with long hairs . . . . . . . . . . , .21
Filament of claspette shorter than the stem . . . . . . . .18
Filament of claspette as long as or longer than the
stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...20
Basal lobe semi-detached, the apical portion expan-
ded, clothed with numerous short setae; spine

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
CULICINI 101
stout and associated with a row of slender hairs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spelzcerii ’ . ‘j
Basal lobe broadly attached to the side-piece, not
appically expanded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Basal lobe large, quadrangular, extending nearly to
the apical lobe ; spine slender, with a group of long
hairs closely associated with it . . . . . . . . . . . .pwzctor - ’ _-
Basal lobe conical, not reaching more than half-way
to the apical lobe; spine stout, not associated with
a group of long hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aldrichi
Basal lobe conical, with a stout recurved spine at base
and a row of long smaller spines around it. . abserratus . ’
Basal lobe broadly triangular, densely clothed with
fine hairs and setae; a single delicate basal spine
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Izirsztteron ’ , ’
Filament of claspette inserted before the apex of
stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tlzibadti ’ ’ ’ me
Filament of claspette inserted at apex of stem . . . . . .22
Stem of claspette broadly expanded in the middle ;
densely hirsute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atlaazticz~s ‘*s - ’ -”
Stem of claspette not broadly expanded in the middle,
though it may be angulate or slightly expanded . . . .23
Basal lobe uniformly long haired; no large distinct
spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...24
Basal lobe with one or more stout spines . . . . . . . . . .25
Filament of claspette very short stout with transverse
ridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichrus ’
Filament of claspette almost as long as the stem,
linear, pointed at apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alpinus >
Filament of claspette with long, median retrorse
serrated spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hzfirmatus I - ,’ -
Filament of claspette with long median retrorse non-
serrated spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trivittntw
Filament of claspette without retrorse median spine . .26
Stem of claspette sharply angulate in the middle;
basal lobe small with a single stout spine, two ad-

102 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
jacent smaller spines and a distinct detached por-
tion bearing two stout spines at the apex . .pt~lZatz~~
Stem of claspette not angulate; basal lobe not as de-
scribed above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...27
Basal lobe with a single stout spine on the margin. . . .28
Basal lobe with two short spines on the outer mar-
gin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dorsalis
Basal lobe with several long hairs on the margin, all
nearly the same length, one a little stouter. . ca@c.stris
Filament of claspette nearly twice as long as the
stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ca&ator
Filament of claspette shorter or barely as long as the
stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...29
Apical lobe with few or no short setae on its dorsal
face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...30
Apical lobe with numerous long or short setae on its
dorsal face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...33
Filament of claspette narrowly ligulate . . . . . . . . . dzq’mei
Filament of claspette expanded in the middle . . . . . . . .31
Apical lobe long, finger like, with a group of long
stout hairs arising near its base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Apical lobe short, not finger like ; without a group of
long stout hairs near its base . . . . . . . . . . .xwarcticz~~
Filament of claspette with a sharp tooth-like angula-
tion near the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .i~~zpiger
Filament of claspette without such angulation, gradu-
ally expanded at the middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . cataphyZla
Filament of claspette shorter than the stem . . . . . . . .34
Filament of claspette as lon g as or longer than the stem 36
Filament of claspette sharply angulate at base . . . .fitchii
Filament of claspette not sharply angulate at base . . . .35
Basal lobe large, triangular, densely clothed with
short setae ; spine stout and short . . . . . . . . . ahoriginis
Basal lobe small, semi-detached, expanded at apex,
clothed with long stout setae ; spine long, stout
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cokwmhnis
/ c, * \’ I
_ \’ _:
_ ,

CU1~1,1N1 103
36. Filament of claspette strongly angulate at middle;
basal lobe long and narrow reaching to apical
lobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fhzcsce32s ‘- ’ - ’
Filament of claspette not angulate at middle; basal
lobe not as described above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
37. Basal lobe broadly quadrangular; filament of clasp-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
9.
10.
ette as long as the stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..stimz~kuz~ ’
Basal lobe conical; filament of claspette longer than
the stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rifarius “2 - \‘--’
Basal lobe conical; filament only as long as the stem
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..a....* a... squamiger i a -: -
Larme
Air-tube with the hair tuft within the pecten ......... .2
Air-tube with the hair tuft beyond the pecten ..... .6
Air-tube with several dorsal hair tufts ........ trichws ’ ) - x”‘-~
Air-tube without dorsal hair tufts ................ .3
Anal segment ringed by the dorsal plate ............ .4
Anal segment not ringed by the dorsal plate ....... .5
Comb scales about 8 to 10 in a straight row . . tormentor II*-
Comb scales 15 or more in a narrow triangular patch
....................................... alpimts
Air-tube less than twice as long as wide ...... ntrofvd~r~~ ..
Air-tube two and one-half to three times as long as
wide ................................ ca taphylla ‘.-’
Pecten with detached teeth outwardly ............. .7
Pecten without detached teeth outwardly ......... .15
Anal segment ringed by the dorsal plate .... ~~ig~omaczdis -
Anal segment not ringed by the dorsal plate ....... .8
Air-tube at least three and one-half times as long as
wide ....................................... .
Air-tube three times as long as. wide or less ........ 10
. -
Both pairs of dorsal head hairs multiple ...... cimrcm ’ . - V’ /
Both pairs of dorsal head hairs double ...... e_~crzkuzs / ; - k”y - 5
Antenna large, enlarged basally ; tuft beyond the
middle ................................ .aztrifcr “’ -
_ I

104 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Antenna not enlarged basally ; tuft before the middle . . 11
Antenna as long as the head ................ dia,&czus
Antennanotaslongasthehead.. ................ .12
Upper and lower head hairs single ............ spegzcerii
Upper and lower head hairs do&le ............ riparius
Upper and lower head hairs not both double ....... .13
Upper and lower head hairs multiple ; lateral abdomi-
nal hairs single beyond the second segment . . itztmdem
Upper head hairs multiple, lower double; lateral ab-
dominal hairs not single beyond the second seg-
ment .................................... ..14
All lateral abdominal hairs double .......... flardescetis
Lateral abdominal hairs on first and second segments
multiple, third to fifth double ............. .vexan.s
Comb scales few in a single or irregularly single row. .16
Comb scales more numerous, arranged in a triangular
patch.. .................................. ..2 0
Anal segment ringed by the dorsal plate ........... .17
Anal segment not ringed by the dorsal plate ....... .19
Anal gills very long, each with a stout trachea . . dupreei
Anal gills not very long; central trachea absent ..... .18
Dorsal brush of anal segment of a pair of tufts and
two long hairs ....................... .atZanticus
Dorsal brush of anal segment of two pairs of long
hairs ................................ abserratus
Single scale of comb with a stout apical spine and
several large lateral spines; both head hairs single
......................................... qj’p ti
Single scale of comb evenly fringed with fine, closely
placed short spinlets, no stout apical spine; upper
head hairs single, lower double ........... triseriatus
Single scale of comb smooth with a stout apical spine,
no lateral spines ..................... .ventrovittis
20. * Anal segment ringed by the dorsal plate ........... .21
Anal segment not ringed by the dorsal plate ....... .25
‘_ . -)(/w--/
/. ‘_
‘, \/p-3
- X,x/-’
’ _fX-1
’ -)()1-z

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
CULICINI 105
Upper and lower head hairs double ........... .pumt.or
Upper and lower head hairs single ................ .22
Air-tube four times as long as wide .......... mitchellae
Air-tube three times as long as wide or less ......... .23
Anal gills as long as or longer than the anal segment.
5
in
fi
rmatus
....................................
1 trivittatus
Anal gills shorter than the anal segment, bud-like or
almost vestigial ............................. .24
Lateral abdominal hairs double on segments three to
six .................................. sollicitam
Lateral abdominal hairs triple on segments three to
five, single on six. .................. tcFniorhy2chu.s
Air-tube at least four times as long as wide ..... .fitchii
Air-tube never four times as long as wide, usually
three times or less .......................... .26
Ventral brush of only two three-haired tufts . . varipalpus
Ventral brush of many multiple tufts ........... .27
Both pairs of dorsal head hairs single ........... .28
Both pairs of dorsal head hairs never single ....... .30
Anal gills three to four times as long as anal seg-
ment ................................ near&us
Anal gills as long as or slightly longer than anal seg-
ment .................................... ..2 9
Anal gills bud-like, much shorter than anal segment
....................................... dorsalis
Single scale of comb with a broad apex bearing four
to seven stout spines, all about same size and
length .............................. .cowamunis
Single scale of comb with a pointed apex bearing a
single stout spine and numerous shorter lateral
spines ................................ .inzpiger
Both pairs of dorsal head hairs multiple ........... -31
Both pairs of dorsal head hairs not multiple ....... .33
Anal gills bud-like, much shorter than anal segment
...................................... cantator
_- ’
; .-
136 -
. a_ y,, ‘-3
‘,$_I --
, ’
’ _
. :
/- F _
sit-6
, ’ b )‘_ :_
/- ’
, . . -

106 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
Anal gills well developed, longer than anal segment . .32
32. Lateral abdominal hairs double on the first to fifth
segments, single on sixth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ca~~adewsis ’ ‘1, -\ j’ ‘;i
Lateral ahdo,minal hai.rs double on first and second,
single on third to sixth segments . . . . . . . . . .puClatus ’ --
Lateral abdominal hairs multiple on first and second,
double on third to sixth segments . . . . . . . . . . thibazdti ‘;” --
33. Lower head hairs single, upper multiple . . . . campestris ‘* ’ - ~_
Lower and upper head hairs double . . . . . . . . spanzigcr ‘: _ -
Lower head hairs double, upper three or more . Czirsztterolz ‘,I” -J#:-~
Lower head hairs single, upper double . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
34. Lateral abdominal hairs multiple on the first, double
on the second to the fifth, single on the sixth segments
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stiwmlam ,’ -
I$? 2 /
Lateral abdominal hairs multiple on the first to third,
double on the fourth to sixth segments . . . .aldriclzi ‘:. -
AEDES CINEREUS Meigen
Aedes celzeyczts Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Eur. Zweifl. Ins. 1, 13,
1818.
Cfilex zzigrifzrlzls Zetterstedt, Dipt. Stand. 9, 34.5. 1850.
Aed’es fztsczts Osten Sacken, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 3, 191.
1877.
C?Jex pallidolzirfa Grossbeck, Can. Ent. 37, 359. 1905.
Aedcs cijze?pezfs fwmts Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 12, 179. 1924.
‘4etJc.s cincrezts Jzemitclcm Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 12, 179. 1924.
Fcnznle. Length about 4 mm. ; wing 3-3.5 mm. Proboscis long,
bronzy-brown ; occiput yellowish-brown, clothed with bright yellow,
narrow, curved scales, a black patch each side; many erect, narrow
dark scales on the nape; cheeks with many broad, flat, yellow scales.
Mesonotum reddish-brown, uniformly clothed with narrow, curved,
golden brown scales, paler about antescutellar space. Abdomen bronzy-
brown, each segment with a narrow basal band of white scales ; at
the sides these bands join a continuous lateral yellowish-white stripe;
venter entirely yellowish-white scaled. Wing veins dark scaled. Legs
blackish-brown.

CULICINI 107
Male hypopygizm. (Fig. 1, PI. X.) . Side-pieces twice as long as
wide, broad, tapered to a sharp, densely haired, conical apex; apical
lobe absent; basal lobe large, rugose, densely setose, strongly conical
on inner half. Clasper inserted before the apex, double, the distal
arm, long, curved, furcate at the tip; proximal branch short, conical,
rounded at the apex and bears several setae on the distal half. Clas-
pette greatly modified; at level of the caudal margin of the basal
lobes each claspette divides into two slender branches, the outer
bra:ich extending along the side-piece and bears two spines at apex
and one subapically ; the inner branch is shorter, somewhat conical
and terminates in a stout spine with two smaller spines before the
apex. Mesosome heavily chitinized, consisting of two distinct halves,
expanded on the distal portion; at the base the two halves are united
on the ventral side and very closely approximated on the dorsum. The
parameres form at their base a kind of pocket into which the meso-
some fits; the basal plates are very large. The lobes of the ninth
tergite are widely separated, narrow, short and clothed with numer-
ous setae.
Larzfa. (Fig. 1, Pl. XXI.) Length 5-6 mm. Head rounded, dis-
tinctly broader than long ; antennae with a prominent hair tuft dis-
tinctly before the middle. Both pairs of head hairs multiple, long and
set close to each other. Ante-antenna1 hair tuft multiple, long. Ab-
domen with lateral hairs of first and second segments double, those
of the third to sixth single and rather long. Eighth segment with a
lateral comb of scales arranged in a partly double row. Anal seg-
ment longer than wide; the dorsal plate large, reaching near to the
ventral median line; dorsal brush a long hair and a large multiple
tuft on each side; ventral brush well developed, with small tufts
preceding the barred area nearly to the base. The anal gills are long
gradually tapering to a sharp point. The air-tube is long, slender,
tapering beyond the middle, three and one-half to four times as long
as wide; pecten reached beyond the middle of the tube ; last three
teeth are stouter and detached. The hair tuft is small and situated at
the outer third of tube.
This species is widely distributed throughout the northern
United States, Canada, Europe and Siberia. I have found the
larvae only in shallow woodland pools during May (Central
New York). The pools had a dense floor of decaying leaves
and the larvae preferred the margins and shallower parts. These
pools were great breeders of Aedcs stimdaxs but that species
had nearly all pupated before A. cinerezu had begun to develop.

108 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
Though these pools dried up in June, they were frequently
flooded by rains in July and August but no larvae of this species
were found. It is apparently single brooded. The larvae ap-
pear early in May, the adults emerging from the middle of the
month till June. The females are vigorous biters, not hesitat-
ing to attack during the daytime. They are not known to
enter houses.
AEDES VEXANS Meigen
Culex vexavls Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Eur. Zweifl. Ins. 6, 241.
1820.
C&ex sylvestris Theobald, Mon. Culic. 1, 406. 1901.
Aedes euochrous Howard, Dyar and Knab, NIosq. N. and Cent.
Amer. and W.I. 4, 716. 1917.
Fe?nale. Length 5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.
Occiput black with narrow, curved yellow and brown scales, a nar-
row black scaled area on the sides followed by a patch of flat white
scales; erect, forked scales numerous, black and pale brown inter-
mixed. Mesonotum clothed with bronzy-brown scales, those around
the antescutellar space and over the base of the wings, paler. Ab-
domen black, each segment with a broad basal band of whitish scales
which widens laterally into a triangular patch; apical portion of last
three segments largely white scaled; venter with whitish scales ; each
segment medianly with a basal black spot or stripe which may be
joined to lateral black spots forming a Y. These latter may at times
be lacking. Wing veins with brownish scales. Legs black; tarsi of
the hind legs with narrow basal bands of white scales; mid tarsi with
basal bands on all except the last; front tarsi on the first three only.
The first tarsal joint of all the legs with a narrow line of white scales
along the inner surface.
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 2, Pl. X.) Side-pieces twice as long as
wide; apical and basal lobes absent. Clasper stout, gradually widen-
ing to apex which is divided, one arm bearing a stout articulate spine;
the other arm larger with a few small setae. Claspette short, apex
capitate and bears a dense crown of short spines; basal portion of
claspette detisely setose. Filament absent. Mesosome small heavily
chitinized, the apex broader and gnarled. Lobes of the ninth tergite
are widely separated and appear as rather large somewhat triangular
plates clothed with a few, short setae.

CULICINI 109
Larva. (Fig. 3, Pl. XX.) Length 9-10 mm. Head broad,
slightly wider than long; antenna tapering, spined all over, a mul-
tiple tuft before the middle. Upper head hairs in threes or fours,
lower double; ante-antenna1 tuft multiple. Abdomen stout, with but
few hairs; lateral tufts multiple on the first and second segments,
double on the third to the fifth and single on the sixth. Comb of
the eighth segment consists of usually ten to twelve scales arranged
in an irregular double row. Anal segment longer than wide, not
enclosed by the dorsal plate; dorsal brush consists of a long hair
and a tuft on either side; ventral brush large with smaller tufts pre-
ceding the barred area. Anal gills longer than the segment, ensi-
form. Air-tube long, tapering beyond the middle, three times as long
as wide; pecten reaching beyond the middle, the last two teeth larger
and detached; tuft small, beyond the middle of the air-tube.
This is one of the most widely distributed species of mosqui-
toes. It occurs throughout the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Ori-
ental regions. It is widespread throughout the United States
and Canada. It is one of the most troublesome and abundant
of mosquitoes. The favorite breeding areas are rain filled
pools in meadows and open marshes, foul roadside puddles,
filthy pools around city dumps and hog wallows fouled with
excrement. It is rarely found breeding in clear woodland pools
and then in very small numbers. Though thousands of larvae
have been taken, this species rarely appeared in collections from
wooded marshes or permanent swamp pools. Its abundance
in filthy pools is extraordinary. In a filthy puddle containing
a half pint of water 1,089 larvae were counted. In another
similar puddle six inches long by four inches wide and not
over four inches deep some 4,000 larvae were counted. Basing
estimates on these and similar counts it was concluded that
from a series of foul roadside pools and a nearby hog wallow
over 100,000,000 adults emerged in one small area near the
city of Ithaca in the fall of 1922. This estimate seemed fully
justified by the abundance of this species in the city and subura
ban areas.
The breeding habits of this species are not yet fully under-
stood. Smith states that in New Jersey that brood follows

110 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
brood from late May till the middle of October provided there
is sufficient rain to keep the pools filled. Dyar believes this
species. was originally single brooded, breeding during the early
spring in pools filled by the melting snows and spring rains
but that now the species breeds whenever water fills the pools
in which their eggs have been laid. Freeborn states that “Gn-
like the eggs of many Aedes, those of vexans hatch if moisture
is supplied during the same season. This facilitates, in favored
locations, the production of many broods during the season.”
He finds, in California, that along rivers that overflow their
banks whenever there is excessive rainfall in the mountains or
melting snows, a new brood of v-dcxam appears in the lo8w-
lying depressions filled by the water. In other sections, as the
Sacramento Valley, there is only a single brood, the spring
brood, since there are no summer rains.
Our observations indicate two distinct breeding periods in
Central New York. The spring brood develops in May if
there is sufficient rainfall but if not, it develops in June or
July should rains occur then. The second breeding period oc-
curs in late August and early September and this brood rarely
fails since sufficient rainfall generally occurs at that time.
Migration of the Adults. The adults migrate considerable
distances from their breeding grounds. Smith states that they
travel a mile or two with ease and a five mile migration is
possible. Beckwith concludes that the species has an extreme
migratory range of ten miles and tends to move to the nearest
center of population. At Ithaca I found the species to migrate
rather slowly and gradually. The disappearance of the adults
at the breeding grounds was indicated by their presence in the
city about one-half mile distant. It took about a week to cover
a three mile radius to the outlying districts. The adults later
return to their breeding grounds and the females deposit their
eggs on the dry hard ground. They have not been seen to ovi-
posit on water or where water was present. Aedes vexam
bites readily and is a very annoying pest in rural districts,
villages, cities and suburban areas. Its maximum abundance

CULICINI 111
usually occurs in late August and September and frequently
makes life in our recreation parks, playgrounds, gardens, etc.,
almost unendurable. It not infrequently invades houses even
though screened, and is extremely annoying on unscreened
porches biting during the early morning, late afternoon and
well into the night. Its migratory habit renders this species a
difficult one to deal with in areas where the breeding grounds
are not known or when they are at some distance from the cen-
ters of population.
AEDES STIMULANS Walker
Culex stimulaalzs Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus. 1, 4. 1848.
Culicada sztbcantam Felt, Bull. 97, N.Y. State Mus., 448. 1905.
Aedcs classiczts Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 62, 77. 1922.
Aedes wzercurator Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 8, 13. 1920.
Acdes nzi.s.si.ssippii Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 62, 77. 1922.
Aedes albertce Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 62, 76. 1922.
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis black. Palpi
short, brownish-black. Occiput black, with numerous yellowish-white
appressed scales and many slender, erect, blunt, scales intermixed;
cheeks with broad whitish scales. Mesonotum dark brown, densely
clothed with narrow curved scales, bronzy-brown on the disk, the
scales of the antescutelar space, lateral margins and a sub-dorsal
line each side of disk whitish. Abdomen black; each segment with
broad basal bands of white scales; venter densely clothed with white
scales. Wing scales black to brown intermixed with dull white ones,
the black scales predominating. Legs black, femora and tibiae with
white and black scales intermixed; tarsi black, each hind tarsal seg-
ment broadly ringed with white scales; rings of white scales on
middle and front tarsi narrow, the last two segments of front tarsi
and the last one of middle usually wholly back.
IVale hypopygiuvz. (Fig. 6.) Side-pieces nearly three times as
long as wide, slender; apical lobe large, rounded with rather long
setae directed outwardly ; basal lobe quadrately expanded bearing
numerous short setae and a stout curved marginal spine. Claspers
lorig, medianly expanded. Claspette with slender, hirsute cylindrical
stem ; filament sickle-shaped, slightly expanded at middle. Mesosome
stout, cylindrical, widely open along the ventral surface, closed on

112 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
the dorsum and at the base. Lobes of the ninth tergite short, ap-
proximate, and each is crowned with a group of short, stout spines.
Lamfa. (Fig. 9.) Length 9-10 mm. Head wider than long; an-
tentla cylindrical ; tuft small, situated at middle; upper pair of dor-
sal head hairs double, lower pair single; anteantennal tuft multiple
and short. Abdomen with the lateral hairs on the first segment mul-
tiple or double, double on the second to the fifth and single on the
sixth; other hairs short, multiple or single. Lateral comb of eighth
segment of many scales in a triangular patch. Anal segment nearly
twice as long as wide; dorsal plate large, reaching two-thirds the
way down the sides; dorsal brush a long hair and multiple tuft on
either side; ventral brush well developed, preceded by small tufts
to near the base. Anal gills short, slightly longer than the anal seg-
ment. Air-tube three to three and one half times as long as wide;
pecten of many closely set teeth on the basal third of the tube; tuft
of three to four hairs just beyond the pecten.
Aedcs stinzzdans is. distributed throughout the eastern United
States, Canada and the Yukon. It is one of the most abun-
dant and annoying woodland species of the northeastern States
and eastern Canada. It breeds in woodland pools, flood-pools
of rivers and in swamps and marshes. The winter is passed
in the egg stage. The eggs hatch with the melting of the ice
and snow in woodland pools, and the adults appear on the
wing in late April, May or June depending on the locality.
The adults are long lived and survive till late July and August.
I have taken them as late as the middle of September at Ithaca.
This species rarely invades houses, and it is not known how
far it may travel though I have taken it at least two miles
from any known breeding place. It it a vicious biter and oc-
curs in enormous numbers, rendering life almost unendurable.
It is a common invader of urban communities, villages, parks,
etc.
AEDES EXCRUCIANS Walker
C&x excrucians Walker, Ins. Saund. Dipt., 429. 1856.
C&x abfitchii Felt, Bull. 79, N.Y. State Mus. 381. 1904.
C&x siplzonalis Grossbeck, Can. Ent. 36, 332. 1904.
Aedes sansoni Dyar and Knab, Can. Ent. 41, 102. 1909.

CULICINI 113
Aedes eudes Howard, Dyar and Knab, Mosq. North and Cent.
Amer. and W.I. 4, 714. 1917.
Aedes aloponotzm Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 5, 98. 1917.
Fe~~ale. Length 5.5-6 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis slender,
black. Occiput blackish, clothed with appressed, narrow, curved
white scales in the middle and diffused brownish scales laterally;
many slender, erect, slightly forked, black scales on the nape; cheeks
with many flat scales and a small quadrate patch of black ones be-
hind the middle of the eye. Mesonotum brown, densely clothed
with narrow curved scales, a broad median stripe of bronzy-brown
ones, the anterior margin, sides and antescutellar space with yellowish-
white ones. Abdomen black with broad basal segmental bands of yel-
lowish-white scales; venter white scaled, the median area with some
black scales. Wing scales black, intermixed with pale ones, the
black ones predominating. Legs black; femora and tibiae with whit-
ish and black scales intermixed; tarsi black, each joint of hind legs
with a broad basal band of yellowish-white scales; on the front and
middle legs the basal white bands are narrow and nearly obsolete on
the last segment.
Male hypofygiunz. (Fig. 3, PI. X.) Side-pieces over twice as long
as wide; apical lobe broadly rounded, prominent and clothed with
short, anteriorly curved setae ; basal lobe extends from the base of
apical lobe to apex of tenth sternite as a rather broad roughened
area, clothed with numerous small setae arising from tubercular
bases. Clasper long, slender, slightly enlarged near the middle.
Claspette long, slender cylindrical and bears at its apex an articu-
ated filament, angularly expanded near its base. Mesosome consists
of a hollow chitinous cylinder, the chitin forming a complete ring
at the base, open along the ventral median line but closed on the dor-
sal face. Lobes of the ninth tergites prominent, each bearing a num-
ber of stout spines.
Larva. (Fig. 5, pl. XIX.) Length 8-9 mm. Head wider than
long. Antenna cylindrical, tapered beyond the tuft, spined all over
with rather coarse spines; tuft before the middle. Both pairs of
dorsal head hairs double. Anteantennal tuft multiple. Abdomen
stout, the lateral hairs on the first and second segments usually dou-
ble, single on the third to the sixth; a pair of long sub-dorsal hairs
on the third, fourth and fifth segments; a pair of long sub-ventral
hairs on the third to fifth segments. Eighth segment with a lateral
comb of many scales in a triangular patch. Anal segment about
twice as long as wide; dorsal plate extends well to the mid-ventral

114 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
line, a single, rather long hair on ventral-posterior angle; dorsal
brush consists of a long hair and a tuft on either side; ventral brush
well developed with small tufts preceding the barred area to near the
base. The air-tube slender, four times as long as wide; pecten not
reaching the middle of the tube, the last two or three teeth larger
and detached; tuft large, beyond the pecten.
This is a very widely distributed species. It occurs through-
out the northern United States extending southward along the
mountain ranges, Canada, North Europe and North Asia. It
breeds in situations quite similar to those of A. stiwzulans
though its preference seems to be swamps and grassy marshes
flooded during the early spring. The adults appear usually
somewhat earlier than A. stiwm~aans and have similar habits,
living till late in the season and attacking at all times during
the day in the shade and wooded areas. There is but one
brood a season. The eggs are laid during the summer, hatching
the following spring. I have reared a single adult from a lar-
vae on September 29. This is the only known record of this
species breeding late in the season.
AEDES FITCHII Felt and Young
CuCex @c/G Felt and Young. Science, N.S. 20, 312. 1904.
Aedes jvh&is Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 4, 89. 1916.
Aedes fialustris var. pricei Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 5, 16. 1917.
Aedes nzivttesis Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 5, 116. 1917.
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis slender, brown-
ish-black. Occiput brownish-black, clothed with narrow, curving, ap-
pressed whitish scales, somewhat brownish laterally, and many slen-
der, erect, forked black scales on the nape; cheeks with broad, flat
white scales and a small squarish patch of black ones behind the mid-
dle of eye. Mesonotum dark brown, densely clothed with narrow,
curving scales-a broad median band of yellowish brown ones, the
anterior edge, the sides of the disk and the antescutellar area with
yellowish-white to white ones ; sides of disks with many brown
scales mixed with the white ones. Abdomen black; each segment
with a broad basal band of white scales and a few white ones at
apex; venter entirely pale scaled. Wings with black and white
scales, about evenly mixed. Legs black; femora and tibiae with

CULICINI 115
black and yellowish scales about evenly mixed; tarsi black, each
segment of the hind tarsi broadly banded with white scales at the base;
on the front and middle tarsi the bands are narrow, the last two
segments of the front and the last one of the middle tarsi wholly
black.
Male hypopygiuwk (Fig. 4, Pl. X.) Side-pieces nearly three times
as long as wide; apical lobe prominent, rounded and bears short
and long stout setae almost appearing as spines: basal lobe triangu-
lar clothed with numerous curving setae; on the outer basal side is
a smaller elevation clothed with longer setae and one stout spine.
Clasper stout, expanded at the middle, slightly tapering on apical
half. Claspette stem long; filament short, slightly angularly expanded
near base, and ends in a recurved point. Mesosome a rather short,
stout cyinder, open along the median ventral line, closed on the
dorsum and at the base. Lobes of the ninth tergites short and each
bears a number of long stout spines.
LWZRZ. (Fig. 6, PI. XIX.) Length S-10 mm. Head as wide as
long. Antenna spinose all over with large and small spines; tuft
prominent inserted before the middle. Both pairs of dorsal head
hairs multiple. Anteantennal tuft multiple. Abdomen stout, with long
hairs; lateral hairs on the first to sixth segments double, those of the
first and second segments may be frequently in threes; a series of
long single or double sub-median dorsal hairs on the third to the
seventh segments ; a similar series on the venter. Lateral comb of
eighth segment of numerous scales in a triangular patch. Anal seg-
ment distinctly longer than wide; the dorsal plate large and ex-
tending well down to the mid-ventral line; dorsal brush consists of
a long hair and multiple tuft on either side; ventral brush well de-
veloped with smaller tufts preceding the barred area to near the base.
Gills ensiform, pointed and longer than the anal segment. Air-tube
four times as long as wide, tapering gradually from near the base;
pecten evenly and closely set, reaching to near the middle of the
tube; hair tuft is large and situated at the middle of the tube.
The larva of this species occurs during the early spring in
pools filled from melting snows, in wooded swamps and open
marshes, generally associated with A. excrucians and A. sti~~u-
Cans. The larvae develop about ten days to two weeks later
than the other two species. It has been interesting to study
pools where these species breed and note the early abundance
of A. s’timdauts and Al. excrmia~ns soon after the ice has dis-

116 hrosc~x~o~s OF NORTH AMERICA
appeared. When these larvae are nearly mature, there appears
a crop of minute larvae which later prove to be A. fitchii. Fre-
quently this species is found almost in pure cultures, immense
numbers of them in shallow pools with dense leaf covered
bottoms.
The habits of the adults are similar to those of A. excrztcia~zs
and A. stimulans. It is widely distributed throughout the Nor-
thern United States and Canada.
AEDES CANADENSIS Theobald
Czdex ca~zadensis Theobald, Mon. Culic. 2, 3. 1901.
Czllex &itarsis Coquillett, Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash. 6, 168. 1904.
Fenzale. Length 4.5 mm. ; wing 4 mm. Proboscis slender, black
to brownish-black. Occiput brown, clothed with many, curved, yel-
lowish-white scales; nape with narrow, erect, forked, brown and
yellowish scales intermixed; cheeks with flat, appressed white scales.
Mesonotum reddish-brown, densely clothed with narrow scales, gol-
den brown dorsally, yellowish-white on the lateral and anterior mar-
gins and around the antescutellar space; narrow yellowish line each
side on posterior half outside antescutellar space. Abdomen black,
with narrow basal segmental bands of white scales, widening later-
ally; these bands are frequently almost lacking especially on the sixth
and seventh segments ; venter amost entirely pale scaled. Wing
scales black or brown. Legs black ; tarsi black; each segment of the
hind tarsi narrowly banded with white at apex and base, last segment
entirely white ; rings on mid-tarsal segments much reduced and ab-
sent on the fore tarsi except on the first and second segments.
Male hypopygiwa. (Fig. 5, Pl. X.) Side-pieces a little more than
twice as long as wide; apical lobe quadrate, flattened with numerous
short setae; basal lobe large, quadrate in outline, densely clothed with
short setae. Claspers long, somewhat expanded at the middle. Clasp-
ette with a short cylindrical stem, setose, with a stouter seta just
before the apex; filament slender, pointed, about as long as the stem.
Mesosome slender, cylindrical ; widely open along the mid-ventral
line, closed on the dorsum and at the base. Lobes of the ninth ter-
gite short, and each bears a varying number of short, stout spines.
Larva. (Fig. 4, PI. XIX.) Length 8 mm. Head wider than long.
Antennae curved, prominently spined all over; a large tuft just be-
fore the middle; both pairs of dorsal head hairs large and multiple;

CULICINI 117
anteantennal tuft long and multiple. The abdomen stout ; lateral
hairs on the first to fifth segments double, on the sixth, single. Eighth
segment bears a lateral comb of many scales in a triangular patch.
Anal segment longer than wide; dorsal plate reaching fully two-thirds
of the way down the sides; dorsal tuft consists of a long hair and a
brush on either side; ventral brush well developed with short tufts
preceding the barred area to near the base. Anal gills ensiform, as
long as or sometimes much longer than the segment. -Air-tube taper-
ing, three times as long as wide; pecten reaching just beyond the
first third of the tube; tuft large, situated beyond the pecten.
This species is widely distributed over the United States
from the Gulf of Mexico to Southern Canada and west to the
Pacific Coast in its northern range.
It is one of our most common Aedcs species. The larvae are
found in early spring, breeding in woodland pools filled by
melting snows or spring rains. In general they prefer pools
with a bottom of dead and decaying leaves though they are
found in roadside puddles, spring fed pools, cranberry bogs,
pools in open sphagnum bogs, wooded swamps and open meacl-
ows. The species hibernates in the egg stage and the young
larvae are found when the ponds are still ice covered. 1Vhether
this species is single brooded or has a second brood in a season
is still doubtful. Undoubtedly the great majority of eggs hatch
in early spring, the adults appearing in maximum abunclance
in late h!lay and early June.
At Ithaca I have obtained the larvae in considerable numbers
in mid-summer from artificial pools made in dry surfaced
sphagnum bogs. Whether these late appearing larvae are from
eggs laid the previous season or from recently deposited eggs
is not known. The adults do not wander far from their larval
habitat. They readily attack especially towards the evening and
dften prove a serious pest in woodlancls and forests. The)
have not been taken in houses.
AEDES COMMUNIS DeGeer
Czzlex comnzz~tzis DeGeer, Mem. des Ins., 6, 3 16. 1776.
Czflex P~EP~ZO~OSZLS Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins. 1, 4. 1818

118 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
AecFes obscums Me&en, Abbild. Zweifl. Ins. pl. II, fig. 2. 1830.
Culex laxarezzsis Felt and Young, Science N. S. 20, 3 12. 1904.
C&x borealis Ludlow, Can. Ent. 43, 178. 1911.
Aedes tahoewsis Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 4, 82. 1916.
Aedes altiusczhs Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 5, 100. 1917.
Aedes wzasanm Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 8, 166. 1920.
Ochlerotatus palme& Edwards, Ent. Tidskr. 52. 1921.
Female. Length 5-6 mm .; wing 5 mm. Proboscis slender, black, Oc-
ciput black, clothed with pale yellow, curved scales; nape with many
narrow, erect, slightly forked pale yellow scales; cheeks with broad
flat, yellowish-white scales. Mesonotum black, densely clothed with
scales, a dark brown narrow longitudinal stripe of fine scales each side
of the median line; medianly a stripe of stouter, pale scales divided by
a very narrow bare line; a short brown stripe each side of the an-
tescutellar space ; the sides and antescutellar space with light brown-
ish-yellow scales. Abdomen brownish-black; each segment with a
broad basal band of white scales; venter yellowish-white scaled ex-
cept apices of segments which are black scaled. Wing scales brown-
ish-black to black. Legs long, black.
iklale hypopygium. (Fig. 6, Pl. X.) Side-pieces three times as
long as wide; apical lobe large, rounded and bears numerous rather
long stout spines and shorter setae; basal lobe small, quadrilateral
in outline, somewhat detached at base; margin with a row of promi-
nent recurved spines ; smaller setae scattered over the lobe; a single
stout spine arises from near the base. Clasper short, expanded near
the middle. Claspette with stout, long cylindrical stem, somewhat
tapering to the apex, pilose; filament short, broadly expanded near
the base, and terminating in a rather long recurved point. Mesosome
cylindrical, stout, short, closed on the dorsal surface, open along the
median ventral line and closed at the base. Lobes of the ninth ter-
gite prominent, long and each bears five or more stout short spines.
Larva. (Fig. 2, Pl. XIX.) Length 10 mm. Head rounded, wider
than long; antenna cylindrical, curved, small spines present, larger
ones on the outer margin; tuft large, situated before the middle. Up-
per and lower dorsal head hairs single; anteantennal tuft large and
multiple. Abdominal lateral hairs double on the first to fifth seg-
ments, single on the sixth. Lateral comb of eighth segment consists
of 40-50 scales arranged in a large, triangular patch. Anal segment
about as wide as long; dorsal plate reaching two-thirds of the way
down the sides. Anal gills much longer than the segment, ensiform,
pointed. Air-tube stout, tapered, slightly more than twice as long as

wide ; pecten reaching
ple, situated at middle
CULICINI 119
nearly to the middle of tube; tuft large, multi-
of tube.
Aedes col?zmu,Gs is widely distributed throughout the North-
ern forests of the United States, Canada, Northern Europe,
Siberia and Alaska. It is said to remain in the shade and bites
whenever opportunity offers, though it attacks most fiercely
just after dark. The species is, single brooded, the adults liv-
ing till late in the season (August). The larval habitat is
normally early spring pools filled with melting snows, though
I have taken them in swamps and marshes. The adults appear
very early, the latter part of April (Central New York).
AEDES TRICHURUS Dyar
C&X trichurus Dyar, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Sot., 12, 170. 1904.
CZ&X cinereoborealis Felt and Young, Science, N. S. 20, 312.
1904.
Aedes pugetonotutiz Dyar and Knab, Smith. Misc. Colls. Quart.
Iss. 52, 253, 1909.
Aedes poliochros Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 7, 35, 1906.
Female. Lerigth 6-6.5 mm. ; wing 5-5.5 mm. Probiscis long, black.
Palpi short, black, with a few white scales intermixed. Occiput
black clothed with numerous, curved, white to yellowish scales; nape
with many, erect, narrow, forked black scales and a few paler ones;
cheeks with broader, flat whitish scales. Mesonotum black, a broad
median stripe, laterally expanded near middle, of narrow yellowish-
brown scales, sides of disk, anterior margin and antescutellar space
with broader, grayish-white scales ; a short brownish stripe at each
side of antescutellar space. Abdomen black, each segment with a
broad, white, basal band, somewhat widened at the sides; venter white
scaled. Wing scales black or brownish-black. Legs black; femora
yellowish-white scaled beneath, black above, with a black ring be-
fore the apex ; tibiae black scaled except some whitish scales beneath;
tarsi black.
Male hypopygiwn. (Fig. 1, Pl. XI.) Side-pieces three times as
long as wide; apical lobe appears as a slight expansion of the apex
of the dorsal surface of the side-piece, and bears a few short setae
on the lower side, the upper surface with longer ones; basal lobe
large, conical with numerous long hairs; near the base of the cone

120 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
there is a short elevation which bears two rather long slender spines.
Clasper short, slender, slightly expanded medianly. Claspette with
a long, curving cylindrical stem, slightly expanded before the apex;
filament very short, stout and bears a series of parallel, transverse,
elevated ridges. Mesosome long, cylindrical, pointed at the apex,
heavily chitinized, with a small slit along the ventral median line,
closed on the dorsum and at the base; the sides are further supported
by longitudinal, lateral chitinized ridges. Lobes of the ninth tergite
prominent, clothed with numerous closely set spines.
Lana. (Fig. 3, Pl. XIX.) Length 9-10 mm. Head somewhat
broader than long; antenna gradually tapering to the tip, the outer
side covered with large and small spines; tuft distinctly before the
middle; upper dorsal head hairs double, lower single ; anteantelinal
tuft multiple. Abdominal lateral hairs on first segment triple, double
on second and third, single on fourth to sixth; other hairs few and
minute. Eighth segment bears a lateral comb of scales arranged in
a double row. Anal segment as wide as long; the dorsal plate large
and nearly reachitig the midventral line; dorsal tuft a long hair and
a tuft on each side; ventral brush well developed, extending beyond
barred area to near the base. Anal gills ensiform, slightly longer
than the segment. Air-tube stout, about three times as long as wide;
pecten reaching outer fourth of tube, the outer 4-5 teeth detached and
more widely separated; hair tuft multiple, long and situated within
the pecten, just beyond basal third; three or four minute hair tufts
along ventral side just above pecten row; eight or ten rather promi-
ment dorsal hair tufts arranged in two approximate rows of four or
five each.
Aedes triclzz~ms occurs throughout southern Canada and the
northern United States west to the Rocky Mountains. It
breeds in early spring pools filled by melting snows and spring
rains. It is generally associated with Aedcs emm~imzs, fitclzii
and stiwzulans. Very little is known of the habits of the adults
though they bite freely in wooded and marsh areas where they
breed.
AEDES FLAVESCENS Miiller
Cztlex fiavescens Miller, Fauna Ins. Fried., 87. 1764.
CztCex Zzttescem Fabricius, Syst. Ent., 800. 1775.
CzzTex variegatzu Schrank, Enum. Ins. Austria, 482. 1781.
Cz,lZex amaws Blanchard, Les Moustiques, 303. 1905.

CULICINI 121
CuCex fletcheri Coyuillett, U.S. Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser. 11, 20.
1906.
C&x cyp~iz~s Ludlow, Ins. Ins. Mens. 7, 112. 1920.
Female. Length 6-7 mm.; wing 6.5 mm. Proboscis long, brown,
with a mixture of yellowish scales on basal half. Occiput brown,
with narrow yellowish scales on vertex, broad flat brownish scales
on cheeks, and numerous erect, forked, brownish-yellow scales on the
nape. Mesonotum dark brown, with a broad median stripe of bronzy-
brown scales, the sides, and around the antescutellar space, yellow-
ish scaled, or there may be a blending of the brown and yellow
scales. Abdomen entirely covered with dull yellow scales. Wing
predominatingly yellow scaled with a sprinkling of black scales. Legs
brown scaled, intermixed with yellowish scales; broad white bands
at the bases of all the tarsal joints.
Male hypopygium (Fig. 2, Pl. XI.) Side-pieces more than twice
as long as wide; apical lobe prominent, rounded, with numerous
setae, many of them retrorse; basal lobe a large elongate area, slightly
elevated at the cephalic border, clothed with numerous setae and a
stout recurved spine at the outer cephalic edge accompanied by sev-
tral fine long spines. Clasper long, swollen medianly. Claspette
with stout, cylindrical stem, setose and with three stout setae on the
inner margin near the base; filament long, angularly expanded at the
middle. Mesosome long, cylindrical, widely open along the mid-ven-
tral line, closed on the dorsum and at the base. Lobes of the ninth
tergite short, narrow, widely separated, and each bears four or five
stout spines.
Larva. Head wider than long; antenna spined, multiple tuft near
the middle ; upper and lower head hairs multiple (upper may be some-
times double) ; anteantennal tuft multiple. Lateral abdominal hairs
double on the first to sixth segments. Lateral comb of eighth seg-
ment of maliy scales in a triangular patch. Anal segment longer
than broad, not ringed by the dorsal plate; dorsal brush a long hair
and a multiple tuft each side; ventral brush large, with small tufts
preceding the barred area to the base. Anal gills as long as the seg-
ment, pointed. Air-tube over three times as long as wide, tapering;
pecten reaches the middle, the last two teeth detached, followed by a
multiple tuft.
Cedes flacdcscens is distributed from Ontario westward
through the great American prairies, south to the Dakotas and
north to Hudson Bay. It also occurs in Alaska, Asia and

122 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
Europe. It breeds in early spring pools and flooded meadows
o,f the prairies. There is but one brood a season, the adults liv-
ing till late in the season. Wesenberg-Lund records them as
vicious pests of horses and cattle in Denmark, though man is
not exempt.
AEDES RIPARIUS Dyar and Knab
Aedes riparizts Dyar and Knab, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Sot., 15, 213.
1907.
Female. Length 6 mm. ; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis black, with
brownish scales in the middle. Occiput with brown scales, yellow
scales on the median area; erect black scales on the nape; sides and
cheeks whitish scaled. Mesonotum with very small golden brown
scales, whitish at the sides and on antescutellar space. Abdomen
black with basal white bands, the whole more or less intermingled
with white scales. Wing scales narrow, dark brown. Femora, tibiae
and first tarsal joint largely white scaled; tarsal joints with broad
white bands at their bases, the bands broadest on the hind legs; the
apical portions black scaled.
Male hypopygiwt. (Fig. 6, Pl. XV.) Side-pieces more than
twice as long as wide; apical lobe prominent, rounded, with many re-
curved setae; basal lobe conical, with numerous stout setae, and a
stout basal spine surrounded by a tuft of long setae. Claspette stem
cylindrical; filament of claspette sickle-shaped, longer than the stem.
Clasper long, slightly swollen in the midde. Mesosome cyindrical,
not heavily chitinized; tenth sternites prominent with stout recurved
tips. Lobes of the ninth tergite short, with about six to eight long
setae.
This species occurs from Ontario west to Alberta and south
to Colorado and Wisconsin. It breeds in the early spring pools
on the prairie particularly those near or in small wooded areas.
AEDES ABSERRATUS FeltandYoung
Cztlex absermtus Felt and Young, Science N. S. 20, 312. 1904.
AecCes centrotus Howard, Dyar and Knab. Moq. N. and Cen-
tral Amer. and W.I. 4, 747. 1917.
Aedes dysanor Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 9, 70. 1921.
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis black. Occiput
black, clothed with narrow, curved, yellowish-white scales and many

CULICINI 123
yellowish, narrow, erect, slightly forked scales behind; cheeks with
broad, flat, whitish scales. Mesonotum densely clothed with scales,
a broad median stripe of brilliant bronzy-brown small scales, the sides
and antescutellar area with larger, yellowish-brown scales ; bristles
over the roots of the wing are yellow. Abdomen black, each seg-
ment with a basal band of white scales, narrowed medianly and some-
what widened at the sides; venter white scaled, the apices of the last
two or three segments with a median triangular black patch. Wing
scales brown to blackish-brown. Legs black; tips of femora pale;
tarsi all black.
Male Hypopygium. (Fig. 3, PI. XI.) Side-pieces nearly three
times as long as wide; apical lobe prominent, rounded apically, with
short, retrorse setae; basal lobe large, rounded at apex and bears num-
erous hairs, a single stout hooked spine with an attendant group of
smaller spines. Claspette with long stem; filament long, slightly ex-
panded in the middle. Mesosome long, cylindrical; widely open on
the ventral surface, closed on the dorsum and at the base. Lobes
of the ninth tergite long, narrow, and each bears five or six short,
stout spines.
Larva. (Fig. 6, Pl. XX.) Length 8-9 mm. Head distinctly
wider than long; antennae spined all over; tuft situated before the
middle. Dorsal head hairs single, stout; anteantennal tuft in twos
or threes. Abdomen stout; lateral hairs single on the first to sixth
segments ; other hairs minute. Eighth segment with a lateral comb
of 5-8 scales arranged in a row. Anal segment as wide as long,
ringed by the dorsal plate; dorsal brush consists of two long hairs
on each side; ventral brush well developed, confined by the plate.
The anal gills are long and gradually tapered. The air-tube is stout,
three times as long as wide; pecten evenly spaced, the last three teeth
larger and frequently somewhat detached, not reaching the middle of
the tube; tuft of two or three hairs situated just before the middle.
The distribution of this species is not well known because
all the records refer to at least two species+u,nctor’ and ab-
serrates. It is known to occur in the Eastern United States
south to New Jersey. Very little can b,e said of the habits
of this species. It is found breeding in the same types of locali-
ties as A. pz~ctor. As I have not been able to separate the fe-
males of this species from fwzctor the habits, of the adults of
either species cannot be stated with any certainty.

124 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
AEDES PUNCTOR Kirby
Culex punctor Kirby, Richardson’s Fauna Bar.-Amer. 4, 309.
1837.
Cdex inplacabilis Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. 1, 7. 1848.
C&x prozrocans Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus. 1, 7. 1848.
CuZicelsa auroides Felt, Bull. 97, N.Y. State Mu., 449. 1905.
Aedes nzeigenams Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 9, 72. 1921.
Female. Length 5-6 mm. ; wing 4 mm. Proboscis long, black.
Occiput black, with numerous narrow, curved, pale yellow scales and
many, erect, slightly forked yellow scales on the nape; cheeks with
flat, broader, pale scales. Mesonotum black, densely clothed with
narrow scales, a distinct median stripe of bright bronzy-brown scales
with a middle line of slightly paler scales, sides and antescutellar
space yellow with a brownish tint. Abdomen black, with narrow
basal segmental bands of white scales; venter white scaled, the tips
of the segments medianly black scaled. Wing veins black scaled.
Legs black ; femora white scaled at tips; tarsi black.
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 4, PI. XI.) Side-pieces nearly three
times as long as broad; apical lobe prominent, somewhat pointed at
the apex bearing numerous short retrorse spines or stout setae; basal
lobe nearly quadrate in shape with a conical apex, densely setose; a
slightly semi-detached lobe bears rather stout spines with a long, curv-
ing spine arising on its outer border. Clasper long, slightly en-
larged in the middle portion. Claspette with stout short, pilose stem;
filament short, slightly widened at middle and terminating in a
curved blunt point. Mesosome a stout, heavily chitinized, elongate
cylinder open along the ventral median line, closed on the dorsum
and at the base. Lobes of the ninth tergite stout, prominent and
each bears six or more short stout spines.
Larva. (Fig. 4, Pl. XX.) Length 5-6 mm. Head much wider
than long. Antenna short, spined all over; tuft before the middle.
Dorsal head hairs in twos, sometimes one and two and occasionally
only one each; anteantennal tuft short. Abdomen stout ; lateral
hairs in twos on the first segment, single on the second to the seventh;
other hairs small. Eighth segment bears a comb of 8 to 17 scales
arranged in a double row. Anal segment longer than wide, ringed
by the plate; dorsal brush consists of a pair of long hairs and two
shorter multiple tufts ; ventral brush well developed, extending well
beyond the barred area and confined by the plate. The anal gills are
long and tapering. Air-tube stout, gradually tapering, three times
as long as wide; pecten evenly spaced, not reaching the middle of

the tube
tube.
CULICINI 125
; tuft of three to four hairs, situated at the middle of the
This species is widely distributed throughout Canada, the
Northern United States, Europe and Northern Asia. The lar-
vae are found during the early spring months and are usually
associated with A. fitchii, A. abserratus, A. intrztdens, etc. It
breeds in wooded swamps, early spring filled pools which have
a floor of decaying leaves and occasionally in grassy bogs. The
adults are found late into July in wooded areas and bite fiercely
when disturbed during the day.
s4~~~~ INTRUDENS Dyar
Aedes intrudens Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 7, 23. 1919.
CziZex iflzpiger Felt (not Walker) Bull. 79, N.Y. State Mus.,
316. 1904.
Aedes inzpiger Howard, Dyar and Knab (not Walker) Mosy.
N. and Cent. Amer. and W.I. 4, 755. 1917.
Fenzale. Length 5-6 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis black. Occi-
put black, densely clothed with yellow, curved scales; nape with many
yellowish, narrow, erect, slightly forked scales; cheeks with flat,
broad, yellow scales. Mesonotum with brownish-yellow scales all
over; oftentimes there may be slight indications of two narrow median
brown lines or the scales in old specimens may be almost yellowish
white. Abdomen black; each segment with a broad basal band of
white scales; venter white scaled. Wing scales all blackish-brown.
Legs slender, blackish-brown.
Male hypopygiwz. (Fig. 5, Pl. XI.) Side-pieces nearly three
times as long as wide; the apex just beneath and beyond the apical
lobe bears a dense patch of stout hairs; apical lobe distinct, rounded
apically and clothed with rather large somewhat retrorse setae; basal
lobe elongate and bears at its apex two close-set, stout spines; at base
of this lobe there is a prominent stout spine. Clasper short, swollen
medianly. Claspette with long, stout stem; the proximal part large,
setose, its apex sharply constricted and bearing a short, stout seta;
apical-half slender; filament large, angularly expanded at the middle,
the tip of the angle slightly recurved. Mesosome a short, stout cylin-
der, sharply constricted before the apex; narrowly open along its ven-
tral median line and open at the base and along the median dorsal
line. The chitinization of the mesosome is pronounced on the sides

126 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
and over the ventral surface but the dorsal surface is open except
for a very thin membrane which appears to form a closure. Lobes
of the ninth tergite approximate and each bears 4 or 5 short, stout
spines.
Larva. (Fig. 1, Pl. XIX.) Length 7 mm. Head broader than
long; antennae spined all over with small and large spines; tuft small,
arising before the middle. Upper dorsal head hairs in fours, lower
in twos or threes; anteantennal tuft multiple. Abdomen with lateral
hairs double on the first segment, single on the second to the sixth.
Eighth segment with a comb of scales arranged in a double row; anal
segment longer than wide; dorsal chitinous plate reaching near to the
mid-ventral line, the ventral margin deeply incised; dorsal brush con-
sists of a long hair and a tuft on each side; ventral brush well de-
veloped with tufts preceding the barred area near to the base. Anal
gills ensiform, short and rather bluntly pointed. Air-tube about two
and one-half times as long as wide; pecten reaching the middle of the
tube, the last two or three teeth stouter and detached; a large mul-
tiple tuft just at the end of pecten.
This species is widely distributed throughout the northern
United States and Canada. There is but a single brood a sea-
son. It hibernates in the egg stage. The larvae are found in
woodland pools filled by the melting snows and early spring
rains. It seems to prefer the shallow pools with a dense floor
of rotting leaves. The larvae appear somewhat later than those
of Aedes stinzztlaw, A. fitchii or A. excwcia~m. The adults are
abundant throughout the season and attack with avidity even
during the day. They are long lived for I have collected them
as late as September (September 9). Dyar states that this
species readily invades houses but I have never taken them
in houses though I have found them abundantly in wooded
areas throughout the season.
AEDES IMPIGER Walker
Culex iwzfiger Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus. 1, 6. 1848.
Aedes decticus Howard, Dyar and Knab, Mosq. N. and Cent.
Amer. and W.I. 4, 737. 1917.
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing about 4 mm. Proboscis slender,
long, black. Occiput black, clothed with white, curved scales medianly,
a brown patch each side; nape with narrow, erect, black scales;

CULICIliI 127
cheeks with broad, flat white scales. Mesonotum black; a broad, dark
brown median stripe divided by a broad median line of yellowish-
brown scales; sides, anterior margin, and antescutellar space white
scaled. Some brown scales are frequently present on the sides, par-
ticularly in front of the antescutellar space. Abdomen black, each
segment with a broad basal band of white scales; venter clothed with
white scales. Wing scales black. Legs black.
A!la.le hypopygiwa. (Fig. 6, Pl. XI.) Side-pieces nearly four
times as long as wide; apical lobe long, slender, finger-shaped and
bears a few short setae on its inner face; basal lobe, very short,
slightly conical, with a row of rather stout spines crossing its apex
and one large, stout spine at the outer end of the row. Clasper long,
very slightly expanded in the middle. Claspette with long, stout,
slightly pilose stem ; filament short, expanded, pointed at the apex
and a prominent tooth-like projection near the base. Mesosome cylin-
drical, tapering, open on the median ventral side, closed on the dor-
sum and at the base. Lobes of the ninth tergite short, heavily chit-
inized and bearing numerous spines.
Larva. Length 8 to 9 mm. Head rounded, wider than long; an-
tenna cylindrical, spined all over, a short multiple tuft at the middle;
upper and lower head hairs single; anteantennal tuft multiple. Ab-
domen stout without many long hairs or tufts. Lateral tufts double
on the first to the fourth, single on the fifth and sixth segments.
Lateral comb of the eighth segment of 17 to 30 scales arranged in a
triangular patch. Anal segment longer than wide, the dorsal plate
extending half way down to the mid-ventral line. Dorsal brush con-
sists of a long hair and a multiple tuft on each side; ventral brush
well developed, long, with a few small tufts preceding the barred
area. Anal gills short, as long as the segment, lanceolate. Air-tube
about two and one-half times as long as wide. Pecten of closely set
teeth; tuft of three hairs, situated just beyond the pecten at the mid-
dle of the tube.
Aedes impiger, according to Dyar, is distributed throughout
the northern edge of the United States, from the Atlantic to
the Rocky Mountains, the forested Canadian region, and the
mountains of California. It is a rather rare species. The
adults are found in wooded areas till June or July.
AEDES DORSALIS Meigen
Cztlex dorsalis Meigen, Syst. Besch. Bek. Eur. Zweifl. Ins. 6,
242. 1830.

128 MOSQUITOES OF SORTH AMERICA
C&x ~zacztlive~ztris Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 1, 7. 1846.
C&x curriei Coquillett, Can. Ent. 33, 259. 1901.
Czblex o~ondagensis Felt, Bull. 79, N.Y. State MU., 278. 1904.
Aedes paylei Dyar and Knab, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot. 14, 191.
1906.
Cu.lex Zatititattus Coquillett, Ent. News. 17, 109. 1906.
Grabhamia mediolineata. Ludlow, Can. Ent. 39, 129. 1907.
Aedes grahawzi Ludlow, Ins. Ins. Mens. 7, 154. 1920.
Aedes melaninzott Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 12, 126. 1924.
Fern&e. Length 6 mm.; wing 4-S mm. Proboscis long, black,
with a few white scales on basal half. Occiput brownish black,
densely clothed with narrow, curving, white scales, a brown patch on
each side; nape with many erect, narrow, pale, forked scales ; at the
sides a narrow band of these, black; cheeks with broad, flat white
scales. Mesonotum black, densely clothed with narrow, curved, scales;
a narrow median stripe, brown; sides, anterior margin, and antescu-
tellar space yellowish-white ; frequently there is a marginal brown
stripe from pronotal sclerite to near root of wing. (This stripe may
be almost lacking, but is usually indicated at anterior end). Abdo-
men black, with dense, broad, flat, white or yellowish-white scales,
with two large patches of black ones on each segment, the patches
becoming smaller posteriorly and absent on the last segment. (Fre-
quently the last two segments are entirely white scaled). The median
white scales often appear as a broad, longitudinal stripe. Venter
entirely white scaled. Wing scales black and white; on the costa ;
first vein, forks of the second and fourth veins, and the fifth vein
the black and white scales are more or less evenly intermingled; on
the auxiliary vein, second and fourth veins to their forks and the
sixth vein the scales are nearly all white; third vein almost entirely
black scaled. Legs long, slender; femora almost entirely pale scaled,
a few black scales above especially towards the apices; tibiae largely
white scaled; hind tarsi black with apical and basal rings white, the
first segment largely pale scaled beneath and the last segment largely
white; mid tarsi black with apical and basal white rings on the first
three segments ; front tarsi black with white bands at base and apex
of the first and second and base of third.
Male Jaypopygium. (Fig. 1, Pl. XII.) Side-pieces more than
twice as long as wide; apical lobes very short, rounded apically with
rather long setae; basal lobe prominent, constricted at base, broadened
apically, closely set with short setae, a stout spine at the v-oximal

CULICINI 129
margin and a smaller one more d&tad. Claspers long, expanded
medianly. Claspette with short, setose, cylindrical stem; just before
the apex a slight constriction bears two long setae and a shorter one;
filament short, expanded beyond the middle and ends in recurved
point. Mesosome cylindrical, somewhat pointed, only slightly chit-
inized; widely open along the mid-ventral line, closed on the dorsum
and at the base. Lobes of the ninth tergites narrow elongate and
each bears 5 or 6 short spines.
Larm. Head broader than long; antenna cylindrical, tapering,
spinose, a small tuft at the middle. Anteantennal tuft multiple. Both
pairs of dorsal head hairs single. Abdomen stout with rather few
hairs. Lateral hairs triple on the first and second, double on the
third to the sixth segments. Lateral comb of the eighth segment a
triangular patch of about 25 to 30 scales. Anal segment longer than
wide, the dorsal plate reaching to the middle. Dorsal brush a long
hair and tuft on each side. Ventral brush long, well developed with
three or four tufts preceding the barred area. Anal gills short, bud-
shaped. Air-tube cylindrical, gradually tapering, nearly three times as
long as wide. Pecten of evenly spaced teeth extending to near the
middle of tube; tuft multiple, just distad of pecten.
This species. is widely distributed throughout the northern
half of the United States, Canada, Europe and northern Asia,
especially in dry, open country and plains of the interior. It
breeds’ in the salt marshes along the coasts of the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans and Hudson Bay. Freeborn states that it breeds
abundantly in fresh water in the Central valleys of California
and is one of the most abundant species in the rice fields and
irrigated areas. It is a fierce biter, especially just after dark
but is not known to enter houses.
AEDES SOLLICITANS Walker
CuLex .roZlicitam Walker, Ins. Saud., 427. 1856.
FewaLe. Length 5-5.5 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis slender black
with a white ring near the middle. Palpi short, black. Occiput black,
with pale scales medianly, a brown patch each side; nape with many
pale, erect slightly forked scales, black on each side; cheeks with
flat, broad, white scales. Mesonotum black, with narrow golden
brown scales; a pair of narrow yellowish-brown to pale yellow longi-
tudinal stripes ; scales of the antescutellar spaces yellowish-brown to

130 MOSQUITOES OF SORTH AMERICA
pale yellow. Abdomen black, with a median longitudinal stripe and
segmental bands of yellowish scales, the apices narrowly white scaled.
Venter predominatingly white scaled. Wings with black and white
scales, the black predominating. Legs slender ; femora pale yellow
beneath, black and yellowish scales blended above, extreme tips white;
tibiae clothed with black and yellowish white scales a narrow basal
white ring and a broad apical black band; hind tarsi black, each seg-
ment with a broad basal white ring, last joint pure white, first seg-
ment with a broad median ring of yellowish-white scales; first three
segments of front and mid tarsi white ringed at base, first segment
with a sprinkling of pale scales near the middle; last two segments
of front tarsi black; last segment of mid tarsi nearly all white.
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 2, PI. XII.) Side-pieces more than
twice as long as broad; apical lobe absent; basal lobe appears as a
slight elevation bearing numerous setae. Clasper stout, expanded
before the middle. Claspette with a short, setose, cylindrical stem;
filament, long, slender, narrowly ligulate. Mesosome cylindrical,
rounded at the apex, broadly open on the ventral side, closed on the
dorsum and at the base. Lobes of the ninth tergite very short, and
each bears 5 or 6 short setae.
Larva. (Fig. 3, Pl. XXI.) Head rounded, wider than long;
antenna small, slightly curved, sparsely spined; tuft small, of few
hairs, situated before the middle; both pairs of dorsal head hairs
single. Anteantennal tuft short, multiple. Lateral hairs of abdo-
men multiple on first and second segments, double on the third to
sixth; secondary hairs short and not numerous. Eighth segment with
a lateral comb of about 20 scales in a triangular patch. Anal seg-
ment shorter than wide, completely ringed by the plate; dorsal brush
consists of a single long hair and a tuft on either side; ventral brush
well developed, confined to the barred area. Anal gills very short
and bud-like. Air-tube stout, short, not twice as long as wide; pec-
ten of evenly and closely set teeth, reaching the middle of the tube;
tuft small, situated beyond the middle of the tube.
Aedes sdicitazzs is the famous salt marsh or “New Jersey”
mosquito. It breeds in the great salt marshes from Maine to
Florida and west to Texas along the gulf shore. It also occurs
in the Bahamas and the Antilles. The species, breeds in count-
less numbers in salt marshes when flooded by the tides or rains.
The larval period is very short so that there may be many
broods a season or in the south breeding may be continuous

CULICINI 131
where favorable water conditions prevail. The eggs are laid
on the dry marshes and these hatch when flooded by tides or
rains. The adults are extremely troublesome and migrate long
distances, sometimes over forty miles. It is, one of the most
troublesome of mosquitoes in the coastal cities and summer
resorts. Large sums are being spent in New Jersey and else-
where in ditching, drainage and oiling in order to reduce the
abundance of this pest.
AEDES CANTATOR Coquillett
C&X cantutor Coquillett, Can. Ent. 35, 255. 1903.
Female. Length 5-6 mm.; wing 4-5 mm. Proboscis long, slender,
black. Occiput black, with yellowish-white scales, some brown ones
on the side; nape and occiput with numerous erect, forked, brown to
black scales; cheeks whitish scaled with a small black patch behind
the middle of the eye. Mesonotum with reddish-brown scales, lighter
at the sides and yellowish on the antescutellar space; a lighter stripe
of scales extending somewhat forward of the antescutellar space. Ab-
domen black; each segment with a rather broad basal band of white
scales; the last two segments nearly wholly white scaled; apices of
segments with a narrow margin of whitish scales; venter entirely yel-
lowish-white scaled. Wing scales brownish-black. Legs slender ;
femora dark brown scaled above, yellowish-white beneath, the knees
pale; tibiae mostly pale scaled beneath, dark brown above, Tarsi
black; each joint of hind tarsi with a narrow yellowish white basal
ring; joints of front and middle tarsi narrowly pale ringed at base
except last two of first and last one of second tarsus.
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 3, Pl. XII.) Side-pieces three times as
long as wide, slender; apical lobe prominent, rounded, with a few
small setae ; basal lobe small, rounded, bearing a stout marginal,
hooked spine and a group of small setae. Clasper long, medianly ex-
panded. Claspette with short, slender stem, setose, with a larger
seta on the inner basal margin; filament long, narrow, expanded at
the middle and ends in a sharp recurved point. Mesosome cylin-
drical, long, slightly constricted on the apical half; widely open on
the ventral side, closed along the dorsum and at the base. Lobes of
the ninth tergite prominent, long, and each bears 5 or 6 stout, short,
spines.
Larva. (Fig. 5, Pl. XXI.) Head longer than wide; antenna with
numerous small spines, the multiple tuft near the middle; upper and

132 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
lower head hairs multiple; anteantennal tuft multiple. Lateral comb
of eighth segment of many scales in a large triangular patch. Lat-
eral abdominal hairs double on the first to fifth segments. Air-tube
two and one-half times as long as wide, the pecten of closely set
teeth, not reaching the middle; tuft multiple, at the middle of the
tube. Anal segment longer than wide, not ringed by the dorsal plate;
dorsal brush a long hair and a multiple tuft each side; ventral brush
large, with small tufts preceding the barred area. Anal gills very
short, bud-like.
This species occurs along the Atlantic coast from Nova Sco-
tia to Virginia. It breeds in the coastal pools. It is known to
migrate considerable distances (over thirty miles) in search
of food. It is a fierce biter, attacking during the day though
it is primarily an evening feeder.
AEDES TENORHYNCHUS WIEDEMAN
Czilex t~~aiorh31~zchus Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot., 43. 182 1.
Culex damzosus Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3, 11. 1823.
C&.x portorice~is Ludlow, Can. Ent., 37, 386. 1905.
Aedes ep:inolus Dyar and Knab, Ins. Ins. Mens. 2, 61. 1914.
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing 3 mm. Proboscis slender, black,
with a white ring at the middle. Occiput brown, the vertex with
narrow, yellowish-brown scales, broad white scales on the cheeks
the ocular margin white scaled; numerous erect, forked brown scales
on the nape. Mesonotum dark brown, the disk golden brown scaled,
darker brown on the humeri, almost silvery-white on the antescutel-
lar space and over the roots of the wings. Abdomen black, each seg-
ment with a narrow basal band of yellowish white scales and a small
white patch each side near the middle. Venter clothed with whitish
scales the apical portion often black. Wing scales black. Legs black;
hind tarsal segments each with a broad basal white band, the last
joint usually entirely white; middle and fore tarsi with narrow basal
bands, the last two segments entirely black.
Male hypopygizm. (Fig. 4, Pl. XII.) Side-pieces over three times
as long as wide; apical lobe absent; basal lobe rather sharply coni-
cal bearing numerous setae. Clasper short, strongly swollen medianly.
Claspette with long, curving, pilose, cylindrical stem; filament ligu-
late, long and pointed, bearing at the middle a short retrorse branch.
Mesosome short, cylindrical, open on the ventral side, closed on the

CULICINI
dorsum and at the base, only slightly chitinized. Lobes of the ninth
tergite short, each bearing four or five short spines.
Larva. “Head rounded, slightly bulging on the sides; antennae
moderate, spined, a tuft near the middle. Head-hairs single, an-
teantennal tuft multiple. Lateral comb of the eighth segment of
about twenty scales in a small triangular patch, single scales with the
terminal spinules alike. Air-tube less than twice as long as wide, the
pecten reaching the middle, followed by a hair-tuft. Anal segment
wider than long, ringed by the plate; ventral brush posterior. Dor-
sal tuft a hair and brush on each side; lateral hair single, small. Anal
gills very short.” (Dyar).
This species is distributed along the coastal areas of America
extending northward to Connecticut on the east and Santa
Barbara on the west. It breeds typically in coastal marshes and
is never found breeding far from such localities, though at
times it breeds in fresh water pools.
AEDES SQUAMIGER COQUILLETT
C&n- sqzlakger Cocluillett, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 25, 85.
1902.
Grabhamia demYedmanii Ludlow, Can. Ent. 36, 234. 1904.
Female. Proboscis slender, black, with a mixture of pale scales
near the middle. Occiput black, with grayish scales medianly, brown
at sides; the cheeks white scaled. Mesonotum black, the middle with
pale brown scales, bordered by grayish scales; two indistinct median
stripes of pale scales. Abdomen black, with broad, basal segmental
bands of yellowish-white scales, triangularly expanded in the middle;
venter white scaled. Femora and tibiae black and white scaled; tarsi
with first segment spotted with white scales, the rest black with basal
white rings, except last two segments of fore and last joint of mid-
tarsi black. Wing scales black and white, evenly intermingled.
Male hypopygiunz. Side-piece about three times as long as wide;
apical lobe prominent with a few setae; basal lobe conical, setose, a
group of long hairs on dorsal margin, one a little stouter and spine-
like. Clasper shorter than side-piece. Claspette stem short, slender;
filament as long as stem, angularly produced at middle to form a small
tooth. Lobes of ninth tergite with long spines.
Larva. Head longer than wide ; antenna sparsely spined; tuft at
middle; upper and lower head-hairs double ; anteantennal tuft mul-
133

134 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
tiple. Comb of eighth segment of numerous scales in a triangular
patch. Anal segment longer than wide, not ringed by the dorsal
plate; dorsal brush a long hair and a tuft on each side ; ventral brush
with small tufts in front of the barred area. Anal gills very short,
globular. Air-tube about twice as long as wide; pecten of evenly
spaced teeth followed by a mutiple tuft at the middle of the air-
tube.
This species is restricted to the Californian Coast, extending
from San Francisco Bay south to San Diego. It breeds in the
brackish water of the salt marshes and the adults frequently
migrate considerable distances inland. It bites viciously, at-
tacking all warm-blooded animals during the day, but it is most
annoying before dusk.
AEDES AURIFER COqUilktt
Cdex aurifer Coquillett, Can. Ent., 35, 255. 1903.
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis long, slender,
black. Occiput black; a narrow, median line of yellowish scales, a
black patch each side, the sides densely covered with broad, flat, yel-
lowish-white scales; forked erect black scales numerous on the nape
and on the sides of the vertex. Mesonotum black, a broad, bronzy-
brown median stripe, widening posteriorly, the sides almost golden
yellow; antescutellar spaces largely golden yellow with a short, nar-
row line of yellow scales each side. Abdomen clothed with broad,
bluish-black scales; the apical margins of the segments with fine, long
brownish hairs; each segment with small, lateral, basal whitish spots,
Wing scales black or brownish-black. Legs black scaled, with a
bronzy lustre.
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 5, Pl. XII.) Side-piece over twice as
long as wide; distal end, just beyond apical lobe, with a tuft of long
stout hairs ; apical lobe prominent, broadly rounded, bearing short
straight and retrorse setae; basal lobe a narrow, elongate projection
bearing a long stout spine at its apex. Clasper long, expanded at the
middle. Claspette with slender, setose base; near outer end is a
slight elevation which bears a short seta; filament large, with a
slender stem and a broad, sharply pointed blade, the base with a
large, retrorse branch. Mesosome cylindrical, the apical half be-
coming somewhat conical ; narrowly open along the median ventral
line, closed at the base and with a very thin chitinous covering on

CULICINI 13.5
the dorsum. Lobes of the ninth tergite short, and each bears a row
of stout, short spines.
Larva. Head rounded, longer than wide; upper and lower head
hairs double, anteantennal tuft multiple. Antenna longer than head,
strongly arched, a large tuft beyond the middle. Lateral comb of
eighth segment of numerous scales in an irregular triangular patch.
Air-tube ahout three times as long as wide; the pecten reaches the
middle, the outermost teeth detached; tuft large, beyond the pecten.
Anal segment not ringed by the dorsal plate; dorsal brush a long
hair and a multiple tuft on each side; ventral brush large with small
tufts preceding the barred area. Anal gills short, slender.
Aedes aurifer occurs throughout the northeastern United
States west to Minnesota and Ontario. Its distribution and
habits are not well known. The adults are abundant during the
summer in certain s,ections of New Jersey, New York and
Michigan. They bite eagerly in the shade during the day and
during early evening and morning hours. According to Smith,
the species breeds in early spring pools especially those associ-
ated with cranberry bogs. I have not taken the larva in Cen-
tral New York though the adults are frequently abundant in
certain areas.
AEDES DIANTEUS Howard, Dyar and Knab
Aedes CriaIztaxtS Howard, Dyar and Knab, the Mosq. of N.
and Cent. America and W.I. 4, 758. 1917.
Aedes serm Martini, Ueber Steckmucken, 96. 1920.
Female. Length 5 mm. Proboscis black, with many intermixed
grayish scales. Occiput black with narrow curved, pale ochraceous
scales on vertex, and broader whitish ones on the sides. Mesoriotum
black, with pale bronzy scales; a pair of broad median black lines,
these sometimes fused. Abdomen black with basal white bands, nar-
row, almost disappearing in the middle line but laterally widening
in white spots; the underside banded by bands of very broad, white
scales ; posterior borders edged by yellowish-gray hairs. Wing scales
yellowish-brown. Legs black with bluish and bronzy reflections.
Male lay pop ygiunz. (Fig. 6, Pl. XII.) Side-pieces more than
twice as long as wide; apical lobe short, broadly rounded, reaching
almost to the basal lobe, its dorsal surface bears a few stout retrorse

136 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
setae, and at its base on the ventral side there arises a dense group of
long hairs; basal lobe large, quadrangular, bearing at its inner caudal
angle a short projection with two broad, stout spines, and at its outer
cephalic basal angle a long, stout spine. Clasper medianly expanded,
rather sharply constricted before the apex. Claspette with stout,
sharply curving stems, constricted before the apex, setose; filament
with a short, slender base and a greatly expanded terminal portion
ending in a recurved tip. Mesosome cylindrical, not heavily chitin-
ized, the ventral side almost closed, the dorsal closed for a very short
distance, and the base forming a very thin ring. Lobes of the ninth
tergite approximate, small, and each bears 4-5 short, stout spines.
Larva. Head rounded, wider than long. Antenna very long,
longer than the head; antenna1 tuft with few hairs, inserted in the
middle; anteantennal tuft with five hairs ; lower head tuft with four
or five hairs, upper triple. Abdominal lateral hairs on first two seg-
ments triple, double on third to fifth, single on sixth. Lateral comb
consisting of about twelve scales, each scale ending in a long, acute
spine. Air-tube two and a half times as long as broad, pecten at
basal third, the last two teeth single, and detached. Anal segment
longer than wide, dorsal plate only reaching halfway down the sides;
dorsal tuft a long hair and a tuft each side; ventral brush well de-
veloped with small tufts preceding the barred area.
The species is rare and local throughout the northeastern
United States south to New York, west through Canada to
British Columbia and south along the Rocky Mountains to
Wyoming. It also occurs in Europe.
AEDES TRIVITTATUS Coquillett
Culex trivittatus Coquillett, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 10, 193.
1902.
C&x &zconspicuous Grossbeck, Ent. News, 15, 333. 1904.
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.
Occiput black, with broad, flat, whitish scales except along the median
line where there are narrow, curved white ones. Erect, pale, forked
scales numerous on the nape. Mesonotum dark brown, densely clothed
with narrow, curved bronzy-brown scales, except a narrow anterior
line and a rather broad sub-dorsal stripe on each side white or yel-
lowish-white ; the lateral stripes broaden somewhat posteriorly and
unite on the antescutellar space. Abdomen brownish-black, each seg-

CULICINI 137
ment with a basal white triangular patch on each side. Venter whit-
ish scaled. Wing scales brown. Legs black, except the femora which
are yellowish scaled on the under sides.
Lama. “Head rounded, bulging at the sides; head-hairs single,
anteantennal tuft multiple. Antennae moderate, slender, a small tuft
at the middle. Lateral comb of the eighth segment of many scales
in a triangular patch. Air-tube two and a half times as long as wide,
the pecten slightly exceeding the middle; followed by a hair-tuft.
Anal segment ringed by the plate, the ventral brush posterior; dor-
sal tuft a long hair and brush on each side. Anal gills long, tapered,
pointed.” (Dyar, 1928.)
This mosquito is distributed from Maine to Minnesota, south
to Virginia and Texas. Very little is known of its breeding
places or the habits of the adults.
AEDES HIRSUTERON Theobald
C&x hir.~zl~cro~z Theobald, Mon. Culic. 2, 98. 1901.
Cz&x ~stivalis Dyar, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 12, 245. 1904.
C&x pretans Grossbeck, Ent. News, 15, 332. 1904.
Aedes vimtipegelzsis Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 7, 34. 1919.
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 4 mm. Prosboscis slender, black.
Occiput black, with pale yellowish-white, curved scales and numerous
erect, forked, yellowish scales on the nape; cheeks with broad, flat,
whitish scales and a small patch of black ones. Mesonotum black,
a broad median band and posteriorly, sublateral stripes, golden brown;
anterior edge, sides and antescutellar space white to yellowish-white.
Abdomen black; each segment with a narrow basal white band, which
widens at the sides to triangular patches; venter entirely white to
yellowish-white scaled. Wing scales dark brown to black. Legs dark
brown to black; tarsi bronzy-brown to black scaled, a few pale scales
beneath on the first two segments forming a narrow line.
Male hypopygiunz. (Fig. 1, PI. XIII.) Side-pieces nearly three
times as long as wide; apical lobe long, broadly rounded at the apex
and bears short, retrorse setae: basal lobe sharply conical bearing
numerous short setae, a thin, broad spine near the base with a group
of shorter spines close beside it. Clasper short, expanded medianly.
Claspette with a stout stem, minutely setose, slightly constricted
before apex and bears a strong seta on inner side at point of con-
striction; filament short, slightly expanded at middle. Mesosome cy-

138 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
lindrical, short, open along the median ventral line, closed on the
dorsal face and at base. Lobes of the ninth tergite short, and each
bears 4 or 5 short, stout spines.
Larva. (Fig. 2, Pl. XXI.) Length 8 to 9 mm. Head distinctly
wider than long; antenna sparsely spined, a multiple tuft at the mid-
dle. Upper head hairs multiple, lower head hairs usually single or in
twos; anteantennal tuft multiple. Abdomen with rather few hairs
and tufts. Lateral tufts double on the first to the fifth segments and
single on the sixth. Comb of the eighth segment of many scales ar-
ranged in a triangular patch. Anal segment nearly as long as wide,
the dorsal plate reaching almost to the mid-ventral line. Dorsal
brush consists of a long hair and a tuft on each side; ventral brush
well developed with a few short tufts preceding the barred area.
Anal gills as long as segment, pointed. Air-tube slightly tapered,
over two and one-half times as long as wide. Pecten of closely set
teeth reaching to about the middle of the tube; tuft multiple, situated
just beyond the pecten.
This species is widely distributed over the eastern United
States and Canada, west to the Rocky Mountains.
AEDES ATROPALPUS Coquillett
C&x atro@/ws Coquillett, Can. Ent. 34, 292. 1902.
Aedes epactius Dyar and Knab, Proc, U.S. Mat. Mus., 35, 53.
1908.
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender, brown-
ish-black. Occiput black, with broad, flat scales except those in the
middle which are narrow, curved and yellowish; nape with a few pale,
erect, narrow, forked scales; cheeks with broad, white scales with a
black patch near the middle. Mesonotum black, with narrow scales,
a broad median dorsal stripe reaching almost to antescutellar space
brown to dark brown, a short narrow brownish stripe each side of
antescutellar space ; rest of scales yellow to yellowish-white. Abdo-
men black; a narrow basal band of broad, white scales on each seg-
ment except the last. Venter white scaled with broad apical bands
of dark scales on each segment except the first two. Wing scales
black, except a white patch on costal edge at base. Legs black; hind
tarsi black, each segment with a narrow apical and basal white ring,
last joint entirely white; fore and mid tarsi with white rings absent
on the last three joints.

CULICINI 139
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 2, Pl. XIII.) Side-pieces over twice as
long as wide; apical lobe absent; basal lobe represented by a dense
group of stout setae. Clasper long, not expanded medianly. Claspette
long, slender, setose, with a prominent sub-apical seta and another at
the base; filament slender, very slightly expanded in the middle. Meso-
some short, cylindrical, apical half somewhat expanded; narrowly
open on the ventral side, closed on the dorsum and at the base. Lobes
of the ninth tergite minute and no setae are visible.
Larva. “Head rounded, slightly bulging at the eyes; antennae
moderate, slender with a tuft at the middle. Head-hairs single; an-
teantennal tuft in four. Lateral comb of the eighth segment of many
scales in a patch. Air-tube short, less than twice as long as wide,
the pecten running nearly to tip, the last four teeth widely spaced
and inclosing a six-haired tuft. Anal segment about as long as wide,
the plate reaching the middle of the side; ventral brush with the an-
terior tufts smaller but not separated. Dorsal tuft a hair and brush
on each side; lateral hair single, small. Anal gills three times as
long as the segment, inflated, tracheate.” (Dyar.)
This species is locally distributed throughout the eastern
United States, and is recorded from Arizona and New Mexico.
The larvae are found in rock holes along streams and water-
falls. The adults are sometimes annoying in such situations.
AEDES VARIPALPUS Coquillett
C&x varipalpus Coquillett, Can. Ent. 34, 292. 1902.
Ta&orlzytichzls sicnwzm's Ludlow, Can. Ent. 37, 231. 1905.
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.
Occiput black, medianly with yellowish-white scales, black patches
at the sides ; cheeks with flat white scales; nape with many pale, erect,
forked scales. Mesonotum black, with golden-brown scales, a median
anterior patch and a lateral line of pale yellow scales; margins pale
scaled. Abdomen black, with median and lateral segmental triangular
patches of white scales; venter white scaled with patches of black
scales. Legs black, femora and tibiae white tipped; tarsi black, nar-
rowly white ringed at both ends of the joints except the last joint of
fore and mid-tarsi which is usually entirely black. Wing-scales nar-
row, black.
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 3, Pl. XIII.) Side-pieces three times
as long as wide; apical lobe absent; basal lobe narrowly expanded

MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
and clothed with dense, stout spines and short setae, the short setae
extending as an irregular double row along the inner margin to the
outer fourth of the side piece. Clasper more than half as long as
the side piece, slightly expanded at the middle. Claspette with a
short, cylindrical somewhat pilose stem; filament ligulate, with a
curved blunt apex, reaching to outer fourth of side piece, Mesosome
a long, narrow cylinder, closed on the dorsal surface but open medi-
anly on the ventral side except at the base. Lobes of the ninth tergite
short and each bears a row of short rather stout spines.
Larva. Head wider than long, antenna slender, without spines, a
single hair at the middle; upper and lower head-hairs single ; an-
teantennal tuft multiple. Lateral comb of eighth segment of about
twelve scales in two irregular rows. Anal segment with dorsal plate
reaching about half-way down the sides; dorsal brush of a small tuft
and a single hair each side; ventral brush reduced to about three
small tufts. Anal gills very large, four times as long as anal seg-
ment, broad, square-tipped. Air-tube nearly three times as long as
wide; pecten evenly spaced on basal third; hair-tuft multiple, at mid-
dle of air-tube.
This species occurs throughout the Pacific Coast region, from
British Columbia to southern California. It breeds in water-
filled tree holes’, especially those found in oaks, though it has
been found in artificial containers. The females are good biters
and are troublesome in some sections of its range as it readily
passes through the ordinary screen. The males are attracted
to warm-brlooded animals where they await the females in
order to mate.
AEDES EGYPTI Linnaeusl (Stegom3Ga fascia’ta of authors).
Cztlex agyjti Linnaeus, Hass. Pal. Keise, 370. 1762.
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.
Palpus black, the apex broadly white scaled above. Occiput black,
a narrow median stripe of flat, white scales continued forward between
the eyes; lateral scales blackish brown ; two narrow patches of white
scales on the side and a narrow line of white scales along the eye
margin ; the nape with pale yellow erect narrow scales. Mesonotum
black, bronzy brown scaled; a small white patch at the middle of the
1 The synonymy and references to this species are so numerous
that they cannot be included here. The reader is referred to Dyar
(192s).

CULICINI 141
anterior margin followed by two narrow silvery white lines which
extend to the antescutellar space; a broader silvery white line on
either side, strongly curved outward on anterior two-thirds, narrowed
and straight behind reaching the posterior margin of the mesonotum;
antescutella space margined with white and a short, narrow, white
line medianly in front. Abdomen black, each segment, except the
last, with a narrow basal band of white scales, and a row of small
silvery white spots on each side. Venter yellowish-white scaled ex-
cept the last two segments which are almost black. Wing scales
brown. Legs black; femora with white tips ; hind tarsal segments
broadly ringed at base with white, the last segment entirely white; the
first two segments of fore and mid-tarsi narrowly ringed with white at
base.
Male hypopygiuwz. (Fig. 4, PI. XIII.) Side-pieces one and one-
half times as long as wide; a large sub-apical area on the inner side
with numerous close set, stout setae and spines (this may represent the
apical lobe) ; ventral surface densely clothed with large scales and
a few sub-apical hairs; apical and basal lobes absent. Clasper short,
medianly expanded, sharply constricted before the apex. Claspette
absent though the inter-basal fold is present and setose. Mesosome
heavily chitinized forming two distinct, closely approximate halves
with strongly serrate tips. The parameres and basal plates are stout
and rather strongly chitinized. The tenth segment is represented by
the most bizarre, cleft and twisted pair of sternites. The tergites
do not appear distinct in the ordinary mount. The lobes of the ninth
tergite are large, triangular shaped, and bear at their outer posterior
angle a small tuft of setae; between the lobes appears a smaller lobe,
very lightly chitinized.
Larva. (Fig. 1, Pl. XX.) Length 8-9 mm. Head rounded, but
slightly wider than long; antemla somewhat tapering, smooth, a
single hair at middle. The head hairs and anteantennal tuft each
consists of a short, single hair. Abdomen with the lateral hairs in
fours on the first segment, threes on the second to the fourth, twos
on the fifth and usually single on the sixth. Eighth segment with a
lateral comb of eight to twelve scales, the single scale elongate with
a narrow base, a long curved, apical spine and several stout sub-apical
ones followed by slender short lateral spinules. Anal segment shorter
than wide, almost ringed by the plate; dorsal brush consists of a
single long hair and a tuft of three or four hairs on each side; ventral
brush rather small. Anal gills long, broad and rounded at the tips.
Air-tube about twice as long as wide; pecten closely crowded and
reaching to middle of air-tube; hair tuft small and situated just be-
yond the pecten.

142 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
Acdes ccgJ!Pti, the yellow fever mosquito, occurs throughout
the tropical and subtropical regions of the wo,rld. In summer
it is often carried to the temperate regions where it can breed
till frost. The species is almost wholly domesticated and
breeds in all sorts of artificial containers about human habita-
tions where water may lodge. The adults fly by day, are fierce
biters and attack quietly, though a sharp, high note can be rec-
ognized by those who listen. They seem to prefer to attack
from behind or beneath, crawling under clothing to reach a
favorable spot for extracting blood.
AEDES TRISERIATUS Say.
C&x triseriatzz.~ Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 3, 12.
1823.
Aedes triserintus var. hendersoni Cockerell, Jour. Econ. Ent.
11, 199. 1918.
Female. Length 4-5 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis slender, black.
Occiput black; the vertex clothed with narrow, curved whitish scales;
sides with broad, flat, silvery white scales; nape with numerous nar-
row, erect, forked, pale yellowish scales. Mesonotum black, densely
clothed with narrow scales, dark brown on the dorsum, silvery white
on the anterior margin and on the sides; the median brown area
widens behind the middle and is divided by the antescutellar space
which is margined by silvery white scales. Abdomen black and
each segment bears latterally a large triangular patch of white scales.
Venter white scaled, the apices of the sixth and seventh bluish-black.
Wing scales brown. Legs black, tips of femora white.
Male laypopygium. (Fig. 5, PI. XIII.) Side-pieces more than
twice as long as wide; apical lobe absent as such but it is probably
represented by a peculiar group of long setae at the distal third; basal
lobe absent but a dense grouping of rather long setae indicates its po-
sition. Clasper short, slightly more than one-half length of the side
piece. Claspette with a short cylindrical stem; filament longer than
the stem, ligulate and ending in a long point. Mesosome faintly
chitinized, cylindrical, open along the median ventral line, closed on
the dorsum and at the base. Lobes of the ninth tergite very short and
each bears three or four short spines.
La-ma. (Fig. 2, Pl. XX.) Length 8 mm. Head rounded, as wide
as long; antenna smooth; tuft a single hair, situated at the middle ;

CUL1C1N1 143
upper dorsal head hairs single, lower in threes, sometimes in twos; a
pair of multiple hair tufts in front of the lower head hairs and be-
tween them. Anteantennal hair tufts small and multiple. The ab-
domen is not very stout, the anterior segments short and broad, the
posterior ones longer. Hairs are numerous, especially the short sec-
ondary hair tufts. Lateral hairs of first and second segments in
threes or not uncommonly in twos, those of the third to sixth double;
numerous secondary hairs and tufts. Eighth segment with a comb
of 9-15 scales in a partly double row. Anal segment as wide as long,
the dorsal plate extending ventrad to slightly below the middle; a
large mutiple tuft on the ventro-posterior angle of the plate; dorsal
brush consists of a long hair and a multiple tuft on each side; ven-
tral brush well developed of rather small, long tufts, a few smaller
ones preceding the barred area; anal gills small, bud-like, about as
long as the anal segment. Air-tube stout, rather sharply tapering be-
yond the basal two-thirds, about two and one-half times as long as
wide; pecten of closely set teeth, reaching the middle of the tube ;
tuft consists of one or two hairs arising beyond the pecten.
Aedes tri.~erintus is a tree hole breeding mosquito. The eggs
are deposited in holes in trees, stumps, etc., where water col-
lects. The adults are rarely abundant except in woodlands
where numerous breeding places may occur. The bite is pain-
ful and annoying. The species occurs throughout the eastern
United States, west to Montana and south to Texas.
AEDES PULLATUS Coquillett
Culex pullafzu Coquillett, Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash. 6, 168. 1904.
Aedes acrophihs Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 5, 127. 1917.
C&x j$lgorzt’Mz. Villeneuve, Bull. Sot. Ent. France, 58. 1919.
Aedes wzetalepticzts Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 8, 51. 1920.
Aedes galli Martini, Ueber Stechrnticken, 110. 1920.
Female. Length 5.5 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis long, black.
Occiput black, with yellowish-white scales on the vertex, broad, flat
yellowish scales on the cheeks; numerous erect, yellowish forked
scales on vertex and nape. Mesonotum black, with yellowish-brown
scales, shading to yellowish on the sides and around the antescutel-
lar space; a bare median line reaching to the antescutellar space,
bordered each side by a narrow stripe of scales, each in turn
bordered by a broader stripe with but few scales; a sublateral pair

144 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
of bare stripes confined to posterior half. Abdomen with bluish-
black scales, each segment with a narrow basal white band; venter
whitish scaled with apical black patches. Legs long, slender; femora
largely white scaled, some black scales above and just before apex;
tibiae black and white scaled, the white scales predominating on the
under side; tarsal segments clothed with black and white scales, the
last joints wholly black. Wing scales brown, a patch at base of
costa white.
Male hypopygitw. (Fig. 6, Pl. XIII.) Side-pieces more than
three times as long as wide; apical lobe prominent, conical, the vent-
ral surface of which is densely haired, the dorsal surface bare (In the
figure the hairs shown arise from the ventral surface and should
not have been drawn by the artist) ; basal lobe small, with a promi-
nent spine and two or three adjacent small ones and a few setae;
the inner margin of the basal lobe turns ventrad then outward and
caudad to end in a short, chitinous, stout stem which bears two api-
cal, large curving spines. Clasper medianly swollen. Claspette with
a long stout stem, angled in the middle; the portion distad of the
angle smaller ; the basal part stout and densely setose; filament
broadly expanded before the middle, pointed at the apex. Mesosome
short, strongly chitinized, narrowly open on the median ventral line,
closed on the dorsum and at the base. Lobes of the ninth tergite
prominent, heavily chitinized, short, and each bears 7-9 stout spines.
Larva. “Head rounded, bulging at the sides; aritennae moderate,
sparsely spined, with a tuft at the middle. Head-hairs upper in
eight, lower in four or thereabout, anteantennal tuft multiple. Lat-
eral comb of the eighth segment of many scales in a large triangular
patch. Air-tube over three times as long as wide, the pecten reach-
ing the basal third; a multiple hair-tuft about the middle. Anal seg-
ment with a dorsal plate reaching well down the sides, excavate on
the margin ; ventral brush posterior ; dorsal tuft a long hair and brush
on each side; lateral hair single, small. Anal gills nearly twice as
long as the segment, pointed.” (Dyar, 1928.)
This species occurs in Alaska and the Yukon, south along
the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the mountainous re-
gions of Europe.
AEDES NEARCTICUS Dyar
Aedes Ytearcticus Dyar, Rept. Can. Arct. Exp. 3, pt. C, 32.
1919.
Aedes parvuh Edwards, Bul. Ent. Res. 12, 314. 1921.

CULICINI 145
FernaLe. Length 4.5 mm. ; wing 4 mm. Proboscis long, black.
Occiput black, a median line of pale scales, black scales at the sides;
the cheeks with broad, flat pale scales; erect, narrow black scales and
setae numerous. Mesonotum black, the scales bronzy-brown, except
at the sides where they are more or less yellowish; bristles numer-
ous. Abdomen black, with broad basal segmental white bands; ven-
ter white scaled, the apices of the segments more or less black scaled.
* Legs black, the femora and tibiae with numerous white scales.
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 1, Pl. XIV.) Side-pieces three times
as long as wide; apical lobe short, rounded, nearly bare; basal lobe
small, narrowly conical, with a single long, marginal spine, numerous
long and short setae. Clasper long, medianly expanded. Claspette
with a long, cylindrical stem; filament long, angularly expanded at
the base, and ends in a sharp point. Mesosome a narrow cylinder,
widely open along its ventral face, closed on the dorsum and at the
base. Lobes of the ninth tergite short, strongly chitinized, and each
bears a number of rather stout spines.
Larva. Length 9-10 mm. Head wider than long; antenna faintly
spined, a small tuft at the middle ; upper and lower head hairs single ;
anteantennal tuft small, of two to four hairs. Lateral abdominal
hairs multiple on the first, double on the second to the fifth segments
and single on the sixth. Comb of the eighth segment of few scales,
10-14, in a single patch. Anal segment about as wide as long, dorsal
plate reaching well down to the mid-ventral line; dorsal brush, a long
hair and a tuft each side; ventral brush large, with smaller tufts in
front of the barred area. Anal gills very long and stout, at least
four times as long as anal segment. Air-tube two and one-half times
as long as wide; pecten on basal third, followed by a tuft.
Aedes warcticzu occurs in the arctic regions of northwestern
Canada extending southward at high elevations along the
Rocky Mountains to Montana. Very little is known of its
habits or biology.
AEDES ABORIGINE Dyar
Aedes aborigih Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 5, 99. 1917.
Female. Length 5-6.5 mm.; wing 5.5 mm. Proboscis long, slender,
brownish-black. Occiput black, with numerous curved brownish-yel-
low scales; cheeks with broad, appressed, yellowish-white scales; nape
with riumerous erect forked yellowish-brown scales. Mesonotum black,
with numerous curved, narrow yellowish to brownish-yellow scales

146 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
with broad paired median lines of brown scales. Antescutellar space
margined with yellow scales. Abdomen black, with narrow basal
white bands, triangularly widened at the sides; vetiter clothed with
whitish scales,. Legs long, slender, black, femora white scaled be-
neath to tip and tibiae with a sprinkling of whitish scales. Wings
hyaline, the scales uniformly black.
Male hypopygium (Fig. 2, Pl. XIV.) Side-pieces nearly three
times as long as wide; apical lobe rounded and clothed with short
setae; basal lobe large, conical, and bears numerous setae, the ones
near the base longer and larger, a single spine near the cephalic
margin of the base. Clasper long, stout, constricted on the apical
fourth. Claspette with a stout cylindrical stem, pilose, with two
small setae near the base; filament short, expanded near the middle
and ends in a blunt recurved point. Mesosome broad, cylindrical,
open along the median ventral line, closed at the base and along
the dorsum. Lobes of the ninth tergite prominent, heavily chitinized,
and each bears three or four short, stout spines.
Larva, “Head rounded, bulging at the sides; antennae moderate,
sparsely spined, with a tuft about the middle. Head-hairs upper
three to five, lower in two to four, anteantennal tuft about six.
Lateral comb of the eighth segment of about twenty scales in a
patch. Air-tube three times as long as wide, pecten fine and even,
not quite reaching the middle, followed by a four-haired tuft. Anal
segment not ringed by the plate, which comes near the ventral line,
the ventral brush posterior, but with small tufts preceding the barred
area. Dorsal tuft a long hair and brush on each side. Anal gills
longer than the segment, pointed.” (Dyar, 1928.)
This species is distributed throughout the coastal area from
Washington north to Alaska. The larvae are said to occur in
early pools in forests. Very little is known of its life history
or its importance.
AEDESALPINUS Linnaeus
C&x a,lpinu.s Linnaeus, Flora Lapp., 364. 1737. ; 2nd. Ed., 381.
1792.
Culex &gripes Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp., 807. 1838.
Aedes imzuitus Dyar and Knab, Ins. Ins. Mens. 5, 166. 1917.
FenzaZe. Length 6.5 mm. ; wing 5 mm. Proboscis long, black.
Occiput with numerous reddish brown scales and long setae; the
nape with erect, narrow, reddish scales; cheeks with flat, yellowish-
white scales. Mesonotum black with narrow, long reddish-brown

CULICINI 147
scales; pleura with pale scales and dense groups of long setae.
Abdomen black, with basal, segmental, broad bands of white scales;
venter white scaled. Legs black. Wing scales narrow, brown to
black.
Male hypopygizinz. “Side-piece moderate, conical ; apical lobe
small, with only very short fine-pointed setae; basal lobe roundly
expanded, the inner part with very fine short-pointed setae, the outer
with some fifteen long coarse setae, the outermost the strongest and
spine-like, though the gradation is gradual. Claspette stem long,
finely hirsute basally, curved ; filament as long as the stem, pointed
at tip, thick, expanded somewhat broadly and blade-like on one side.
Clasper large, somewhat swollen except at tip.” (Dyar, 1928.)
Larva. Head rounded, much broader than long; antenna short,
spiny, the hair tuft small, situated at the middle; upper and lower
head hairs single; anteantennal tuft multiple. Lateral abdominal
hairs multiple on the first and second, double on the third to fifth
segments; comb of the eighth segment of fifteen to eighteen scales
in a triangular patch. Air-tube three times as long as wide; pecten
reaching beyond the middle. the last three teeth detached; tuft multi-
ple, located basad of the last tooth of pecten. Anal segment wider
than long, ringed by the dorsal plate; dorsal brush a long hair and
tuft each side; ventral brush large, enclosed by the plate. Anal
gills longer than the segment.
Aedes alpimts is restricted to the arctic regions of North
America and Europe where it frequently occurs in immense
numbers.
AEDES CAMPESTRIS Dyar and Knab
Aedes campestris Dyar and Knab, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot. 15, 213.
1907.
Aedes callitlzotrp Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 8, 16. 1920.
Female. Length 6 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis black, inter-
mingled with white scales on basal half. Occiput black, with yellow-
ish scales ; cheek with broader flat whitish scales; erect forked scales
numerous on the vertex and nape, yellowish-brown in the center,
black at the sides. Mesonotum with very narrow curved scales, a
broad median stripe, a short posterior lateral stripe and lateral mar-
gins bronzy-brown, the rest yellowish. Abdomen clothed dorsally
with white and black scales, the black scales being restricted to small
paired lateral patches on each segment. Venter clothed with white
scales, a few black ones on the median line. Legs slender ; femora
and tibiae clothed with yellowish-white scales iritermixed with a few

148 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
black scales; first tarsal segments with black and whitish scales
evenly intermixed; second to fourth hind tarsal segments black with
narrow basal and apical white rings, the fifth almost entirely yel-
lowish; fore tarsi with the last three segments black, the second
with a narrow basal white ring; mid tarsi with the last two segments
black, the second and third with narrow basal and apical white spots.
Wings with black and white scales, the white ones predominating.
Male hypopygiunz. (Fig. 3, Pl. XIV.) Side-pieces nearly three
times as long as wide; apical lobe small, rounded, and bears stout,
long setae; basal lobe convex, rounded, densely setose, a long hooked
spine on the outer basal margin and several straight spines nearby,
smaller but nearly as long. Clasper long, medianly expanded. Clas-
pette with stout, curving, cylindrical stem, setose, with several larger
sub-apical setae ; filament short, ligulate, slightly expanded at the mid-
dle. Mesosome short, cylindrical, narrowed apically, widely open
along the ventral side, closed on the dorsum and at the base. Lobes
of the ninth tergite very short, heavily chitinized, and each bears
five to seven short, stout spines.
Larva. Head rounded, about as broad as long; upper head hairs
in threes, lower single and large. Antenna spinose, the tuft at the
middle. Lateral comb of the eighth segment a patch of many scales.
Air-tube about three times as long as wide, conically tapered, pecten
reaching somewhat beyond the middle, the last tooth stouter and a
little more distantly placed than the others, followed by a four-
haired tuft. Anal segment with the dorsal plate reaching about the
middle of the side. Ventral brush large with small tufts preceding
the barred area. Anal gills small.
The distribution of this species is not well known. It oc-
curs from Minnesota west to Washington and north to Hucl-
son Bay and Yukon Territory. Very little is known of its
habits or biology. The females bite by day or night whenever
one invades their haunts.
AEDES NIGROMACULISLUDLOW
Grabhamia ~zigromaczdis Ludlow, Geo. Wash. Univ. Bull. 5,
85, 1907.
Gmbhanzia grisea Ludlow, Can. Ent. 39, 130. 1907.
Female. Length 5.5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis long, black,
with a narrow ring of white near the middle. Occiput brown with

CULICINI 149
pale yellow scales medianly, brown at the sides; broad, flat, yellowish
scales on the cheeks; numerous, erect, yellowish scales on vertex and
nape. Mesonotum black, a broad median stripe of bronzy-brown
scales almost reaching the antescutellar space ; sides yellowish scaled,
with brown scales on the margin especially at the anterior end.
Abdomen white scaled with quadrate black patches at the sides of
the segments (the white scales may be reduced to a narrow median
line and basal bands) ; venter pale scaled. Wing scales black, inter-
mingled with white ones especially toward the costa. Femora and
tibia largely yellowish scaled with a sprinkling of black scales; tarsi
black with broad basal white bands, the white on the first joint being
very exterisive.
Male Izypopygiwn. (Fig. 4, Pl. XIV.) Side-pieces twice as long
as wide; apical lobe absent ; basal lobe a small flattened area with
numerous, rather short, stout setae. Clasper shorter than side-piece,
swollen medianly. Claspette with cylindrical stem, a strong seta
near outer end; filament narrow, as long as the stem. Tenth sternites
prominent, recurved, heavily chitinized. Mesosome conical, and
slightly chitinized. Tergites of the ninth segment roundel lobes bear-
ing a few short setae.
Larva. “Head rounded, scarcely bulging at the sides; antennae
moderate with a tuft near the middle. Head hairs single, anteanten-
nal tuft in three. Lateral comb of the eighth segment of about nine
scales in an open triangular patch, each scale with long central thorn.
Air-tube twice as long as wide, conical outwardly, the pecten reach-
ing three-fourths of the tube, the last three teeth stouter and widely
detached, followed near the tip of the tube by a minute tuft. Anal
segment wider than long, ringed by the plate, the ventral brush pos-
terior ; dorsal tuft a hair and brush on each side; lateral hair single,
small. Aria1 gills longer than the segment, pointed.” (Dyar, 1928.)
This species appears to be restricted to the more arid plains
of the west, extending from Louisiana and New Mexico north
to Alberta and Saskatchewan. Very little is known about the
species except that it breeds in rain pools and irrigation water
which at times may be strongly alkaline.
AEDES SPENCERII Theobald
Culex spenceri; Theobald, Mon. Culic. 2, 99. 1901.
Fewale. Length 4.5 mm.; wing 4 mm.
Occiput black with narrow yellowish scales
Proboscis long, black.
on vertex, broader flat

150 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
ones on cheeks; numerous erect narrow yellowish scales present.
Mesonotum black, a broad median stripe of bronzy-brown scales, the
sides whitish scaled except over the roots of wings, anterior margin
and about the antescutellar space, brownish. Abdomen largely whjtish
scaled, though the white scales are usually arranged more or less
in a median line with quadrate lateral black spots; venter pale scaled.
Femora, tibiae and first tarsal joints largely pale scaled, the remain-
ing tarsal joints black. Wing scales narrow, those of the first, third
and fifth veins black, the others white.
Male hypopygiztnz. (Fig. 5, PI. XIV.) Side-pieces more than
twice as long as wide; apical lobe prominent with numerous short,
retrorse setae ; basal lobe broadly expanded apically, narrowed at
base, with numerous short setae and a large curving spine on the
dorsal edge. Clasper shorter than the side-piece, expanded medianly.
Claspette with long curving stem, with two setae before apex; fila-
ment shorter than stem, sickle-shaped. Mesosome cylindrical, con-
stricted toward apical half, not heavily chitinized. Lobes of the
ninth tergite long, each bearing five to seven stout spines.
Larva. “Head rounded, bulging on the sides; antennae rather
small, sparsely spinulated, a tuft near the middle. Head hairs single,
anteantennal tuft in four. Lateral ‘comb of the eighth segment of
about nine scales in an irregular partly doubled row. Air-tube about
two and a half times as long as wide, the pecten running to the mid-
dle, the last two teeth rather widely detached, followed by a small
tuft. Aria1 segment longer than wide, the dorsal plate reaching near
the ventral line, somewhat irregular on its edge; ventral brush pos-
terior, but with small tufts preceding the barred area; dorsal tuft a
long hair and brush on each side; lateral hair single, small. Anal
gills twice as long as the segment, pointed.” (Dyar, 1928.)
Aedes sjencerii occurs in the prairie region of Minnesota,
North Dakota, Montana north through the Canadian provinces.
It also breeds on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains.
According to Knab it is a strictly diurnal species biting during
the day. It is one of the great pests of the open prairies both
of man and animals.
AEDESCATAPHYLLAD~~~
Aedes cataphylla Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 4, 86. 1916.
Aedes prodotes Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 5, 118. 1917.

CULICINI 151
FenzaZe. Length 5.5 mm.; wing 4.5 to 5 mm. Proboscis dark
brown with a few white scales on the basal half. Occiput black with
many narrow white scales, a brown patch at the sides; cheeks with
flat white scales; nape with numerous erect brown forked scales.
Mesonotum black, with numerous golden brown scales, those at the
sides and around the antescutellar space whitish. Abdomen black,
with broad basal segmental white bands; venter white scaled with
median black spots and indications of lateral black spots. Legs black,
the femora and tibiae largely pale scaled especially on the under side,
the first and second tarsal segments with many pale scales; tarsi
without white bands. Wings black scaled, with white scales inter-
mingled on the costa and first and second longitudinal veins.
Male hypopygiunz. (Fig. 6, PI. XIV.) Side-pieces more than
twice as long as wide; apical lobe long, finger-like, with two short
spines on its dorsal face and a few short setae at the apex, a dense
group of long stout spines at its base; basal lobe somewhat conical,
rounded at the apex, with a single stout marginal spine and numer-
ous rather stout setae. Clasper long, nearly cylindrical. Claspette
with a long outwardly curving stem; filament sharply pointed, broadly
expanded before the middle. Mesosome cylindrical, somewhat taper-
ing to the apex, widely open along its ventral face, closed on the
dorsum and at the base. Lobes of the ninth tergite short, approxi-
mate, and each bears a row of stout short spines.
Larva. Length 8-9 mm. Head broader than long. Antenna
cylindrical, slightly tapering, minutely spined; tuft small, situated at
middle. Anteantennal tuft small and short. Both upper and lower
head hairs single. Abdominal lateral tufts double on the first to the
fourth, single on the fifth and sixth segments. Comb scales of the
eighth segment arranged in two irregular rows. Air-tube nearly
three times as long as wide, slightly tapering beyond hair tuft. Pec-
ten of evenly spaced teeth, and two to three detached teeth beyond
the hair tuft; tuft of several hairs situated just before the middle,
within the pecten. Anal segment longer than wide, not ringed by
the dorsal plate. Dorsal brush a long hair and a multiple tuft on
either side; ventral brush well developed with one or two small tufts
preceding the barred area.
This species occurs in the northern Rocky Mountains from
Colorado to Alaska. The larvae are said to breed in deep snow
pools, grassy meadow pools, and in forest pools. The winter
is probably passed in the egg stage.

152 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
AEDES ALDRICHI Dyar and Knab
Aedes aldrichi Dyar and Knab, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mm., 25, 57.
1908.
Fende. Length 4.5 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.
Occiput black, with narrow white scales, cheeks with broad flat white
scales; nape with numerous erect pale yellowish forked scales. Meson-
otum black, with very narrow curved white scales, a broad divided
median stripe and small subdorsal posterior stripes of bronzy-brown
scales. Abdomen black with narrow basal white segmental bands,
the bands widening laterally. Venter clothed with white scales. Legs
long, brownish black, the femora white scaled beneath, the tibiae
and first tarsal segment largely pale scaled within. Wings uniformly
clothed with brown scales.
Male hypopygiunz. (Fig. 1, PI. XV.) Side-pieces three times as
long as wide; apical lobe rounded, rather prominent, clothed with
few small, slightly retrorse setae; basal lobe large, slightly expanded
apicaly, clothed with numerous, short, stout setae and a broad curv-
ing spine arising at the basal cephalic margin. Clasper long, medianly
expanded, finely pilose. Claspette with stout, pilose, cylindrical stem,
somewhat constricted beyond the middle; at the point of constric-
tion arise two short setae; filament short, broadly expanded in the
middle. Mesosome a short sylinder, somewhat constricted at the
middle; open along the mid-ventral line, closed on the dorsum and
at the base. Lobes of the ninth tergite short, narrowly separated and
each bears four to five stout spines.
Larva. Length 8 mm. Head wider than long. Antenna slightly
tapering, indistinctly spined; tuft small, situated well before the mid-
dle. Head hairs usually in twos though the upper may be single.
Anteantennal tuft multiple. Abdominal lateral tufts double or triple
on the first segment, double on the second to sixth. The eighth seg-
ment bears a triangular patch of about 22 to 24 scales. Anal seg-
ment broader than long, not ringed by the dorsal plate though it
extends to near the mid-ventral line; dorsal brush a long hair and a
multiple tuft on each side; ventral brush well developed with two or
three small tufts preceding the barred area. Air-tube stout, from two
to two and one-half times as long as wide; pecten of closely set teeth,
extending to about the middle of the tube; tuft multiple situated just
beyond the pecten and at the middle of the air-tube.
This species occurs in the western United States and Canada,
being principally found in the river valleys of the Rocky Moun-
tain watershed both east and west. Hearle states that the win-

CULICINI
ter is passed in the egg stage in bottom lands subject to spring
or summer flooding. The larval period is about three weeks.
Mating takes place shortly after emergence and the eggs are
deposited about a month later. This is one of the most abun-
dant and annoying species in the river valleys of British Co-
lumbia. It is recorded as very blood thirsty, invading houses,
and attacking man and domestic animals.
AEDES THIBAULTI Dyar and Knab
Aedes tlzibnzdfi Dyar and Knab, Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash. 11, 174.
1910.
Female. Length 5.5-6 mm. ; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis black. Oc-
ciput black, a median stripe widening posteriorly on the nape, of
yellowish scales ; sides with broad, appressed dark scales; cheeks
and a narrow line along margins of the eyes, white scaled; long, nar-
row, erect, forked, brownish-yellow scales numerous on the occiput
and nape. Mesonotum black, a wide median stripe, broadening at
the middle of the mesonotum to include the whole dorsal surface,
of very small bronzy-black scales, the sides on the anterior half and
a very narrow line around the antescutellar space of yellowish to
golden scales. Abdomen black scaled with a bluish reflection; seg-
mental white bands lacking but with lateral, basal, triangular areas
of yellowish-white scales. Venter clothed with yellowish-white scales.
Legs black, the under surface of the femora to slightly beyond the
middle and tips white scaled. Wing scales black or brownish-black.
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 2, PI. XV.) Side-pieces more than
twice as long as wide; apical lobe short, rounded, nearly bare, with a
few short setae on the ventral face; basal lobe short, rounded, clothed
with numerous long, spine-like setae. Clasper long, medianly ex-
panded and clothed on the inner face with numerous short setae.
Claspette with stout, short, densely setiferous stem; filament inserted
before the apex of the stem, broadly expanded beyond the base with
a stout, blunt angulation before the middle and terminates in a sharply
recurved hook. Mesosome stout, sharply constricted before the apex,
narrowly open along the ventral face, closed on the dorsum and at
the base. Lobes of the ninth tergite short, narrow, approximate, and
each bears a group of stout spines.
Larva. Head rounded, slightly wider than long. Antenna broadly
curved, spined all over; a well developed tuft before the middle.
Upper and lower pairs of dorsal head hairs multiple; ante-antenna1
153

154 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
tuft multiple. Abdomen with lateral tufts, on segments one and
two multiple, on three, four, five and six double. Lateral comb
of the eighth segment of many scales in a patch. Anal segment
longer than wide, dorsal plate reaching near the ventral line; ven-
tral brush well developed with two or three small tufts before the
barred area; dorsal tuft of one multiple tuft and a long hair. Anal
gills about as long as segment, tapering, blunt at tip. Air-tube stout,
about three times as long as wide; pecten reaching almost to middle,
the teeth uniformly spaced, followed by a tuft of about six hairs.
Distribution. From Georgia to Arkansas, south to the Gulf
of Mexico. Although this species was, described by Dyar and
Knab in 1910, nothing was known of its, habits or life history
till Bradley discovered the larvae in a ground pool under a tree
at Mound, Louisiana, in May, 1924. He found the adults in
numbers resting in hollow trees and logs. The species is thought
to be single brooded.
AEDES DUPREEI Coquillett
Czrlc-zr dz~preei Coquillett, Can. Ent., 36, 10. 1904.
Female. “Proboscis moderate, dark brown. Occiput and pro-
thoracic lobes with dark brown scales, the former with a large area
of silvery scales at the vertex. Mesonotum dark brown, with broad
median silvery line the whole length. Abdomen black above with
lateral basal segmental triangular white spots; venter whitish, the
tips of the segments more or less blackish. Legs black with bronzy
reflections. Wing scales narrow, dark.” (Dyar, 1928.)
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 3, PI. XV.) Side-pieces over twice as
long as wide; apical lobe distinct, narrowly finger-shaped, with a few
fine setae; basal lobe long, expanded distally, densely setose on the
apical portion and a medium-sized spine on the cephalic margin.
Clasper long, medianly expanded. Claspette with a slender columnar
stem, finely setose; filament long, narrow, ending in a fine point.
Mesosome short, more or less cone-shaped, widely open on the ven-
tral side, closed on the dorsum and at the base. Lobes of the ninth
tergite small, narrow, and each bears four to five short spines.
Larva. “Head rounded, bulging at the sides; upper head hair
single, lower double, anteantennal tuft in three. Antennae rather
long, smooth, a single hair at the middle. Lateral comb of the eighth
segment of about seven scales in a straight row. Air-tube rather
long and slender, about five times as long as wide; pecten running

CULICINI 155
out one-third, followed by a large tuft. Anal segment ringed by the
plate, the ventral brush posterior; dorsal tuft a long hair and six-
haired brush on each side. Anal gills very long, over four times as
long as the segment, tapered, conspicuously tracheate.” (Dyar, 1928.)
Aedes dupreei is apparently a very local species. Dyar re-
cords it from New Jersey, Louisiana and Arkansas. I have
it from two places in New Jersey.
AEDES ATLANTICUS Dyar and Knab
Aedes atCau.ticus Dyar and Knab, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot. 14, 193.
1906.
Female. Length 4.5 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis slender, black-
ish-brown.. Palpi short, dark brown. Vertex dark brown, medianly
clothed with a band of white curving scales and erect white ones on
the nape; black scales on the sides with erect black ones behind these;
a patch of broad, flat white scales behind the eyes. Mesonotum dark
brown, densely clothed with narrow, curving brown scales except a
broad median stripe of silvery-white scales extending from anterior
margin to the scutellum. Abdomen bluish-black, the segments with
small lateral, basal, white triangular spots ; venter yellowish-white
scaled. Wing veins clothed with narrow brown scales. Legs black.
Male hypopygitm. (Fig. 4, Pl. XV.) Side-pieces over twice as
long as wide, tapered somewhat conically, rather stout; apical lobe
long, finger shaped, bearing a few short spines; basal lobe semi-
detached, large, broadly expanded towards its apex, bearing numer-
ous setae and a large stout spine near the middle of the outer mar-
gin. Clasper long, broad, sharply constricted near its apex. Clas-
pette with a stout, bent, pilose, cylindrical stem, broadly expanded at
the outer half and sharply constricted to the blunt apex; filament
somewhat expanded at the middle and ends in a blunt point. Meso-
some cylindrical short, stout, not heavily chitinized, open along the
ventral side but closed on the dorsal. Lobes of the ninth tergites,
stout, approximate and each bears five short spines.
Larva. (Fig. 4, PI. XXI.) Length 8 mm. Head distinctly
broader than long; antenna slender, with a few spines; tuft small,
short, situated at the middle; upper and lower head hairs single;
anteantennal tuft multiple. Lateral hairs of abdomen in twos on the
first and second segments, single on the third to the sixth. Eighth
segment with a comb of five or six large thorn-shaped scales in a
single row. Anal segment longer than wide, ringed by the heavily

156 MOSQUITOES OF iYORTH AMERICA
chitinized plate; dorsal brush a long hair and a stout tuft on each
side; ventral brush well developed, confined to the barred area be-
hind the dorsal plate. Air-tube stout, slightly tapering beyond the
middle, nearly twice as long as wide; pecten extending to near the
middle of air-tube; tuft large, situated beyond the middle.
ana.
Aedes atlauzticxs occurs from southern New York to Louisi-
AEDES INFIRMATUS Dyar and Knab
Aedes infirmatus Dyar and Knab, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Sot. 14,
197. 1906.
Female. Length 4.5 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender,
brown. Occiput brown with silvery scales in the middle, brown ones
on the sides and numerous erect, narrow scales on the nape. Mesono-
turn reddish-brown, a broad median patch of silvery scales extending
back to just beyond the middle, brown on the sides and posterior
half. Abdomen black, with lateral, segmental spots, white; venter
white scaled. Legs brown, the femora yellowish beneath. Wing
scales very narrow, dark.
Male hypopygiuwa. (Fig. 5, Pl. XV.) Side-pieces three times
as long as wide; apical lobe rounded, not prominent and with few
setae; basal lobe sharply conical clothed with short setae and a long,
stout, curving spine on the outer margin. Clasper slightly expanded
medianly. Claspette with a long, curving, cylindrical stem; filament
broadly expanded at middle with a retrorse branch bearing one or two
smaller ones, apex sharply pointed. Mesosome cylindrical, gradually
narrowing to the apex; widely open on the ventral side, closed on
the dorsum and at the base. Lobes of the ninth tergite short, ap-
proximate, and each bears a series of rather stout spines.
Larva. “Head rounded, bulging at the sides; antennae rather
long, slender sparsely spicular. Head hairs single, anteantennal tuft
multiple. Lateral comb of the eighth segment of rather numerous
scales in an irregular double row. Air-tube nearly three times as long
as wide, the pecten running a little beyond the middle, followed by a
hair-tuft. Anal segment rather longer than wide, ringed by the
plate, the ventral brush posterior. Dorsal tuft a long hair and brush
on each side; lateral hair single, small. Anal gills longer than the
segment, pointed.” (Dyar, 1928.)
Aedes infirwmtus is recorded from Georgia, North Carolina,
Florida, Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas.
It breeds in tem-
porary rain po,ols, especially those under palmettos.
The

CULICINI 157
adults are blood thirsty but rarely leave the shaded woods.
Beyer records them as driving cattle from woodlands by their
attacks.
AEDES TORMENTOR Dyar and Knab
Aedes tormentor Dyar and Knab, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 14,
191. 1906.
Female. Proboscis slender, brown. Occiput brown, a median
line of silvery scales, brown at the sides and yellowish-white on the
cheeks; nape and sides with erect, forked, brown scales. Mesonotum
brown, a median broad stripe of silvery white scales, the rest with
golden brown scales. Abdomen black with lateral white spots; venter
yellowish-white scaled. Legs brown with bronzy reflections. Wing
scales narrow, dark.
MaEe hypopygium. “Side-piece long, narrow, rounded at tip;
apical lobe narrow, projecting, with only a few small setae; basal
lobe slender, finger-shaped, with few but rather long setae only near
the tip; spine near base of the lobe on a short stem. Claspette with
long, slender, flexuous stem; filament short, rather stout, lined.
Clasper long, narrowed at base and tip, with long terminal spine.
Tenth sternites slender, chitinized and infuscated at tip, rounded.
Ninth tergites small, longer than wide, with about five short coarse
setae irregularly distributed.” (Dyar, 1928.)
Larva. “Head rounded, bulging on the sides; head hairs single,
anteantennal tuft multiple. Antennae rather long, spinulated, a tuft
at middle. Lateral comb of the eighth segment of about nine scales
in a straight row. Air-tube about two and a half times as long as
wide, the pecten reaching three-fourths the length of the tube, in-
closing a small four-haired tuft. Anal segment ringed by the plate,
the brush posterior ; dorsal tuft a long hair and brush on each side;
lateral hair single, small. Anal gills rather longer than the segment,
tapered.” (Dyar, 1928.)
Aedes tormentor is distributed from Florida to Arkansas.
It can be separated from A. a.tZmticu.s only in the larval stage,
and in the adult by a study of the male hypopygium. Very
little is known about the species or its habtits.
AEDES MITCHELLZE Dyar
Culex nzitchellae Dyar, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 13, 74. 1905.
FernaLe. Length 3.5 mm. ; wing 3 mm. Proboscis slender, black,
with a broad white ring at the middle. Occiput with silvery scales

158 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
in the middle, narrowly brown at the sides, the cheeks with broad,
flat, pale scales; numerous, erect, narrow white scales present.
Mesonotum black, bronzy-brown scaled at the sides, the broad cen-
tral area with golden-yellow scales (there is frequently a blending
of these scales.) Abdomen black, segmental basal bands and a nar-
row median line white; venter white variously intermingled with
black scales. Wing scales narrow, brown to black. Legs black, the
femora and tibiae sprinkled with white scales; tarsi with prominent
basal bands of white, the last joint of the hind legs entirely white.
Male hypopygiu?lz. “Side-piece large, slightly conical at tip ;
basal lobe a slightly elevated circular area of rather long hairs from
distinct tubercles. Claspette stem moderate, straight ; filament longer
than the stem, rather broadly sickle-shaped. Clasper distinctly swol-
len on the basal two-thirds, with long terminal spine. Tenth sternites
with thickened margin and tip, the terminal tooth laterally directed.
Ninth tergites small, with about five spines, the outermost seta-form.”
(Dyar, 1928.)
Larva. “Head rounded, bulging at sides; head hairs single, ante-
antenna1 tuft in six. Antennae rather long, spined, with a tuft near
the middle. Lateral comb of the eighth segment of rather many
scales in an irregular double row. Air-tube about four times as long
as wide, only slightly tapering outwardly, the pecten not reaching the
middle, followed by a seven-haired tuft. Anal segment longer than
wide, ringed by the plate, ventral brush posterior. Dorsal tuft
a long hair and brush on each side; lateral hair single, small. Anal
gills about as long as the segment, pointed.” (Dyar, 1928.)
This species is recorded from southern Georgia, Alabama,
Louisiana and Texas. I have a number collected in the Oke-
fenokee Swamp in June. Very little is known about the spe-
cies.
NOTES ON Aedes SPECIES NOT INCLUDED HERE
The following species of Aedes are not described because
they are rare, some known by only a few specimens, and some
of them are of doubtful validity. A. allevti Turner (probably
only a variety of A. triseriatus) ; A. cacmothius Dyar (known
from female only, probably A. communis) ; A. cycZocercl&s
Dyar (of doubtful validity) ; A. go&zus Dyar (known from
female only, doubtful species) ; A. grossbecki Dyar and Knab
(a rare species,, I have taken only one specimen) ; A. lzexo~o~

CULICINI 159
tz~ Dyar (of doubtful validity, probably only a variety of A.
pwctor) ; A. idahoensis Theo. ( ? a variety of A. spencerii) ;
A. ivzcrepitzu Dyar (probably only A. stimz~,Zam or mere var-
iety of it) ; A. labmdoriemis Dyar and Shannon (known from
female only and of doubtful validity) ; A. Zeulconotips Dyar (a
rare species found along coast of British Columbia and
Alaska) ; A. niphadopsis Dyar and Knab (probably a variety
of A. iwzpiger); A. pacificensis Hearle (probably a variety of
A. captaphylla) ; A. pearyi Dyar and Shannon (probably A.
c809+z~1zz4&s) ; A. pionips Dyar (a rare species of the forested
Canadian zone) ; A. prolixzls Dyar (probably A. COXWMMZ~S) ;
A. pzwctodes Dyar (undoubtedly only A. puwctor); A. thekter
Dyar (known only from the Rio Grande Valley, Texas) ; A.
nzzteZCeri Dyar (probably only A. triseriatus) ; A. xoosophz~s
Dyar (known only from the female, of doubtful validity), A.
zre%trorLGt tis Dyar (fisheri Dyar) from high mountains of Wash-
ington and California (larva mentioned in key).
GENUS CULEX LINNAEUSl
Cztlex Linnaeus Syst. Nat. 10,602. 1758.
The genus C&x may be characterized as follows: Pulvilli pres-
ent ; eyes almost contiguous or even touching above the antennae;
spiracular and post spiracular bristles absent ; usually only one (rarely
two or three) lower mesepimeral bristles ; scutellum trilobate.
Abdomen of the female truncate, blunt, the cerci short and incon-
spicuous ; female claws simple. Palpi of male, when long, always
slender with the last two joints upturned. Hypopygium of the male
without claspettes or basal lobes, the apical lobes present and bearing
modified bristles; mesosome a paired structure with, usually, numer-
ous processes, tenth sternite ending in a short tuft or comb of short
spines. In the larva the air tube is usually long and generally with
numerous hair tufts or single hairs; dorsal plate of the anal seg-
ment forming a complete ring. Head hairs generally never single
and never placed one in front of the other. antenna1 tuft multiple
and usually placed beyond the middle.
The genus Czllex has been broken up into numerous genera
based, for the most part, on very trivial characters. Thirty-two
or more generic synonyms are indicated though a few of these
1 The genus C&x has some thirty to thirty-five synonyms. It
seems useless to list them here. Consult Dyar (1928).

160 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
have been proposed as sub-genera. At the present time a com-
paratively small number of sub-genera are recognized and
these are based primarily on secondary sexual characters in
the male, i.e. modifications found in the hypopygium. It is
impossible to recognize these sub-genera in the females with
any degree of certainty.
KEYS TO SPECIES OF CULEX
Ad&s
1. ProboscisS ringed with white scales. ............ tarsalis
Proboscis not ringed with white. ................. 2
2. Abdominal segments transversely white banded api-
tally .................................... apicalis ’
Abdominal segments with basal white bands or none. . 3
3. Recumbent scales of the occiput narrowly curved or
lanceolate ................................... 4
At least some or all of the recumbent scales of the occi-
put broad and subtruncate ..................... 7
4. Abdominal segments without basal white bands. .....
.....................................
salinarius
1
erraticus ’
Abdominal segments with basal white bands ........ 5
5. Basal white band of the second abdominal segment usu-
ally not triangularly produced medianly. ..... territam
Basal white band of the second abdominal segment usu-
ally triangularly produced medianly ............ 6
6. Abdominal transverse white bands joined to the lateral
white spots ............................. .pipiens
Abdominal transverse white bands not joined to the lat-
eral white spots .................. q&tiqwfasciatus
7. Mesonotum with four lines of golden yellow scales,
terminating on the disc .................. inhibitator
Mesonotum not so marked ...................... 8
8. Vertex with a central, triangular area of narrow,
curved, bronzy-brown scales ............... peccator

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ted before the apex by a narrow chitinous bridge. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . apicalis /c ?
Lateral plates of the mesosome with processes , . . . . . 2
Apical
Apical
Apical
Apical
CULICINI
Vertex not as above ; all the recumbent scales flat. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @osus ”
Males
Lateral plates of the mesosome without processes, uni-
lobe branched ........................... 3
lobe unbranched ......................... 5
lobe with three branches ..............
.piCosz~~ ‘-
lobe with two branches ................... 4
Eighth segment deeply cleft on the lower surface. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . peccator “‘.I
Eighth segment not cleft on the lower surface. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iwhibitator “‘.
Apical lobe with five or s,ix appendages . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Apical lobe with at least eight appendages . . . . . . . . 8
Mesosome without median or lateral processes, con-
sisting of two recurved plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . territazzs JL--
Mesosome with median and lateral processes . . . . . . . . 7
Tenth sternites, heavily chitinized, each terminating in
a large, rounded knob, crowned with blunt and point-
ed spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tarsalis ’
Tenth sternites slightly chitinized, sharply pointed, and
bearing only pointed spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . salivtarius - ’
Median process of mesosome expanded leaf-like dis-
tally; without a blunt, tubular process. . quinquefasciatzu ‘-‘--
Median process of mesosome long and curved but not
expanded distally; with a blunt, tubular process, . . .
,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipiens .
L.arzae
A stalked, ovoid tracheal gill at the base of each an-
tenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fdosm ‘7’ ’
No such tracheal gill present. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
161

162
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
Antenna with the tuft at or before the middle; air-
tube with a pair of tufts far beyond the pecten and
scattered single hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . territans ‘~
Antenna with the tuft well beyond the middle ; air-tube
with several tufts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Both upper and lower head hairs not multiple. . . . . . 4
Both pairs of head hairs multiple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Upper head hairs multiple, lower long and single. . . .
inhibitator
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
peccator
” ‘-
i”
Both pairs of head hairs long and single). . . . . . . . apicalis ‘* -2
Air-tube long and slender, 7 x 1, klightly expanded be-
$G-theY@E I. . ._ :-. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .- I I salinarizls ’
Air-tube not over 5 x 1, uniformly tapering towards
the apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Air-tube with five pairs of tufts, none displaced or out
of line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tarsalis ‘sf
Air-tube usually with only four pairs of tufts, the next
to the last tuft more dorsal and out of line . . . . . . . . 7
Sub-dorsal hairs of the third and fourth abdominal seg-
ments double . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .pipiens
Sub-dorsal hairs of the third and fourth abdominal seg-
ments single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . quinquefasciatus
CULEX APICALIS Adams2
Culex apicalis Adams, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 2, 26. 1903.
C&X sergelzti Theobald, Mon. Culic., 3, 218. 1903.
2 This species has long been known in literature as territans Wal-
ker (1856). C. territajzs Walker is another species identical with
restuaw Theobald (1901). This species was described by Adams
(1903) as apical& and as saxatilis by Grossback (1905). Owing to
the doubt that apicah Adams was antedated by apicalis Theobald
(1903), Dyar (1917) referred this species to saxatilis Grossbeck.
Theobald (1910) changed his apicalti to neoapicalis. Dyar (1920)
considered testaceus Van der Wulp (1867) was the correct name but
Edwards (1925) shows that C. testaceus Van der Wulp is a synonym
of T. perturbans Walk.

CULICINI 163
Culex saxatilis Grossbeck, Can. Ent., 37, 360. 1905.
Cz&x frickii Ludlow, Can. Ent. 38, 132. 1906.
Culex pyrenaNiczls Brolemann, Ann. Ent. Sot., France, 87, 427.
1919.
Fe.maZe. Length 3.5 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis slender, brown.
Occiput brown, clothed with narrow, curved white scales, some broad
flat scales on the cheeks; erect, forked, brown to black scales numer-
ous on vertex and nape. Mesonotum brown, with two narrow, im-
pressed paler lines ; vestiture of narrow, curved, light brown scales,
paler along the margins and around the antescutellar space. Ab-
domen with black scales having a faint bluish reflection and narrow
apical, segmental, whitish bands widening at the sides; venter whit-
ish scaled. Legs black; under surface of femora, tibiae and a nar-
row line on the first tarsal joint white scaled.
Male hypopygiunk (Fig. 5, Pl. XVI.) Side-pieces more than
twice as long as wide, somewhat tapering; apical lobes distinct, each
bearing seven appendages-two capitate rods, two slightly serrate
setae and three shorter, pointed setae. Clasper shorter than side-
piece, stout, expanded beyond the middle. Tenth sternites prominent,
longer than the mesosome, rather heavily chitinized, each terminat-
ing in a row of short, stout setae. Tenth tergites appear as thin
membranes almost meeting on the mid-dorsal line and slightly chitin-
ized along their median edges. Mesosome shorter than the tenth
segment, strongly chitinized, each half terminating in a serrated tip;
the distal half connected by a narrow bridge. Parameres rather
small and firmly attached to the base of mesosome; basal plates
prominent. Lobes of the ninth tergite not contiguous, short, with
numerous setae.
Larva. (Fig. 6, Pl. XXII.) Length 6-7 mm. Head large, some-
what quadrate, distinctly wider than long; antenna very large, cylin-
drical, constricted beyond the tuft, strongly spined all over; tuft very
large, situated at the outer third; upper and lower dorsal head hairs
single and long; anteantennal tuft multiple. In front of and between
the lower head hairs is a pair of small, fine hairs. Abdominal lateral
hairs of the first and second segments multiple, double on the third to
the sixth. Secondary hairs rather numerous and well developed.
Lateral comb of the eighth segment consists of numerous scales in
a triangular patch. Anal segment nearly twice as long as wide,
ringed by the plate; a small double or multiple hair on the posterior
margin of the plate. Anal gills rather short, as long as or slightly
longer than the anal segment. Air-tube long, cylindrical, somewhat

RIOSQCITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
widened at the base, gradually tapering, but expanding at the apex;
about seven times as long as wide. Pecten consists of 12-14 teeth
on the basal third of tube; four pairs of prominent hair tufts beyond
the pecten along the posterior margin; near the apex there is usually
a small extra pair of sub-apical tufts. The hair tufts on the air-tube
of this species shows rather marked variation and frequently five
pairs of tufts may be present.
This species is widely distributed throughout North Amer-
ica and Europe. The adults are most commonly found in
swampy areas, open grassmy meadow-lands, and rarely about
dwellings. The larvae occur in grassy pools, edges of ponds,
etc., and brood follows brood throughout the season. The adults
are not known to attack man though they are recorded as feed-
ing on cold-blooded animals as frogs. Though I have col-
lected hundreds of them and reared them, I have never suc-
ceeded in inducing one to bite me.
Crm~x PIPIENS Linnaeus 3
C&x pipkm Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 602. 1758.
Female. (Fig. 12.) Length 4.5 mm. ; wing 4 mm. Proboscis
slender, brown, darker toward tip. Occiput dark brown, with brown-
ish-white narrow curved scales, sides and ocular margins with some
flat white ones; nape with numerous erect, forked brown scales.
Mesonotum brown, with two narrow bare lines in front, elsewhere
uniformly clothed with narrow golden brown scales. Abdomen black
having a bluish and slight bronzy reflection; basal segmental bands
of white scales, wide at middle, narrowed at the sides where they
join triangular shaped white patches ; venter clothed with pale yel-
lowish scales. Legs long, slender, brown scaled with metallic re-
flections ; femora white scaled berieath.
Jlole lzypopygizrm. (Figs. 1 and 2, Pl. XVI.) Side-pieces more
than twice as long as wide, tapering to the apex; apical lobes prom-
inent; each bears eight appendages-beginning at distal end-a seta,
a leaf, a flattened seta, two setae and three rods. Clasper short,
slightly expanded at middle. Tenth sternites prominent, very com-
plicated in structure, each half ending distally in a crown of rather
stout spines and basally immediately beneath the tergite of the ninth
segment. The mesosome is a paired structure, each half with three
3 This species has about thirty synonyms but it would seem use-
less to list them here. Consult Dyar (1928).

CULICINI 165
prominent processes-the median process long band-like, and bent
outwardly at its tip across the tenth sternite; second process broad,
tubular appearing, oblique, trtmcate ; the third process pointed and
generally showing beneath the second. The parameres are large,
heavily chitinized, pointed structures fitting closely to the base of
the mesosome. The basal plates are large, elongated structures.
Lobes of the ninth tergite widely separated, bearing setae.
Larva. (Fig. 3, Pl. XXII.) Length 6-8 mm. Head rounded,
wider than long; antenna large, cylindrical, abruptly narrowed be-
yond tuft, spined all over; tuft large, situated at outer third; upper
and lower dorsal head hairs multiple. In front of the upper dorsal
head hairs and between the lower are a pair of fine hairs; antean-
tennal tuft multiple. Abdominal lateral hairs multiple on the first
and second segments, double on the third to the sixth segments;
sub-dorsal hairs double on the third to the sixth segments. Lateral
comb of eighth segment consists of numerous scales in a triangular
patch. Anal segment longer than wide, ringed by the plate; a single
hair on the posterior margin. Dorsal brush a long hair and a shorter
triple hair on either side; ventral brush well developed, confined by
the plate. Anal gills slightly longer than the segment, broad, tips
bluntly pointed. Air-tube gradually tapering to the apex, five times
as long as wide; pecten of about twelve teeth on the basal fourth;
usually four pairs of hair tufts beyond the pecten, the subapical one
more dorsad and out of line with the others.
This is the common house mosquito of eastern North Amer-
ica, Canada, the Pacific coast, Europe and southern South
America. Its range extends well into that of the tropical house
mosquito and its world wide distribution is difficult to determine
owing to the difficulty of separating the two species. It is
primarily a domestic species, breeding in rain barrels, cisterns,
tanks, catch basins, etc., about urban communities. In many
small cities this species has ahnost disappeared as the result
of better sanitary measures.
CULEX QUINQUEFAXIATLJS Say4
C&X quinquefasciatus Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 3, 10.
1823.
Culex fatigam Wiedemann, ALES. Zweifl. Ins. 1, 10. 1828.
This species has some twenty to twenty-five synonyms.
names in literature are the two listed above.
The com-

166 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
The description of the female of CuZex pipielzs Linn. applies
to this species (p. 164). The only differential character is found
in the basal bands of the abdominal segments. In pipiens the basal
bands are continuous with the lateral spots, while in qui~zqz~cfasciatus
the lateral spots are detached from the basal bands. Even this charac-
ter is fleeting and should be used with care. In the male, the
hypopygium is more diagnostic but there appears to be gradations
between the two more or less distinct types. These gradations are
found where the two species intermingle.
Hypopygiuna. (Fig. 1, PI. XVIa.) Side-pieces twice as long as
wide ; apical lobes short, quadrate; each bears eight appendages-be-
ginning at the apical margin, a seta, a leaf, a flattened rod, two setae,
and three rods of equal length) the apical rod not so stout as the other
two). Clasper stout at base, gradually tapering towards apex and
terminating in an apical spine. Tenth sternites prominent, each half
ending distally in a crown of rather fine setae. The mesosome is a
paired structure, each half with three processes-(l) the median
process broad, pointed, and extending far beyond the sternites; (2)
a pair of upright process uniformly tapering to their apices; (3)
a pair of small oblique processes usually seen behind the median pro-
cesses. The paramers are stout, fitting closely to the base of the
mesosome. The basal plates are long, curving structures, Lobes of
the ninth tergite widely separated, small, bearing setae.
Larva. The larva is practically identical with that of C&x
pipiens (p. 165). The only differentiating character is the sub-
dorsal hairs of the third and fourth abdominal segments-in pipiens
these are double, in quimpefasciatus single.
This is the house mosquito of the tropical and sub-tropical
regions of the world. The larvae breed by preference in arti-
ficial containers but it also occurs in grassy pools and various
types of ground pools far from habitations. Dyar states that
it occurs in North America to 39” north latitude.
CULEX TERRITANS Walker
Culex territam Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt., 1, 428. 1856.
Cz4Zex restuans Theobald, Mon. Culic., 2, 142. 1901.
CzlJex brehnzei Knab., Proc. Biol. Sot. Wash., 29, 161. 1916.
Fenzale. Length 4.5 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis long, slender,
brown scaled except for some white scales on the under side. Oc-

CULlCINI 167
ciqut dark brown, clothed medianly and along the eye margins with
narrow curved white scales, brown on the sides and a small patch of
broad flat scales on the cheeks ; nape and vertex with numerous, erect,
forked, black scales. Mesonotum reddish-brown with two impressed
bare median lines, with narrow, curved reddish-brown scales; small
patches of white scales along anterior margin, over roots of wings,
bordering antescutellar space and a pair of white spots on the disc.
Abdomen black with broad basal segmental bands of white scales,
usually the band of the second and oftentimes that of the third
not medianly produced ; eighth segment largely white scaled; venter
clothed with pale scales. Legs blackish-brown scaled ; lower surface
of femora and apices of tibiae white scaled.
Male hypopygizrnz. (Fig. 3, Pl. XVI.) Side pieces more than
twice as long as wide, tapering on the distal half; apical lobe prom-
inent, bearing six appendages-two long setae, a leaf, and three nar-
row flattened rods. Clasper short, gradually tapering distally. Tenth
sternites prominent, extending beyond the mesosome ; each sternite
terminates in a dense crown of stout spines. Mesosome strongly
chitinized, forming a broad truncated cone; the base broad and apex
with dorsal curving pointed processes; median process short and
blunt. On the ventral side, directly beneath the dorsal bridge there
is a pair of chitinized plates which almost meet in the median line.
Parameres stout, heavily chitinized, almost completely surrounding
the base of the mesosome. Basal plates long and prominent. Lobes
of the ninth tergite prominent and clothed with fine, rather long
setae.
Larva. (Fig. 5, Pl. XXII.) Length 7-8 mm. Head rounded,
wider than long; antenna cylindrical, slightly narrowed beyond tuft,
spined all over; tuft small, situated before the middle; upper and
lower dorsal head tufts multiple and large; in front of the head hairs
is a pair of small hairs, usually single or double; anteantennal tuft
multiple. Abdominal lateral hair-tufts double on the first and second
segments, single and long on the third to the sixth; secondary hairs
present, not numerous, a rather long single subdorsal hair on the
fourth, fifth and seventh segments. Lateral comb of eighth segment
consists of numerous scales in a triangular patch. Anal segment
slightly longer than broad, ringed by the plate; a single posterior
lateral hair; dorsal brush of two long hairs on either side; ventral
brush well developed, confined by the plate. Anal gills long, broad and
bluntly rounded at tips. Air-tube slender, somewhat fusiform, four
times as long as wide; pecten consists of 12-16 teeth situated on the
basal third; just beyond pecten is a pair of long hairs ; dorsad of

168 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
these and slightly distad
of short sub-apical tufts.
are four long hairs; near apex is a pair
This species is widely distributed throughout eastern North
America from the Gulf of Mexico into Southern Canada. Dr.
Dyar has recorded the capture of this species in California,
near the Nevada line. The larvae are found in woodland pools
with rotting leaves, watering troughs along roadsides, rain-
water barrels especially if there are decaying leaves present
and at times in rather dirty pools. In the northeastern states
it is an abundant and annoying mosquito frequently invading
houses. It is very difficult, except in the larvae and males, to
distinguish this species from the ordinary house mosquito, CU-
lex j?ipie+ks.
CULEX SALINARIUS COqUilktt
Cdex sahzarius Coquillett, Ent. News, 1.5, 73. 1904.
Female. Length 3.5 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.
Occiput brown with narrow, curved, golden brown scales, white
scales along the margins of the eyes and broad white flat ones on the
cheeks; vertex and nape with numerous erect, forked, brown scales.
Mesonotum reddish brown, with two dorsal, bare lines, the rest
clothed with very narrow, hair-like, golden brown scales. Abdomen
with black scales with rather brilliant blue reflections. Basal white
bands lacking or narrowly indicated on the anterior segments; venter
clothed with yellowish white scales. Legs, long, slender, entirely
black scaled, the scales having a bluish or bronzy luster; the lower
surface of femora is pale scaled.
Male hypopygiuna. (Fig. 4, Pl. XVI.) Side-pieces more than
twice as lorig as wide, tapering towards the apex; apical lobe prom-
inent, bearing two setae, a leaf-like appendage and three rods with
slightly hooked tips. Clasper short, somewhat constricted in the
middle, each ending in a short articulated spine. Tenth sternite
prominent, each half with a long, lateral recurved, basal arm and
terminating distally in a dense tuft of spines. Mesosome complicated,
each half with ventral, median and lateral processes and numerous
secondary processes between the median and lateral ones. Para-
meres inconspicuous and the basal plate indicated. Lobes of the
ninth tergite, widely separated, small, and each bears a row of
setae.

CULICINI 169
LUJ-ZU. Head subquadrate, large, slightly wider than long; an-
tenna large, curved outwardly, the part before the tuft much en-
larged; enlarged portion pale colored, spined all over ; apical third
small, darker colored with a few dark spines; tuft large, dense, of
many feathered hairs ; upper and lower dorsal head hairs multiple
and long ; anteantennal tuft multiple, long. Abdominal lateral hairs
multiple on the first and second segments, doubly on the third to
sixth; subdorsal hairs multiple on the third to seventh segments.
Lateral comb of eighth segment consists of numerous scales in a
large triangular patch. Anal segment about as long as wide, ringed
by the plate; a small two-haired tuft on the posterior margin of
plate; dorsal brush consists of two long hairs and a shorter multiple
hair on each side; veritral brush well developed, confined by the
plate. Anal gills short, pointed, about as long as the anal segment.
Air-tube slender, about seven times as long as wide, uniformly and
gradually tapering. Pecten consists of about 14 teeth on the basal
sixth of the tube; tufts, four pairs of short multiple hairs along pos-
terior side, the penultimate one out of line. All the hair tufts are
beyond the pecten.
This species is distributed in the eastern United States, from
New York to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Texas.
It breeds in marshy areas and is recorded from rain-barrels.
It is said to bite readily, entering houses and attacking during
the evening.
CULEX TARSALIS COqLlilktt
Czdex tarsalis Coquillett, Can. Ent. 28, 43. 1896.
C&X zwillistoni Giles, Handbook Gnats or Mosquitoes, 281.
1900.
C&x afiGs Adams, Kans. Univ. Bull., 20, 25. 1903.
C&X lzcbloggi Theobaldi, Can. Ent. 25, 211. 1903.
C~zlcx /WZLS Speiser, Insektenborse 21, 148. 1904.
Female. Leligth 4.5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black,
with a sharply outlined white ring just before the middle. Occiput
black, with narrow, curved, white scales on the middle and along eye
margins, the sides brown scaled; erect, forked scales numerous,
black on the sides, brown on middle. Mesonotum dark brown, with
narrow, curved, bronzy-brown scales, white scales along anterior
margin and sides to roots of wirigs; a small white spot each side of
disc from each of which extends a narrow, white line to near pos-

170 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
terior margin on mesonotum. Antescutellar space edged with white.
Abdomen black with broad segmental basal bands of yellowish white
scales; venter with yellowish scales, each segment with a V-shaped
marking of black scales, the apex of the V anteriorly. Wings with
brown scales intermixed with white on costa and subcosta. Legs
slender; femora black, tips white and a narrow white line on either
side; tibia black, base and apex white and a narrow white line on
either side; tarsi black, hind tarsi with apical and basal white bands
on all segments, mid tarsi similar except last segment brownish-black,
fore tarsi with last two segments brownish black.
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 2, Pl. XVIa.) Side-pieces somewhat
more than twice as long as wide; apical lobe prominent, triangular,
and bears usually five appendages-beginning at apical margin, a
seta, a narrow leaf, a seta and two rods. Clasper short, gradually
tapering from the base. Tenth sternites prominent, heavily chitinized,
each terminating in a large crown of short bristles, the outer bristles
blunt, the inner ones sharply pointed. Mesosome divided, each half
consisting of two median sword-like processes and an outer more
heavily chitinized part terminating in four stout teeth. Lobes of the
ninth segment remote, small, with a few short spines.
Larva. Length about 8 to 9 mm. Head wider than long; an-
tennae long, curved, the basal two-thirds spinose and enlarged, apical
third smooth, tapering, tuft multiple, situated beyond the middle;
anteantennal tuft and both upper and lower head tufts multiple. Ab-
dominal lateral hairs of the third to the sixth segment triple. Lateral
comb of the eighth segment of numerous scales arranged in a tri-
angular patch. Anal segment slightly longer than wide, ringed by
the plate; dorsal brush a long hair and a multiple tuft on each
side; ventral brush well developed, posterior to the anal plate. Air-
tube slender, long, a little more than four times as long as wide, uni-
formly tapering; pecten extending over basal third, of evenly spaced
teeth; tufts of five pairs, multiple, gradually decreasing in size to-
wards apex, none displaced or out of line.
The larvae inhabit almost every kind of ground pool, breed-
ing in great abundance in foul water, either in the open or in
shaded areas. This species is recorded as the dominant spe-
cies throughout the arid areas, of the west and is most wide-
spread in California, occurring up to elevations of 7,000 feet.
It is not recorded as a severe biter of man but is said to pre-
fer avian blood. Hearle (1926) states-“It is one of the most

CULICINI 171
painful biters and the numb pain and swelling which follow
probing lasts for hours; at dusk it is very active and makes
persistent efforts to enter dwellings in search of blood.” It is
distributed t,hroughout the western United States and Canada,
extending eastward beyond the Mississippi.
CULEX PILOSUS Dyar and Knab
Mochlostyrax pilosus Dyar and Knab, Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 14,
223. 1906.
Mochlostyrax cubensis Dyar and Knab (not Czllex cube&s
Bigot), Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 14, 223. 1906.
MochZostymx jloridanus Dyar and Knab, Proc. Biol. Sot.
Wash., 19, 171. 1906.
C&x agitator Dyar and Knab, Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot. 15, 100.
1907.
Culex deceptor Dyar and Knab, Smiths. Misc. Colls., Quart.
Iss., 52, 257. 1909.
CuZex redactor Dyar and Knab, Smiths. Misc. Colls., Quart.
Iss., 52, 257. 1909.
CuZex ignobilis Dyar and Knab, Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash., 11, 39.
1909.
CuZex mastigia Howard, Dyar and Knab, Mosq. No. and Cent.
Am. and W.I., 3, 426. 1915.
CztZex (Moclzlostyrax) curopinensis Bonne-Wepster and
Bonne, Ins. Ins. Mens., 7, 177. 1920.
Eenzale. Length 2.5 mm. ; wing 2.3 mm. Proboscis long, slender,
black with slight bronzy reflections. Palpi short, black, the tips yel-
lowish. Vertex clothed with numerous broad, flat, white and bronzy
scales, and many erect large, black, forked ones, Cheeks white scaled
and a row of white scales along margins of eyes. Mesonotum brown,
with numerous, small, curved, bronzy-brown scales and rows of stout
bristles. Abdomen dorsally with numerous broad, flat black scales
with a coppery or bluish reflection; lateral margins of segments with
basal, triangular white spots ; venter black scaled with broad basal
bands of white scales. Wings with brownish scales. Legs slender,
black with bluish and bronzy reflections. Femora pale beneath.

172 MOSQUITOES OF XORTH AMERICA
Hypopygium (Fig. 4, Pl. XVIa.) Side-pieces over twice as
long as wide, somewhat conically tapered at the tips, clothed with
numerous long and short hairs. Apical lobe large, three branched, the
outer branch broad at its apex and bears several filaments and small
spines ; each of the other branches with a single broad filament,
somewhat expanded before apex and terminating in a sharp point.
Clasper short, stout, constricted at middle, broadly expanded at apex,
the outer margin with a row of fine setae and the inner angle ter-
minating in a stout spine. Tenth sternites slender, heavily chitinized,
each terminating in an arched tip bearing a row of spines. Mesosome
complicated without characteristic features. Lobes of ,the ninth seg-
ment triangular and with few setae.
Larva. Head broad, transverse; antennae long, curved, spined
on the basal two-third, with a large tuft arising beyond the middle;
upper head hairs double, lower single; anteantennal tuft multiple.
At the base of each antenna, on the ventral side, there is a stalked,
ovoid, tracheal gill. Abdomen slender; lateral hairs in fives on first
segment, in threes on second, and twos on third to sixth. Lateral
comb of eighth segment of about fifteen scales in a curved row.
Air-tube three times as long as wide; pecten of long spines reaching
to basal two-fifths; eight long tufts on posterior margin, decreasing in
length to\ ards tip; an apical pair of recurved hooks. Anal segment
much longer than wide, ringed by the plate; dorsal tuft of two long
hairs and a short one on each side; ventral brush well developed,
confined to the barred area. Anal gills long, tapered to a blunt
point.
This species occurs in the Gulf States from Florida west.
It breeds in temporary rain pools though it has been taken in
permanent water with aquatic vegetation. The larvae are said
to lie on their backs on the bottom of pools, fastening them-
selves to various objects by means of their air-tubes. The fe-
males are not known to bite.
CULEX ERRATICUS Dyar and Knab
Mochlost~~~ ermtiws Dyar and Knab, Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 13,
26. 1905.
C&x abowzinator Dyar and Knab, Smith. Colls. Quart. Iss.,
52, 257. 1909.
Feunale. Length 3 mm. ; wing 2.5 mm. Proboscis slender, slightly
enlarged at tip, dark brown. Occiput brown with narrow, curved

CUWCINI 173
golden scales, black flat ones on the cheeks, the eye margined with
white scales. Mesonotum brown, with fine golden scales fairly evenly
distributed. Adbomen black without basal or apical white bands
(these bands may be indicated in some specimens). Legs dark
brown, with bluish or bronzy reflections in various lights; femora
pale beneath. Wing scales narrow, dark brown.
il4nle hypop~giZLI?z. “Side-piece much swollen, subglobular ; inner
division of the lobe long columnar, the inner limb reduced, shortly
divaricate from the middle of the arm, its appended filament seta-
form, the one at summit short, thick, with long T-shaped tip; outer
division stoutly columnar, with a strongly inserted filament with long
reflexed T-shaped tip, carrying two filaments to its base, a stout and
a slender filament in addition. Clasper stout, the snout occupying
more than the outer half, sharply enlarged after the constriction;
a long outer crest, before which is a stout horn; terminal horn long,
the spine hooked, not appendiculate. Tenth sternites very small,
crumpled, the dentition indistinct. Ninth tergites small, shortly
stemmed, bearing many setae. Mesosomal plate simple, small, con-
cavely furcate, the inner limb somewhat horn-like.” (Dyar, 1928.)
Larva. “Head transverse, rounded quadrate ; antennae large,
longer than head, a large tuft at outer third, the part beyond more
slender, terminal spines long. Lateral comb of the eighth segment
of about fifteen spiny scales in an irregular double row. Air-tube
straight and slightly tapered, about six times as long as wide, pecten
reaching one-third ; five tufts beyond, decreasing regularly in size,
the terminal one not half as long as the basal one; two small tufts
on lateral aspect. Body densely hairy. Anal segment longer than
wide, ringed by the plate, which is pilose; ventral brush posterior;
dorsal tuft a long hair, a long and a short hair on each side: lateral
tuft single, small. Anal gills very small, not more than half as long
as the width of the segment.” (Dyar, 1928.)
CULEXINHIBITATOR DyarandKnab
C&x idzibitator Dyar and Knab, Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 14, 216.
1906.
Cutex iwuestigat~or Dyar and Knab, Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 14, 216.
1906.
Czllex Zeprivlcei Dyar and Knab, Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 15, 202.
1907.
CzzZex egberti Dyar and Knab, Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 15, 214.
1907.

174 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
C&x trachycanzpa Dyar and Knab., Can. Ent., 41, 101. 1909.
CuIex peribleptus Dyar and Knab, Ins. Ins. Mens., 5, 181. 1917.
Cukx pose Dyar and Knab, Ins. Ins. Mens., 5, 182. 1917.
Culex ~zoorei Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 6, 108. 1918.
Culex degustator Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 9, 36. 1921.
Czhx borenquini Root, Amer. Jl. Hyg. 2, 400. 1922.
Female. Length 3.5 mm.; wing 3 mm. Proboscis long, slender,
black. Occiput black, with narrow, curved yellowish brown scales;
along the margins of the eyes and cheeks the scales are white; erect,
forked, black scales numerous. Mesonotum black, with numerous
bronzy-brown, curved scales, four lines of golden-yellow scales term-
inating on the disc, the lines on each side forming a patch at this
point. Abdomen black scaled, with narrow basal white bands, widen-
ing at the sides; venter largely white scaled. Wings with narrow,
black scales. Legs slender, black with bronzy reflections, the tips of
femora, tibiae, and the femora beneath whitish.
Male hypopygiunz. (Fig. 3, PI. XVIa.) Side-pieces over twice
as long as wide, stout, conically tapered towards apex. Apical lobe
divided into two branches, the outer branch with three rods, a fila-
ment, and a short, broad leaf, the inner branch forked and each fork
bearing a stout rod, expanded before the apex and ending in a
recurved tip. Clasper short, slightly constricted in the middle, with
two small terminal claws. Tenth sternites prominent, the apex of
each bearing a comb-like row of teeth. Mesosome heavily chitinized,
the basal portion connected by a bridge; each half terminates in a
stout recurved tooth, with a long lateral tooth just proximad. Lobes
of the ninth tergite prominent, approximate, oblique, and densely
setose.
Larva. “Head transverse, bulging at the sides; antennae long, a
tuft at outer third, the part beyond more slender, basal part spinu-
lated; head-hairs, upper small, in four to six, lower long, single, small
mid-hairs single, anteantennal tuft multiple. Body densely pilose,
though sometimes the pile is pale and obscure. Lateral comb of the
eighth segment of a number of spines in a rather small patch. Air-
tube six times as long as wide, pecten reaching one-third, followed by
six hair-tufts of approximately even length, the basal longest, but
the apical one is more than half its length; two small tufts laterally
on the tube. Anal segment longer than wide, ringed by the plate,
ventral brush posterior ; dorsal tuft a long hair and a long and a
short hair on each side. Anal gills small, tapered.” (Dyar, 1928.)

CULICI~I 17.5
Czt$/e.x i&biktor occurs in southern states, north in the Mis-
sissippi Valley, Mexico, Central America and north,ern South
America.
CULEX PECCATOR Dyar and Knab
Culex @cator Dyar and Knab, Smith. Misc. Colls., Quart.
Iss., 52, 256. 1909.
Culex krimimtor Dyar and Knab, do. 52, 2.57. 1909.
Fenzak. Length 3.5 mm, ; wing 3 mm. Proboscis slender, black.
Occiput black, clothed with curved, narrow bronzy-brown scales on
the nape and central area, flat blackish-brown scales on the remainder
except those on cheeks and margins of eyes, white; erect, forked,
black scales numerous. Mesonotum dark brown with narrow, curved,
dark bronzy-brown scales and stiff brown bristles. Abdomen clothed
with dark brown scales with a bluish reflection; a white median
patch on the second segment, and indication of basal bands on third
and fourth; a row of lateral, basal, segmental, white spots. Wings
with narrow brown scales. Legs long, slender, black, femora whitish
beneath.
Hypopygim (Fig. 5, Pl. XVIa.) Side-pieces as long as wide,
sub-pherical in outline, densely clothed with fine hairs on the lower
surface, longer hairs and scales on the lateral surfaces; apical lobe
two branched, the outer branch bearing a rod, two short spines and a
large irregularly shaped leaf-like appendage; the inner branch with
a stout apical rod with hooked tip, and a basal narrow rod with
hooked tip. Clasper short, stout, constricted near base, the apical
half quadrangular in outline, the outer margin hirsute, terminating
in a stout claw and spine. Tenth sternites stout at base and each
terminates in a bent tip with comb-like apex. Mesosome divided,
each half terminates in two stout teeth. Lobes of the ninth segment
triangular, approximate, setose, the outer margins with long, fine
hairs. Preceding segment deeply cleft and densely clothed with
hairs.
Larva. “Head broad and transverse, bulging on the sides, marked
with black in a large patch on the posterior angle and a smaller
patch before the antenna. Antennae large, slightly swollen on the
basal two-thirds, the apical third narrower, a large multiple tuft
at the notch; two terminal setae very long; basal two-thirds white,
stained with brown at the base, outer portion brown. The antennae
when projected forward are considerably longer than the head, dis-

176 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
tinctly spinose. Head hairs, upper a small tuft of about eight, fine
and short; lower long, single, stout; anteantennal tuft multiple,
coarse and feathered. Skin of the body distinctly pilose. Lateral
comb of the eighth segment of about fourteen scales in a double row,
becoming single below, the scale pointed, thorn-like, not feathered.
Air-tube straight, tapering toward base, about six times as long as
wide, glabrous; pecten of about twelve teeth on basal third of tube,
followed by five paired tufts in a straight line, multiple and diminish-
ing in length outwardly; tube slightly flared at the tip. Anal segment
longer than wide, pilose, ringed by the plate. Anal gills moderate
about as long as the segment.” (Dyar and Barret, 1918.)
Cukx peccator occurs in the southern states. It breeds in
small pools in marshy areas. Very little is known about the
habits of the adults or their breeding grounds.
CULEX STIGMATOSOMA Dyar
C&x stignaatosoma Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 32, 123.
1907.
C&x eumijq/letes Dyar and Knab, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 35,
61. 1908.
CzAex thriawzbus Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 9, 33. 1921.
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis black with a
white ring at the middle. Occiput black with pale brownish scales,
the sides with flat, whitish scales. Mesonotum brown, with bronzy-
brown scales more or less intermingled with white ones but forming
no definite pattern. Abdomen black with basal segmental white bands
widening at the sides; venter pale scaled with oval, median, black
spots. Legs black, tibiae and femora white tipped; tarsi with apical
and basal white rings, especially broad on the hind legs. Wing-
scales brown.
Male hyjopygiu+lt. Side-pieces twice as long as wide; apical lobe
with about six appendages-a seta, a leaf, and three rods. Mesosome
erect as in tarsalis. Tenth sternites stout with a crown of slender
spines, basal arm recurved to form a semicircle. Lobes of ninth
tergite small with a few small setae.
Larva. Head wider than long; antenna spined, tuft at the outer
third; upper and lower head hairs multiple. Lateral comb of eighth
segment of many scales in a triangular patch. Anal segment as long
as wide, ringed by the dorsal plate; anal gills as long as segment.

CULICINI 177
Air-tube five times as long as wide, pecten on the basal third; five
pairs of tufts, basal one within the pecten, sub-apical tuft somewhat
out of line and the last one a single hair.
This species occurs in Oregon, Utah and California, ex-
tending southward through Central America to South Amer-
ica. It breeds in more or less permanent water, being found
near the edges where there is a matting of grass or aquatic
plants. It is very closely allied to Czllex tarsalis.
GENUS THEOBALDIA
Theobaldia Neveu-Lemaire, C.R. Sot. Biol. 54, 1331. 1902.
CuZisetal Felt, Bull. 79, N.Y. State Mus., 391C. 1904.
CuZiceZZa Felt, Bull. 79, N.Y. State Mus. 391C. 1904.
Theobaldinella Blanchard, Les Moust., 390. 1905.
Pseudotheobaldia Theobald, Mon. Culic., 4, 150. 1907.
CZkacz/lra Howard, Dyar and Knab. Mosq. N. and Cent.
Amer. and W.I., 3, 452. 1915.
ACCotheobalZdia Brolemann, Ann. Sot. Ent. France, 88,90. 1919.
The genus TheobaZdia may be readily distinguished, at least
as far as our species are concerned, by the following adult
characters -( 1) the trilobate scutellum; (2) the postnotum
nude; (3) the second marginal cell over half as long as its
petiole ; (4) the presence of spiracular bristles ; (5) the pres-
ence of pronotal bristles (reduced to two or three bristles in
some species) ; (6) the absence of post-spiracular bristles,. The
larvae may be distinguished by the hairy mouth-brushes and
the one pair of hair tufts of the air-tube placed close to the
base between the pecten rows.
KEYS TO SPECIES OF THEOBALDIA
Adults
1. Tarsi with faint whitish rings at both ends of the
joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . morsitam ‘;‘a
Tarsal white rings, if present, basal; wings spotted. . 2
Tarsi without white rings; wings unspotted. . . . . . . . 4

178
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
Tarsi with very narrow white rings at the bases of some
of the joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .incidens .
Tarsi with broad white rings at the bases of some of
the joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Mid and hind fernora with white rings. . . . . . maccrackenac
Femora without white rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alaskaensis
Scales of the wings mixed, black or brown and white,
especially along the coastal margin . . . . . . . . , .inoruzata ’
Scales of the wings all black or brown, no white
scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Mesonotum entirely reddish-brown ; a small species. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . melanura
Mesonotum brown marked with yellowish lines or
spots,; a large species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . impatiens ’
Ma,les
Apical lobe absent. . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Apical lobe present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Lobes of the ninth tergite with short, broad spines. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inornata
Lobes of the ninth tergite with rather long, slender
setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Mesosome constricted in the middle and closed at the
apex on the dolrsal face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . morsitam
Mesosome not constricted in the middle and not closed
at the apex on the dorsal face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~~elanura 1” ’
Eighth segment with a long row of short spines on the
lower margin ; basal lobe very large with a single
weak spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inzpatiens -
Eighth segment with a small median clump of spines
(5 to 7) ; basal lobe small with two stout apical
spines and few setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .incidem ’ I
Eighth segment with only two or three spines at centre;
basal lobe with two or three spines and numerous
setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alaskaensis
‘-’ :

CULICINI 179
Larvae
1. Air-tube with a row of median tufts along the ventral
side beyond the pecten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wzelamtra “’ ’
Air-tube without a row of median tufts along the ven-
tral side beyond the pecten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Pecten of the air-tube produced into long hairs on the
outer half . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Pecten not produced into long hairs on the outer half. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . morsitans ‘1 ;
3. Both pairs of head hairs multiple (6), and of about
equal length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iwzpatiens -I ;
Lower head hairs of three or four long hairs; upper
multiple and shojrter than the lower head hairs . . hornata ‘-
THEOBALDIA MELANURA Coquillett
Cztlex melanzmts Coquillett, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 10, 193.
1902.
FewzaZe. Length 4 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis slender, black.
Occiput black, sparsely clothed with very narrow, pale scales, and
long, black, erect, forked scales; cheeks with broader, white, flat
scales. Mesonotum reddish-brown, with two narrow, longitudinal
bare lines, and a curving bare line each side of the antescutellar
space ; vestiture of numerous hair-like bronzy-orown to blask scales
and rows of black setae, the setae long and stout on the posterior
portion. Abdomen black, basal segmental yellowish white bands in-
dicated on some of the segments, widening on the sides to small
patches ; each segment with an apical row of coarse yellow hairs.
Wing scales all brown to black. Legs black.
Male hypopygiuw. (Fig. 1, PI. XVII.) Side-pieces twice as long
as wide, gradually tapering; apical lobe absent; basal lobe sharply
conical, setose, the apex bearing 4-5 stout, long spines. Clasper slen-
der, slightly enlarged at the base. Claspettes absent. Mesosome
stout, cylindrical, pointed at apex. The two lateral chitinous plates
form a somewhat conical cylinder, widely open on the venter and
open on the dorsum except near the apex where the plates come
close together, but do not fuse. At the base the plates fuse on the
dorsum. Lobes of ninth tergite, small, each with a group of long
setae.

380 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
Larva. Head large, sub-quadrate, sides straight; antenna long,
slender, curved, slightly narrowed beyond tuft, spined all over; tuft
large, multiple, at base of outer fourth; upper dorsal head hairs
multiple, lower pair single. Abdominal lateral hairs of the first and
second segments multiple, double on the third to the fifth, single
on the sixth. Lateral comb of eight segments consists of about 23
scales in a single row. Anal segment longer than wide, ringed by
the plate, a small tuft on the posterior lateral margin of the plate;
dorsal brush a long hair and a multiple tuft on either side; ventral
brush rather short, confined by the plate. Air-tube long, scarcely
tapered, about five times as long as wide. Pecten consists of 12-14
small teeth on the basal third; hair tufts arranged as follows : (1)
a pair of small multiple tufts at base of tube between the two rows of
pecten; (2) a median ventral row of 8 to 14 short multiple tufts
beginning between the rows of pecten and reaching the apex; (3)
a double row of 5 to 6 minute double hairs on the dorsal aspect of
tube.
This species occurs in the eastern United States from the
Gulf of Mexico to Canada. It is rare and local. It over-win-
ters as larvae under the ice. It breeds, in permanent water in
swamps but there is nothing known of its habits.
THEOBALDIA MORSITANS Theobald
C&x morsitans Theobald, Mon. Culic. 2, 8. 1901.
CuCex d’yari Coquillett, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot. 10, 192. 1902.
C&x brittoni Felt, Ent. News, 16, 79. 1905.
Female. Length 6 mm.; wing 6 mm. Proboscis long, slender,
black. Occiput dark brown, with narrow yellowish-white curved
scales, cheeks with broad flat scales; numerous, erect, very slender,
forked black scales on vertex and nape. Mesonotum brown, red-
dish-brown in two rather broad submedian bare stripes and two
shorter bare stripes each side of the antescutellar space; vestiture
of narrow, curving, bronzy-brown scales, except along median line,
around the antescutellar space, on sides of disk anteriorly, along
posterior bare stripes and over roots of wings, of coarser yellowish-
white scales. The bronzy-brown scales are frequently intermingled
with the yellowish white. Abdomen blackish brown, segments with
narrow basal bands of white scales; venter with dirty yellow scales
and numerous dark hairs. Wing scales all black. Legs blackish with

CULICINI 181
spots or ill defined rings on both ends of tarsal joints, except the
last, yellowish or yellowish white.
Male hypopygiwt. (Fig. 2, Pl. XVII; Fig. 1, Pl. XXV.) Side-
pieces stout, conical more than twice as long as wide; apical lobe
absent; basal lobe prominent, conical, clothed with setae and 4-5 stout
apical spines. Clasper long, gradually tapering. Claspettes absent.
Mesosome stout, not heavily chitinized, somewhat conical, constricted
in the middle, narrowly open along the median ventral line; open at
the base and closed for a short distance at the apex on the dorsal
side; a slightly chitinized, somewhat triangular plate on the lateral
surface extending from the apex to near the basal third. The tenth
segment is prominent, divided as usual into two halves and with well
developed sternites and tergites. The tergite is only slightly chiti-
nized. The lobes of the ninth tergite short, broad and each bears a
group of long setae.
Larva. (Fig. 1, PI. XXII.) Length 7-8 mm. Head much broader
than long; antemla large, heavily spined all over; tuft large, multiple:
situated at outer third. Upper pair of dorsal head hairs multiple,
lower pair double; antenatennal hair tuft large and multiple. Ab-
dominal lateral hair-tufts of first and second segments multiple, single
and long on the third to the sixth; a short double lateral on the
seventh. Lateral comb of eighth segment consists of numerous scales
in a large triangular patch. Anal segment nearly twice as long as
wide, completely ringed by the plate; a long hair arises from near the
posterior lateral border of the plate; dorsal brush consists of a long
hair with two short basal branches and a large tuft on either side;
ventral brush large, with seven small tufts preceding the barred area
to the base of the segment; the small tufts penetrate through small
holes along the ventral line of the plate. Anal gills slender, longer
than the segment. Air-tube six times as long as wide; pecten con-
sists of 6 to 9 teeth on the basal fourth of tube; tufts consist of
multiple hairs arising at the base of the air-tube between the pecten.
These hair tufts are placed rather close together and are easily over-
looked.
Theobaldia moy.sita.ns is distributed throughout the north-
ern United States, Canada and Europe. It breeds in spring
fed forest pools but I have found them only in special places-
in holes under old tree stumps (Fig. 7, PI. VII). Here I have
collected them regularly each year, but in no other place. There
is but one brood a year, the adults living till late in the season.

182 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
The adults do not bite, though I have offered them opportunities
time and again.
THEOBALDIA INORNATA Williston
C&x inomatus Williston, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ornith. and
Mam., N. Amer. Fauna No. 7,253. 1893.
Culex ~aynipemzi.s Felt, Bull. 79. N.Y. State Mus., 278. 1904.
Female. Length 6 mm.; wing 6 mm. Proboscis slender, with
dark brown and white scales intermixed. Occiput black, with narrow,
curved, yellowish-white scales, the nape and sides with numerous
narrow, erect, forked black scales; cheeks and eye margin with flat,
white scales. Mesonotum brown, with two very short narrow anterior
bare areas, and a curving lateral posterior bare stripe each side of
the antescutellar space ; vestiture of narrow, curved, golden brown
scales intermixed with pale yellowish scales,-the pale scales most
abundant on anterior margin, over roots of wings, antescutellar space
and forming narrow longitudinal lines on the disk. Abdomen brown-
ish-black with broad basal bands of yellowish-white scales widening
laterally to form rather irregular lateral stripes; eighth segment en-
tirely pale scaled; venter pale yellow scaled. Wing scales dark brown,
a few white scales on anterior veins. Legs with dark brown and
whitish scales intermixed, the tarsi appearing nearly black.
Male hypopygizim. (Fig. 3, Pl. XVII ; Figs. 2 and 3, Pl. XXV.)
Side-pieces stout, conical, scarcely twice as long as broad; apical lobe
absent; basal lobe prominent, conical, with several stout spines on
the apex and small setae on the sides. Clasper stout, gradually
tapering to apex. Claspettes absent. Mesosome elongate, broadened
at base, open along ventral and dorsal sides. Laterally each side is
supported by a heavy chitinous elongate plate, which terminates in a
thin chitinous filament, furcate at apex. Lobes of the ninth tergite
prominent, approximate, dome-like structures, each crowned with
numerous short, stout spines.
Larva. (Fig. 6, Pl. XXI.) Length 10 mm. Head wider than
long; antenna small, sparsely spined; tuft small, situated at the mid-
dle; upper and lower dorsal head hairs large and multiple ; between the
lower head hairs and in front of the dorsal head hairs are a pair of
small multiple hairs ; anteantennal hair tuft multiple. Abdominal
lateral hairs multiple on the first and second segment, double on the
third to sixth, single on the seventh; subdorsal tufts prominent on
the third to seventh segments. Subventral tufts long and prominent.

CULICINI 183
Lateral comb of the eighth segment consists of many scales in a
triangular patch. Anal segment slightly longer than wide, ringed
by the dorsal plate; a multiple (2-4 hairs) tuft near the posterior
margin of plate; dorsal brush a group of long hairs and a large
multiple tuft on either side; ventral brush well developed, two or three
small tufts preceding the barred area. Anal gills longer than the
segment, broad, rounded at the tips. Air-tube stout, gradually taper-
ing from near the base, nearly three times as long as wide. Pecten
consists of 10-12 stout teeth on the basal fifth, becoming long hairs
beyond and extending to near the apex of tube; hair tufts large
and prominent, arising near each other at the base of the tube between
the rows of pecten.
This species is found throughout the United States to South-
ern Canada. It breeds throughout the spring and summer in
permanent pools in rather dense forested areas. I found them
breeding in large numbers in permanent pools in dense second
growth forests near Douglas Lake, Michigan. About Ithaca
only single specimens have been taken and very few larvae.
The adults hibernate. The eggs are laid in rafts on the sur-
face of the water. They are said to seldom attack man though
the writer was frequently bitten by them while collecting in
northern Michigan.
THEOBALDIA IMPATIENS Walker
C&x iwspatiem Walker, List Dipt. British Mus. 1, 5. 1848.
C&x pifzgz& Walker, Lord’s Nat. in Vane. Is. and B.C. 2,
337. 1866.
C&x absorb&us Felt, Bul. 79, N.Y. State Mus., 318. 1904.
Fenzale. Length 4.5 to 6.5 mm.; wing 5-7 mm. Proboscis slen-
der, black. Occiput dark brown, sparsely clothed with narrow, curved,
yellowish-white scales, white along the eye margins; cheeks with
broad flat white scales; nape with numerous erect, forked, black
scales. Mesonotum brown, with bronzy-brown and yellowish scales,
the yellowish scales forming patches along the anterior margin, two
sublateral spots on the disk joined to the antescutellar space by fine
pale lines ; margins of antescutellar space of pale scales. The ar-
rangement of the brown and yellow scales often form complicated
patterns but the common one is indicated above. Abdomen black with

184 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
basal segmental broad white bands, the eighth segment entirely white
scaled; venter entirely pale scaled. Wing scales all brown, denser
at the base of radial sector and media, giving the appearance of
spots. Legs black, femora white tipped.
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 4, Pl. XVII.) Side-pieces stout, al-
most twice as long as wide; apical lobe prominent, strongly chitin-
ized, and densely clothed with hairs and two or three stouter, longer
ones which appear almost as spines; basal lobe large, expanded,
rounded apically, setose, with a stout hair at the apex. Claspers
stout, gradually tapering to apex. Claspettes absent. Mesosome
cylindrical, chitinized, gradually tapering to apex; narrowly open
along ventral side, widely open on the dorsum except just before
the apex where it is almost closed; at the base the chitinous por-
tions are united on the mid-dorsal line. Lobes of the ninth tergite
appear as narrow thickenings and each bears 6 or more thin, long
setae. The ventral caudal margin of the eighth segment is strongly
chitinized and bears on its median area a row of short, stout spines.
Larva. Head rounded, broader than long; antenna cylindrical,
narrowed beyond the tuft, spined all over with fine spines; tuft
multiple, large, situated a little before the middle; upper and lower
dorsal head hairs long and multiple; anteantennal tuft large. In
front of the upper dorsal head hairs and between the lower pair is
a pair of smaller, multiple tufts. Abdominal lateral hairs multiple
on the first to fifth segments, double on sixth, single on the seventh.
Lateral comb of the eighth segment consists of many scales in a tri-
angular patch. Anal segment wider than long, ringed by the plate;
dorsal brush a long multiple tuft and a large tuft each side; ventral
brush well developed, with small tufts preceding the barred area
nearly to the base; the small tufts penetrating the chitinous ring;
a two-haired lateral tuft near posterior border of plate. Anal gills
longer than the segment, broad, rounded at the tips. Air-tube stout,
gradually tapering on the outer half, slightly more than twice as long
as wide. Pecten of eight to nine teeth on the basal fourth, becoming
long hairs beyond and reaching near the apex of tube; tufts large,
multiple, arising close to base of tube between the rows of pecten.
This species occurs throughout the northern part of North
America from ocean to ocean. It is very rare in the Central
New York area. A single larva was taken at North Fairhaven
and another found at Ithaca. The females hibernate and lay
their eggs in triangular shaped rafts on the surface of the
water. The larvae inhabit dark, clear, woodland pools. The

CULICINI 18.5
adults are not persistent biters and are said to fly after sun-
set.
THEOBALDIA INCIDENS Thomson
C&x incidew Thomson, Kongl. Sven. Erg. Resa, 6, Dipt.,
443. 1868.
C&x particeps Adams, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. (2) 2, 26. 1903.
Female. Length 5-6.5 mm.; wing 5-6 mm. Proboscis long, slen-
der, brownish-black. Occiput black with brownish narrow scales
medianly, broad, flat white ones on the cheeks, and numerous erect,
forked black scales. Mesonotum dark brown with narrow bright
yellow scales arranged in obscure longitudinal narrow stripes or
spots. Abdomen black with basal segmental bands of whitish scales;
venter white scaled. Legs dark brown; femora and tibiae narrowly
tipped with white; some tarsal joints faintly marked with a basal
yellowish band, most distinct on the hind legs. Wing scales black,
aggregated into patches (at base and forks of second vein, at middle
and forks of fourth vein, upper fork of fifth and middle of sixth
veins) giving a spotted appearance to the wing.
Male hypopygium (Fig. 5, Pl. XVII.) Side-pieces more than
twice as long as wide, stout, rounded apically ; apical lobe small bear-
ing a narrowly ligulate, long spine and a group of setae; basal lobe
sharply conical, bearing two approximate, stout spines on the apex.
Clasper stout, gradually tapering. Claspettes absent. Mesosome
cylindrical, stout, consisting of two heavily chitinized halves, narrow-
ly open along the ventral median line, broadly open on the dorsum,
except near the tip. Lobes of the ninth tergite, short, chitinized;
each bears a row of rather long setae. The eighth segment bears a
group of 5-8 short, stout spines on its median ventral margin.
Larva. Length 9-10 mm. Head rounded, wider than long; an-
tenna not as long as the head, faintly spined, a multiple tuft at middle;
upper and lower head hairs multiple; anteantennal tuft multiple.
Abdominal lateral tufts multiple on first and second, double on the
third to sixth segments. Lateral comb of eighth segment a large
triangular patch of many scales. Anal segment wider than long,
ringed by the dorsal plate; dorsal brush a long tuft and a shorter
multiple tuft each side; ventral brush large with several tufts in
front of the barred area and these puncturing the dorsal plate. Air-
tube twice as long as wide; pecten with a few basal teeth followed
by long setae which reach the apical third; tuft multiple. at base be-
tween the pecten.

186 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
This species occurs west of the Rocky Mountains from
Alaska to Southern California. It breeds in all sorts of per-
manent pools and artificial containers. In its southern range,
breeding is continuous throughout the year wherever water is
available and is not frozen. In the north it hib,ernates as an
adult. The adults seem to prefer the blood of domestic ani-
mals to that of man.
THEOBALDIA ALASKENSIS Ludlow
Theobaldia a

CULICINI 187
GENUS PSOROPHORA
Psorophora Robineau-Desvoidy, Mem. Sot. Hist. Nat. Paris,
3, 412. 1827.
Janthinosowza Lynch Arribalzaga, Rev. Mus. de La Plata, 1,
374. 1891.
Conchyktes Howard, Mosquitoes, 155. 1901.
Grabhawzia Theobald, Mon. Culic., 3, 243. 1903.
Feltidia Dyar, Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash., 7, 47. 1905.
Ceratocystia Dyar and Knab, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 14, 178.
1906.
Lepidosia Coquillett, Science, n.s., 23, 314. 1906.
This genus may be separated from all our other genera by
the following,characters ; ( 1) the absence of setae on the post-
notum; (2) the trilobate condition of the scutellum ; (3) the
second marginal cell more than half as long as its petiole ; (4)
the presence of both spiracular and postspiracular bristles.
The larvae may be easily separated by the characters given in
the key, The species of this genus are found only in the
Americas and adjacent islands. They are found principally
in the tropics but a few species extend well into the temperate
regions. Of the eleven species recorded from North America
not a single one has been found in the Pacific Coast Region.
1.
2.
3.
KEYS TO SPECIES OF PSOROPHORA
Ad& ts
Mesonotum with smooth, nude areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Mesonotum uniformly scaled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tarsi with white rings at bases of joints; mesonotum
with a central yellow line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ciliata
Tarsi without white rings ; central line very narrow, of
dark scales and short setae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h,owardii ‘!
Claws of the female toothed; wings dark scaled, not
spotted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Claws of the female not toothed; wings often spotted
with black and white scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

188 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
4. All joints of hind tarsi black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cya,nescens
Last two joints and apex of third of hind tarsi, white. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f ostica ta
5. Wings uniformly marked with black and white scales,
no distinct spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cohwzbk
Wings with costa pale and three black spots b,eyond
the middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sigm$emis
Wings with a single white spot on costa . . . . . . . . discolor
Male hypo~ygiuwt
1. Claspette with a slender s,tern, terminating in a large
capitate head densely clothed with setae. . . . . . hozuardii
Claspette not as above described . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Clasper not strongly expanded medianly; a row of stout
setae on the outer half on the inner face. . . . . . ciliata
Clasper strongly expanded medianly; no setae on in-
ner face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Claspette with a stout stem; apex bears two distorted
appendages and setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . posticata
Claspette with a thin stem; apex without distorted ap-
pendages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Apex of claspette with five stout setae. . . . . . . . colztwzbi~
Apex of claspette with very fine setae . . . . . . . . cyanescem ’
Larvae
1. Antenna very large, swollen towards the apex ; upper
and lower head hairs single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . discolor
Antenna cylindrical; not swollen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Antenna much shorter than the head; both head hairs .
single, the upper very short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Antenna longer or as long as the head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Hairs of the pecten teeth long, six times as long as body
of tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ciZiata ’
Hairs of the pecten teeth shorter, about three times as
long as body of tooth . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .hlowardii ’

CULICINI 189
4. Upper and Lower head hairs multiple ........ colzcwzbiae “i’
Upper and lower head hairs double ......... .posticata ‘-‘z
Upper and lower head hairs single ................ 5
5. Spines , at apex of air-tube long and conspicuous. .....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cyanescens I’
Spines at apex of air-tube short and not easily seen. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . signipennis ’ ’ )
PSOROPHORA CILIATA Fabricius
CztCex cdiata Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 4, 401. 1794.
Czllex tizolestus Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot., 7. 1821.
Culex mbidus Robineau-Desvoidy, Mem. Sot. Nat. Hist. Paris,
3, 404. 1827.
Psorophora boscii Robineau-Desvoidy, bIem. Sot. Nat. Hist.
Paris, 3, 413. 1827.
Culex conterrevts Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt., 427. 1856.
Psorophora ctites Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 6, 26. 1918.
Female. Length 9 mm.; wing 7 mm. Proboscis yellowish-brown,
with short setae and numerous sub-erect black scales. Occiput yellow-
ish-brown, with white scales and short brown to black bristles, a
narrow longitudinal stripe nude. Mesonotum brown ; a longitudinal
median stripe of brilliant golden yellow curved scales, the stripe ex-
tending in some specimen almost across the antescutellar space to the
scutellum, in others barely half way; each side of the median stripe
is a bare stripe of equal width; narrowly bordering the bare stripes
on the outer margins is a line of golden yellow scales and limiting
these outwardly is a line of dense black, narrow, curved scales; be-
yond this is a large irregular area clothed with broad white scales;
each side of the antescutellar space with a broad bare stripe; humeri
bare; antescutellar space largely white scaled. Abdomen with numer-
ous whitish, yellowish and brown scales, the brown scales predominat-
ing on the sides; short brownish and yellowish setae numerous. Ven-
ter predominatingly white scaled. Legs stout, long; femora yellow-
ish, clothed for the greater part with small black and pale scales,
a prominent apical band of erect, long black scales; tibiae yellowish-
brown, with narrow basal rings of appressed yellow scales, beyond
with dense, erect, long black scales; hind tarsi with basal white rings,
the rest clothed with dense black scales, erect on the first and second

190 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
joints. Mid tarsi with the first joint largely white scaled, the apical
third black, the second and third with basal white rings, the last two
black; front tarsi similarly marked.
Male hypopygiunz. (Fig. 3, Pl. XVIII ; Figs. 4 and 5, Pl. XXV.)
Side-pieces twice as long as wide, slightly tapering, rounded apically ;
apical and basal lobes absent. Clasper stout, arcuate, convex me-
dianly, sharply angulated at outer fifth and ending in a very short,
stout articulated spine. The convexity is armed with short, stout,
setae. Claspette stout, curved, slightly enlarged apically, bearing a
row of setae on the basal half; a single recurved, lamellate appen-
dage arising before the tip and a dense tuft of hairs crowning the
apical part of the claspette. The mesosome appears as a narrow
heavily chitinized cone-like structure, broadly open on the venter,
closed on the dorsal side and open at the base; the apical portion is
supported by two narrow longitudinal chitinous strips with serrate
outer margins; just before the apex there is a broad angulate chitin-
ous expansion on either side, giving the apical portion an arrow-head
appearance. The lobes of the ninth tergite are widely separated,
very slightly chitinized and each bears a group of setae.
Larva. (Fig. 2, Pl. XXII.) Length 12 mm. Head quadrate,
longer than wide; antenna cylindrical, sparsely spined all over, a
single hair on the outer fourth; anteantennal tuft of a single hair
the shaft divided into three to five fine hairs; upper and lower head
hairs single, approximate, the upper one very short. Abdominal lat-
eral hairs double on the first to the fifth segments, single on the
sixth. Lateral comb of the eighth segment consists of a single row
of scales preceded by an area of minute flat scales. Anal segment
longer than wide, ringed by the dorsal plate; dorsal brush a long
hair and a multiple tuft on each side; ventral brush a series of short
multiple tufts extending nearly the whole length of the anal segment.
Anal gils over three times the length of the anal segment, gradually
tapering to a sharp point. Air-tube four times as long as wide,
slightly tapering beyond the middle; pecten reaching to the middle of
the tube; tuft a single hair arising beyond the pecten.
This species is widely distributed in the eastern United
States, east of the plains, from Mexico toI the Canadian bor-
der. It also occurs in parts of South America. It is not com-
mon in Central New York. The larvae live in temporary
ground puddles and are predacious feeding on the larvae of
other mosquitoes which breed in similar places. The larval

CULICINI 191
and pupal life is short. Hibernation takes place in the egg
stage. The females are vicious biters.
PSOROPHORA COLUMBIB Dyar and Knab
Janthinosowm texarcz~unz Dyar and Knab, Proc. Biol. Sot.
Wash., 19, 13.5. 1906.
Janthizzosowa coluwhiae Dyar and Knab, Proc. Biol. Sot.
Wash., 19, 135. 1906.
Janthinosonza florideme Dyar and Knab, Proc. Biol. Sot.
Wash., 19, 135. 1906.
Female. Length 6 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis slender, with
black scales on base and apex, the middle portion with yellowish-
white scales intermingled with a few black scales. Occiput black,
with narrow, curved, white scales and numerous, erect, black, forked
scales; sides with a black quadrate spot followed by broad flat white
scales on the cheeks. Mesonotum almost black, with burnished brown
and bluish scales; the bluish scales in patches on the anterior margin,
two discal spots behind small lateral depressions, apG surrounding
the antescutellar space. Abdomen with black an3 yellowish-white
scales, the yellowish-white scales forming a broad apical band on
the second segment, more or less broken, lateral spot3 on the other
segments ; lateral margins with continuous line of white scales; venter
with pale and black scales intermingled. Wings with black and white
scales intermixed, the black ones predominatiljg. Legs long, slender;
femora clothed with black and white scales intermixed, the proximal
half of the ventral surface almost entirely white, the apices and a
narrow ring before the apex white, * tibiae black with numerous small
white patches on the outer surface; tarsi black with basal white rings,
the first tarsal segment of all legs with a broad median white ring,
the last two segments of the front, and the last one of the middle tarsi
entirely black.
Male lz ypopygizim. (Fig. 2, Pl. XVIII.) Side-pieces not twice
as long as wide, the apex broadly expanded giving the appearance of
an apical lobe; apical and basal lobes absent. Clasper short, greatly
expanded in the middle, sharply constricted to the apex. Claspettes
with narrow ligulate stems, gradually expanded towards the apex;
apex broadened and bears five broad setae with finely divided tips.
Mesosome consists of two short similar chitinized sides, not connected
at base or along the dorsum or venter. Lobes of the ninth tergite
very large, widely separated and each bears numerous short setae.

192 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
Larzja. Length 10 mm. Head rounded, wider than long; an-
temia shorter than the length of the head, slightly tapering, spined
all over, a multiple tuft just beyond the middle; upper and lower
head hairs multiple; anteantennal tuft multiple. Abdomen robust with
comparatively few hairs and tufts; the lateral tufts of the first and
second segments multiple, double on the third to the fifth, and single
on the sixth. Lateral comb of the eighth segment of six scales in a
row. Anal segment longer than wide, ringed by the dorsal plate;
dorsal brush a long hair and a large multiple tuft on each side;
ventral brush well developed reaching the base of the anal segment,
Air-tube three times as long as wide, strongly inflated, tapering be-
yond the middle. Pecten of three to five teeth widely separated on
the basal half of the tube; tuft a small multiple hair on the outer
third.
This species occurs throughout the southern United States
west to Texas and north to Illinois and southern New York.
It also occurs in Cuba and the Bahamas.
b
L._ L- -
PSOROPHORA POSTICATA Wiedemann
Culex posticatz~s Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot. 1, 43. 1821.
Cw!ex ytzz~sicz~s Say, (not Leach) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
6, 149. 1827.
Janthisosonza echinata Grabham, Can. Ent., 38, 311. 1906.
Janti&osoma vndzalli Dyar and Knab, Proc. Biol. Sot. Wash.,
19, 134. 1906.
Janthinosoma terminalis Coquillett, U.S. Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser.
11, 8. 1906.
Jazztlhzosowa saJ!i Dyar and Knab, Jour. N-Y. Ent. Sot. 14.
181. 1906.
Jmtlzinosoma sayi Theobald, Mon. Culic., 4, 155. 1907.
Javztlzinosoma coqdlctti Theobald, Mon. Culic., 4, 153. 1907.
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis slender, brown-
ish-black. Occiput brown shading to yellowish-brown posteriorly,
the posterior half with erect, slender, forked, yellow scales and re-
cumbent, broad, yellowish-white scales ; the anterior half with a
few scattered whitish scales and brownish hairs. Mesonotum al-
most black, with broad yellowish-brown and whitish scales so blended

CULICINI
as to form no distinct pattern, the yellowish brown scales more abund-
ant on the disk. Abdomen dorsally with flat black scales with a
violet reflection, and a series of large lateral triangular yellowish-
white spots, their bases at the apices of the segments; venter clothed
with yellowish-white scales, the seventh largely dark scaled. Legs
long and slender; femora yellowish-white beneath to near the apex,
black scaled above with bluish violet lustre; apical third of tibiae
and first two tarsal joints of hind legs with numerous outstanding
scales; last two tarsal joints and sometimes the apex of the third of
the hind legs white.
Male Izypopygizinz. (Fig. 6, PI. XVII.) Side-pieces three times
as long as wide, about the same width throughout, the apex slightly
conical; apical and basal lobes lacking. Clasper long, small at base,
greatly expanded at the middle, contracted near apex and ends in a
recurved point bearing a short articulated spine. Claspette very long,
almost as long as the side-pieces, cylindrical, expanded apically ;
apex with two close-set recurving leaf-like filaments, and behind this
a dense mass of long hairs curved at their tips. Mesosome short,
cone-shaped, open on the venter, closed on the dorsum and at the
base. Lobes of the ninth tergite widely separated, only slightly chitin-
ized and each bears a group of short hairs.
Larva. Length S-10 mm. Head rounded, longer than wide; an-
tenna longer than the head, slightly swollen at the base, spined
all over; antenna1 tuft multiple, situated slightly before the middle;
upper and lower head hairs double; anteantennal tuft multiple. Ab-
dominal lateral tufts multiple on the first and second, double on the
third, and single on the fourth to sixth segments. Lateral comb of
the eighth segment a single row of six to seven scales. Anal seg-
ment longer than wide, ringed by the dorsal plate; dorsal brush a
long hair and a multiple tuft on each side; ventral brush well de-
veloped, extending along ventral line to near base. r!nal gills much
longer than the segment, each tapered to a sharp point. Air-tube
stout, strongly tapering, about three times as long as wide. Pecten
of three to four teeth on the basal fifth of tube. Hair tuft lacking.
The species is distributed from southern Canada, south
through the eastern United States, Mexico, Central America,
South America and into the West India Islands. The larvae
are found in transient rain puddles. The adults are severe
biters but are not known to invade houses.

194 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
PSOROPHORX CYMXUCENS Coquillett
Czllex cyamscem Coquillett, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 10, 137.
1902.
Female. Length 5.5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black
with bluish reflections. Occiput black, with yellowish-brown scales.
Mesonotum black rather evenly clothed with yellowish-brown scales,
those at the sides paler, almost gray. Abdomen purplish dorsally, with
apical segmental bands of golden yellow scales; venter yellowish
scaled. Legs black with violet reflections, the femora yellowish.
Wing scales brownish black.
Male lzypopygiunt. “Side-piece cylindrical, roundedly truncate at
tip, hairy. Cl aspette slender, cemented to the side-piece except at
base and tip ; tip triangularly expanded and with an inner arm; six
or seven flattened narrow filaments along the margin arising from
conical tubercles. Tenth sternites rather large, inner margin thick-
ened, tip with laterally projecting point. Clasper swollen mesially,
base and tip narrow, a terminal retrorse spine. Ninth tergites un-
developed. Mesosome a small basal cylinder.” (Dyar, 1928.)
Larva. “Head rounded, wider than long; antennae stout, long,
but not longer than the head, sinuate, a two-haired tuft near middle.
Head-hairs single ; anteantennal tuft in three. Lateral comb of the
eighth segment, of five scales on a weakly chitinized area, each scale
trifid, with long central tooth. Air-tube strongly inflated, three times
as long as basal width; a small pecten of four teeth at base of tube.
Two long terminal reflexed hairs. Anal segment longer than wide,
ringed by the plate; dorsal tuft a long hair and tuft on each side.
Ventral brush running the length of the segment. Anal gills slender,
longer than the segment, tapered.
This species is distributed iron1 the Gulf States south to
Argentina. It breeds in telnporary rain-pools.
PSOROPIIORA HOWARDII Coquillett
Psor.oplzora lzowardii Coquillett, Can. Ent. 33, 258. 1901.
Psoroplzora G4esccm Dyar and Knab, Proc. Biol. Sot.
Wash., 19, 133. 1906.
Female. Length 8 mm.; wing 5.5 mm. Proboscis slender, bluish
black. Occiput black with broad, flat white scales and setae. Meso-
notum brown and black, shining; a narrow median line of small

CULICIKI 195
blackish scales and bristles with a broad, bare stripe each side; be-
yorid this a very narrow line of similar scales, not reaching anterior
margin ; sides with a broad patch of flat, white scales; other parts
bare except a few white scales on antescutellar space. Abdomen
clothed with scales having a bright bluish lustre, the apices of seg-
ments with a narrow line of white scales; venter pale scaled. Femora
yellow scaled, the apices with upstanding black scales; tibiae with
short outstanding scales having a slight bluish reflection; tarsi largely
black scaled; the first two segments, especially on hind legs, with
narrow basal white rings. Wing scales narrow, brownish-black.
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 1, Pl. XVIII.) Side-piece stout, about
twice as long as wide; apical and basal lobes absent. Claspette with
stour stem and terminates in a large capitate head, densely clothed
with coarse setae. Clasper large, most irregular in shape, with a
large thick extension at middle, and terminating in a rounded apex
with a claw. Mesosome a stout cylinder, tapering at both ends, open
on venter and closed on the dorsum. Lobes of the ninth tergite small,
each bearing two stout spines.
Larva. “Head subquadrate, wider than long. Antennae small,
spinulated. Upper head-hair single, lower divided into three or four
beyond the middle. Lateral comb of the eighth segment of many
spines in a large patch, the posterior row of large spines, each with
long central spine and small spines on the corners. Air-tube four
times as long as wide, tapered outwardly; pecten of long teeth not
reaching the middle of the tube; a single long hair beyond. Anal
segment longer than wide, encircled by the plate, dorsal tuft a long
hair and short tuft on each side; lateral hair single, small ; ventral
brush of long tufts the length of the segment. A4nal gills longer than
the segment, slender, tapered.” (Dyar, 1928.)
P. hozcwdii occurs in the southern United States, Mexico
and some of the West Indian Islands. The larvae are found
in temporary rain-pools where they feed on other mosquito
larvae.
PSOROPHORA DISCOLOR Coquillett
C&x discolor Coquillett, Can. Ent. 35, 256. 1903.
Female. “Proboscis broadly pale yellowish in the middle, black-
ish at base and tip. Head and prothoracic lobes with hair-like pale
scales. Mesonotum with fine pale and brown scales, longitudinally
lined, forming narrow brown central line and broader lateral ones;
pleurae and coxae with few fine, pale scales. Abdomen blackish

196 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
dorsally, checkered with patches of pale scales, medio-dorsal and on
posterior angles, the pattern variable and often confused; venter with
pale and dark scales intermixed. Legs pale brownish, sparsely
clothed with blackish scales; femora with faint subapical pale ring;
tibiae speckled, dark at tips; tarsi white at base, black at tip, about
half and half. Wings with the scales in part narrowly elliptical; all
dark, but forming denser patches as follows : Base of third vein ; base
of forks of second and fourth veins; base of upper fork of fifth;
the third somewhat throughout its length, and tips of forks of fourth
and fifth; fringe all dark.” (Dyar, 1928.)
hIale h ypopygium. “Side-piece cylindrical, roundedly truncate at
tip, hairy. Claspette soldered to the side-piece, its stem small, its
apex triangular, bearing four somewhat flattened setae. Clasper
strongly inflated, the base and tip narrow; terminal spine reflexed.
Tenth sternites large, inner margin thickened, a laterally directed
tooth at tip. Ninth tergites undeveloped. Mesosome a short cylinder.”
(Dyar, 1928.)
Larva. “Head rounded, wider than long; head-hairs single, an-
tearitennal tuft double. Antennae large, longer than the head, in-
flated, sinuate, spined; a large hair-tuft before middle; two spines on
the outer sinuation and two at tip. Lateral comb of the eighth seg-
ment of six large scales joined on a chitinous bar, each scale with
trifid tip and long central spine. Air-tube comparatively small, about
three times as long as basal width, very slightly inflated on basal half ;
a coarse pecten to near middle, followed by a multiple hair-tuft.
Anal segment about as long as wide, ringed by the weak plate. Dor-
sal tuft of four moderate hairs on each side, lateral hair single, rather
long; ventral brush in separated tufts reaching near base. Anal gills
three times as long as the segment, tapered, tracheate.” (Dyar, 1928.)
This species occurs fro,nl New Jersey south to the Gulf and
west to Texas. The above description is taken from Dyar
( 1928) as the writer has no material available for descriptive
purposes.
PSOROPHORA SIGNIPENNIS Coquillett
Taeniorhymhus sig?zipemis Coquillett, Proc. Ent. Sot., Wash.,
6, 167. 1904.
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing 3 mm. Proboscis slender, yellow-
ish in the middle, black at base and apex. Occiput brown with
narrow pale scales and many erect forked scales. Mesonotum dark

CULICINI 197
brown with silvery hair-like scales. Abdomen with black and white
scales with no apparent pattern. Legs mottled with brown and white
scales; tarsi with broad basal white bands. Wings with black and
white scales; three distinct black spots on costa beyond the middle;
fringe alternately black and white spotted.
iVale 1a~~pop~~yiri~lz.
“Side-piece cylindrical, stout, romldedly trun-
cate at tip, hairy. Claspette small, triangular, soldered to the side-
piece with five terminal setae. Clasper moderately inflated, the tip
tapering, with distinct terminal spine. Tenth sternites large, inner
margin thickened, a point at tip. Ninth tergites undeveloped. Meso-
some a conical cylinder.” (Dyar, 1928.)
Larzla. “Head’ wider than long, a little bulging at the sides.
Antennae long, as long as the head, spinulose; a multiple tuft at about
the middle. Head-hairs single, anteantennal tuft in four. Lateral
comb of the eighth segment of six large scales on a weak chitiniza-
tion, each scale trifid and with long central spine. Air-tube inflated,
about three times as long as basal width; a small pecten of four
spines at base. Anal segment longer than wide, ringed by the plate,
dorsal tuft a long hair and multiple tuft on each side; ventral brush
running the length of the segment. Anal gills longer than the seg-
ment, tapered.” (Dyar, 1928.)
This species. occurs from Montana south to Mexico. Very-
little seems to be known about its biology.
GENUS T,ZNIORHYNCHUS
Tcc~ziorl~ymlzz~~ Lynch Arribilzga, Rev. Mus. de La Plats, 1,
374. 1891.
Pano1plite.s Theobald, Mon. Culic. 2, 173. 1901.
Mamonia Blanchard, C.R. Sot. de Biol., 53, 1045. 1901.
Coqzdettidia Dyar, Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash. 7, 45. 1905.
This genus is difficult to differentiate from our other gen-
era. There appears to be no single character or group of char-
acters which will segregate all the species of this genus. Our
species fall in the sub-genus Coqdlettidia which is differen-
tiated bly the characters given in the key. The larvae are read-
ily separated by the striking attenuation of the air-tube which
is fitted for the penetration of the plants from which they se-

198 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
cure air. Only a single species occurs in North America
(T. titillam is also recorded from southern Florida).
TENIORHYNCHUS PERTURBANS Walker
Culex perturbam Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt., 428. 1856.
C~lex testaxeus Van Der Wulp, Tids, voor Ent. (2) 10, 128.
1867.
Tmiorhynchus richardi Ficalbi, Bull. Sot. Ent. Ital., 21, 50.
1889.
Culex oclzropz~ Dyar and Knab, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 15, 100.
1907.
FeTnaZe. Length 5 mm. ; wing 5 mm. Proboscis black, a broad
band of pale yellowish scales near the middle, the basal part with
black and pale scales intermixed, the black predominating. Occiput
dark brown, with numerous pale yellow, narrow, curved scales and
many erect forked scales, pale yellowish in the median area, black
at the sides. Mesonotum light brown, with narrow, curved, black and
pale yellow scales variously intermingled so as to form no definite
pattern ; two longitudinal bare impressed stripes. Bristles numerous,
brown to yellowish-brown. Abdomen black with segmental basal
barids of white scales, the basal bands are small or lacking on the last
few segments ; the black scales are generally mixed with a few pale
scales; venter with black and white scales intermixed, the white ones
predominating on the basal part of the segments. Wings with broad,
spatulate, black and white scales, the black ones predominating. Legs
slender; femora clothed with black and white scales, apical portions
almost entirely black scaled, a white spot at the apices and the hind
femora with a white ririg on outer half; tibiae with black and white
scales, the apices white scaled, and the hind tibiae with a white ring
on the outer half; first joint of all tarsi black scaled with a basal
narrow ring and a broad median ring, white; all the other tarsal
joints black with basal half white scaled.
Male hypopygiunz. (Fig. 4, PI. XVIII ; Figs. 6 and 7, Pl. XXV.>
Side-pieces stout, longer than wide, somewhat conical; apical lobe
lacking; basal lobe a large triangular flap lying on the median face
of the side-piece and terminates in a stout cylindrical, blunt spine.
Clasper with a stout basal portion, greatly enlarged beyond the middle,
and terminating in a sharp point which bears a short articulated spine.

CULICINI 199
Mesosome a stout, heavily chitinized cylinder with angulated sides
and pointed dentate apex. It is narrowly open along the dorsal and
ventral aspects. Along the mid-dorsal line there is on each side,
a heavily chitinized ridge with dentate margins. The lobes of the
ninth tergite are projections widely separated; each lobe bears a small
group of setae.
Larva. (Fig. 4, Pl. XXII.) Head wider than long; antenna
long and slender, longer than the head, a large hair tuft beyond the
middle; terminal portion slender and much drawn out, one of the
terminal hairs situated not far beyond the tuft; dorsal head-hairs
all in multiple groups. Lateral comb of the eighth segment of ten
to twelve spines in a single, irregular row. Air-tube about twice as
long as wide, the basal part broad and strongly convex, the apical
portion sharply attenuated, fitted for piercing into plant tissues; a
pair of hair tufts near the middle; no pecten. Anal segment much
longer than wide, ringed by the dorsal plate; dorsal tuft of many
long hairs, divided into a small and large group on each side; lateral
hair a small tuft; ventral brush small but of long hairs, situated be-
hind chitinous ring. Anal gills four, equal, slender and not as long as
anal segment.
This species is generally distributed throughout North Amer-
ica from southern Canada to Florida westward to British Co-
lumbia. It also occurs in Europe, but its. distribution does not
seem to be well known. The life history of this species is
very interesting. The eggs are laid in boat shaped masses on
the surface of the water in marshes containing sedges and other
vegetation. The larvae, on hatching, descend to the bottom
and attach themselves by their air-tubes to the stems or roots
of various species of aquatic plants. They grow slowly and
pass the winter as partially grown or mature larvae. The
adults emerge throughout the late spring and summer. The
females are fierce biters and will attack during dark days, at
twilight, and frequently late into the night. They fly consid-
erable distances and readily invade houses. In certain sec-
tions this mosquito becomes a veritable scourge. I have seen
them swarming in public parks far away from any breeding
ground, and a single puff of one’s breath would drive out nearly
a score from any of the small out-door fireplaces. Very lit-

200 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
tle is known about the biology of this species in America,
though its abundance makes it one of our worst mosquito
pests.
GENUS URANOTZNI,4
Uranotmzicl Lynch-ArribGaga, Rev. Mus. de La Plata, 1, 375.
1891.
A~zisoclzclo~~z~~ia Theobald, The Entom, 38, 52. 1905.
Pseudozwanotmzia. Theobald, Jour. Econ. Biol. 1, 33. 1905.
Psezidoficcrlbia Theobald, Trans. Linn. Sot. LoIndon, 15, 89.
1912.
This is a small genus, mainly confined to the tropical re-
gions. The genus is usually separated from the other genera
by the short second marginal cell which is less than half as
long as its petiole. Additional characters are found in the
great reduction of the pleural bristles on the thorax. There
are only 1 or 2 pronotal bristles (proepinieral), 1 spiracular,
very few sternopleural bristles, 2 to 4 upper mesepimeral and
1 lower niesepimeral bristle. The anal vein ends opposite or be-
fore the cubital fork. The palpi in both sexes are short. The
larva closely resembles that of Aedes. The larval head is
elongate and the air-tube is rather long and slender. In the
water the larvae appear somewhat like those of Anoflzeles be-
cause they rest almost in a horizontal position. The larvae
are said to live almost entirely in ground pools. There are
three species recorded from North America, one of which,
U. ~h_zlcfor occurs only in Southern California and is rarel!,
captured.
URANOTWNIA SAPPHIRINA Osten Sacken
Aedcs snppkzirinus Osten Sacken, Trans. Amer. Ent. Sot., 2,
47. 1868.
Ura~otmzia socialis Theobald, Moa. Culic., 2, 340. 1901.
Uranotmda coqdletti Dyar and Knab. Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot. 14.
186. 1906.

CULICINI 201
Fellzale. Length 3 mm.; wing 2.5 mm. Proboscis very long, some-
what enlarged at the apex, dark scaled. Occiput clothed with broad,
flat scales, bright metallic violet blue in front and at the side, dark
brown and black on the rest. Mesonotum yellowish-brown clothed
with fine bronzy-brown scales ; a narrow median line of broad flat,
brilliant metallic blue scales extending from near the anterior margin
to the scutellum where it broadens into a small patch; on each side in
front of the roots of the wings there is a narrow line of metallic
blue scales extending forward to about the middle of the mesonotum.
Scutellum trilobate, the median lobe very large and clothed with
brilliant blue scales, lateral lobes small with brownish scales; each
lobe with a tuft of long black bristles. Abdomen short, truncate,
with broad, flat, brownish scales which have a bluish iridescence;
apices of third, fifth and sixth segments with a median patch of dirty
white scales; venter clothed with dirty whitish scales. Wing-scales
brown; basal half of fifth vein with pale blue scales and a similar
short patch at the root of first. Legs slender, dark brown; apices
of femora and tibiae white scaled.
Male lzypopygizinz. Side-piece short, a little longer than wide;
apical lobes absent; basal lobe short, conical, crowned with two strong
spines and several smaller ones. Clasper short, expanded at the
middle, constricted before the apex. Tenth sternite apparently ab-
sent unless represented by a very thin membrane; the tergite is
represented by two stout projections extending forward from beneath
the large lobe of the ninth segment. Mesosome stout, heavily chitin-
ized, of two lateral plates, each plate with three ventral hooks; the
plates are united at their basal ends by a broad band of chitin;
apex ends in two stout hooks and several small denticles. The ninth
segment is well developed with a pair of large median rectangular
lobes extending to near the apex of the mesosome.
Larva. Head elongate, longer than wide. Antenna small, spined
on one side, a single small hair on basal third; upper and lower head
hairs single, stout and thick like heavy spines; anteantennal tuft of
four hairs. Abdomen rather small; lateral tufts of the first and
second segment long, in threes, nearly obsolete on the other segments;
numerous small hairs and tufts scattered over the abdominal seg-
ments. Lateral comb of the eighth segment of a row seven to ten
teeth on the distal edge of a large, transverse, chitinous plate, single
tooth spine-like. Anal segment about as long as wide, completely
ringed by the dorsal plate; posterior margin of dorsal plate with a
row of very fine spines; dorsal brush a tuft of three hairs on each
side; ventral brush well developed, confined behind the dorsal plate,

202 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
Air-tube cylindrical, straight, about three times as long as wide;
pecten of short evenly spaced teeth, reaching to the tuft; tuft large,
multiple, situated just beyond the pecten, before the middle of the
tube.
This species occurs throughout the eastern United States
from the Gulf of Mexico to northern New England. It is
rarely taken.
URANOTBNIA LOCVII Theobald
Uranotmsia Zowii Theobald, Mon. Culic., 2, 339. 1901.
Uranotmia continestalis Dyar and Knab. Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot.
14, 187. 1906.
Uranotmia mimta Theobald, Mon. Culic., 4, 559. 1907.
Female. Length 2.5 mm.; wing 1.5 mm. Proboscis long, black,
enlarged towards the apex. Occiput black, bordered with bluish
white scales. Mesonotum yellowish-brown, darker medianly, the
median area appearing bluish in certain lights; a black patch in
front of wing base with a few bluish scales near its centre. Abdomen
black, the third, fifth and sixth segments with lateral, apical silvery
patches, bluish in some lights; venter yellowish. Legs black, the
apex of the third and all of the fourth and fifth hind tarsal joints
white. Wing-scales black, the fourth and fifth veins with a short line
of blue scales near their bases.
Male laypopygizm. Side-pieces short, conical ; apical lobe absent ;
basal lobe a small thickened area on dorsal side of excavation and
bears numerous, short, rather stout setae. Clasper short, stout, the
apex broad with about eighteen short recurved claws. Mesosome a
very complicated structure, composed of two lateral plates with many
branches and united dorsally by a broad bridge which bears three
pointed median processes. Lobes of ninth tergite broad oval plates,
meeting in the middle line.
This mosquito occurs in the Gulf States, South America and
parts of the West Indies. It bsreeds in small pools and grassy
margins of lakes. The adults are not known to bite.
GENUS ORTHOPODOMYIA
Orthopodomyia Theobald, Entom. 37, 236. 1904.
Bancroftia Lutz in Bourroul, Mosq. do Brazil, 58. 1904.
Pnezmaculex Dyar, Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash., 7, 46. 1905.

CULICINI 203
This genus is of wide distribution. The larvae are found in
water in tree holes and similar situations. Only a single spe-
cies is known from North America.
ORTHOPODOMYIA SIGNIFER Coquillett
C&x sigaifer Coquillett, Can. Ent., 28, 43. 1896.
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender, with
black and white scales so arranged as to form longitudinal striae.
Occiput dark brown, with narrow, curved white scales and numer-
ous long, erect, forked, dark ones; ocular margins with a row of re-
cumbent white scales. Mesonotum deep brown with six longitudinal
lines of beautiful white scales,-two lines are submarginal extending
the whole length of the mesonotum, two are subdorsal extending from
the anterior margin of the antescutellar space to the front of the me-
sonotum, two arise on the disk midway between the submarginal and
the subdorsal and curving outwards along the margins of the ante-
scutellar space extend backwards over the scutellum as long lines.
The subdorsal white lines are margined without by a narrow bare
stripe; between the submarginal and posterior curved white lines the
mesonotum lacks scales as also does the antescutellar space. The
rest of the mesonotum is clothed by narrow, curved, reddish-brown
scales. Abdomen black, the second and third segments with basal
white bands, the first with a basal triangular white patch and the
remaining ones with lateral basal triangular spots; venter white scaled
with a large intermixture of black scales especially at the apices of
the segments. Legs with dark brown and white scales; hind legs
with all the tarsal joints white at bases and apices, the last joint
entirely white on the inner side; hind tibiae with a white spot at
base and apex; mid tarsi with the base and apex of the first and .
base of second narrowly white ringed, the rest dark brown; mid
tibiae white spotted at base and apex.
Male lzypopygiwn. (Fig. 5, PI. XVIII.) Side-pieces over twice
as long as wide, tapering to apex; apical lobe absent; basal lobe dis-
tinct bearing three stout spines, and smaller spines and setae. Clasper
stout, slightly constricted beyond the base; each clasper ends in an
articulated, broadened, comb-like spine. Tenth sternite prominent,
each half terminating in a heavily chitinized, dorsally projecting lobe
bearing three stout teeth. Mesosome narrowly open along the venter,
closed on the dorsum, the apical portion bearing several lateral teeth.
Parameres and basal plates well developed.

204 MOSQVITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
Larva. “Head rounded; antennae moderate, with a tuft at basal
third, narrowed beyond ; head-hairs multiple, the anteantennal tuft
shorter. Abdomen with small dorsal chitinous plate on sixth segment,
a large one on seventh and a transverse plate on the eighth, excavated
for the air-tube; lateral comb a double row of long bars. Air-tube
about three and a half times as long as wide, slightly tapered, a large
tuft before the middle. Anal segment about as long as wide, ringed
by the plate, ventral brush posterior; dorsal tuft a long hair and brush
on each side; a single lateral hair. Anal gills as long as the segment,
tapered.” (Dyar, 1928.)
This species occurs in the eastern United States from Massa-
chusetts to Texas. It can be found resting on trees, in the
holes of which it breeds.
M~$&&w Robineau-Desvoidy, M6m. Sot. d’Hist. Nat., 3, . r
403. 1827.
Tox.orhync&tes Theobald, Mon. Culic., 1, 244. 1901.
A&$orhy~2clz,~s Lutz in Bourroul, Mosq. do Brazil, 53. 1904.
Worcesteria Banks, Phil. Jour. Sci., 1, 779. 1906.
This genus contains mostly tropical species which are bril-
liantly colored. The proboscis is remarkably curved and not
fitted for sucking blood. The adults feed on nectar obtained
from flowers and the juices of plants. They fly during the
day. Their larvae are very large, predacious, and are found
in tree holes, occasionally in water barrels and other artificial
water containers. There are only two species known from
North America. One of them, f%!. rzkt&s Coq., occurs in Flor-
ida but nothing is known of its life-history or habits.
MEW INUSSEPTENTRIONALIS Dyar and Knab
iVeghariau.s septentrionalis Dyar and Knab. Jour. N.Y. Ent.
sot., 15, 12. 1907.
Meghaaifzz6.s herricki Theobald, Mon. Culic. 4, 131. 1907.
Female. Length
4+
7-d’mrn. ; wing ‘6, mm. Proboscis very long,
sharply curved beyond the middle, black with violet reflections. Palpi
about half as long as proboscis, distinctly segmented, black with blue

CULICINI 205
and violet scales, the tips of the joints white. Occiput green, olive
and bronzy, the margins of the eyes and sides whitish. Mesonotum
brown, a short median stripe and sides lighter, the scales numerous
and giving all shades of blue, green and violet. Abdomen metallic
green with large, rounded, lateral, segmental spots golden yellow;
venter golden yellow with a median dark violaceous stripe. Legs
dark purple; femora largely yellowish; fore and mid tarsi with tip
of first and all of second, third and fourth joints white; hind tarsi
with tip of third, all of fourth and all of fifth except tip white. Wing
scales few, broad and purplish.
Male lzypopyyiutn. Side-pieces sharply conical, a little more than
twice as long as broad; apical lobe absent; basal lobe large, rounded,
with three stout apical spines and a few smaller ones. Clasper long,
slender, uniform in shape. Tenth sternites long, prominent, recurved
tooth at tip. Mesosome of two separate lateral plates, enlarged at
base, sharply pointed at tips; plates toothed reversely on their inner
face. Lobes of the ninth tergite broadly united, rounded at their sides
and slightly constricted at the middle, each lobe with a group of setae.
Larva. Head longer than wide; antenna short, with two separate
hairs on outer third. Abdomen with numerous stout, feathered spines.
Lateral comb of the eighth segment a large chitinized plate with
feathered hairs on the posterior border. Air-tube stout, tapered, two
and one-half times as long as wide; pecten absent; a multiple hair-
tuft near the base. Anal segment wider than long, ringed by the
dorsal plate; dorsal brush two long, multiple tufts on each side; ven-
tral brush large, confined by the plate. ,4nal gills very short.
This rnosyuito is large and brilliantly colored. It flies by
day and feeds on nectar found in flowers. The larvae are
found in tree-holes, and artificial containers of water. They
are predacious and feed on other mosquito larvae. It occurs
in the eastern United States, from Virginia south to the Gulf
and west to Oklahoma.
GENUS WYEOMYIA
Wyeomyia Theobald, Jour. Trop. Med., 4, 233. 1901.
This genus is almost entirely tropical in distribution. There
are only three species in North America, of which two occur
in southern Florida and are not described here.

206 MOSQUITOES OF KORTH AMERICA
WYE~MYIA skun311 Coquillett
Aedes swzithii Coquillett, Can. Ent. 33, 260. 1901.
FecwzaZe. Length 3 mm.; wing 2.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black
with a bluish reflection. Occiput with flat brown scales, a small sil-
very spot at the anterior end of the vertex. Prothoracic lobes sep-
arated, clothed with flat scales having a bluish-violet reflection, a
row of setae along anterior margin. Mesonotum with dark brown,
flat, elliptical scales; postnotum dark brown with a small group of
short setae at the posterior end. Abdomen with large coarse bronzy-
brown scales ; venter silvery-white. Legs brownish-black, the under
surface of the femora, tibiae and the first joint of the tarsi whitish
scaled. The apical part of the second and all the third and fourth
segments of the mid tarsi on the outer side white.
MaZe hypodygiunz. (Fig. 6, Pl. XVIII.) Side pieces more than twice
as long as wide, slightly constricted beyond the middle; apical lobe
absent. Interbasal fold prominent, the lateral portions forming dis-
tinct lobes; each lobe with a stout spine and numerous stall setae.
Sub-basal lobes indistinct, each bearing three long, stout spines. Clasp-
ers with swollen base, distorted, swollen, and branching distal half,
varigated with branches, hairs and setae; each clasper terminates in
a spinose knob. Tenth sternite prominent, each half terminating pos-
teriorly in a chitinized hook. Mesosome widely open along the ven-
tral surface, closed only on the dorsal surface of the apical half.
Lobes of the ninth tergite widely separated, distinct, each bearing
five or six stout spines.
Larva. Length 6 to 8 mm. Head rounded, wider than long;
antenna short, slightly tapering, a single fine hair arising on the outer
third; head hairs small, both pairs single; anteantennal tuft a single
fine hair. Abdomen slender, with numerous very long hairs and
tufts, the long lateral tufts usually in twos or threes; short tufts
abundant. Lateral comb of eighth segment of 6 to 9 small spines
arranged in a single row. Anal segment wider than long, the dorsal
plate not surrounding it; dorsal brush of two long tufts each side of
the median line; no median ventral brush but paired tufts arranged
as follows on each side of the median line,-a long multiple tuft at
posterior ventral angle of the dorsal plate, and a ventral shorter tuft.
Anal gills broad, longer than the anal segment, only two developed
the other two vestigial. Air-tube cylindrical, rather sharply tapered
to the apex, three and one-half times as long as wide; pecten absent
and the tube is rather thickly beset with short single hairs.

CULICINI 207
This species is widely distributed in North America and prob-
ably occurs wherever its host plant, Sarracenia pzw@rea, is
present. The larval stage of this species occurs only in the
water found in the leaves of the pitcher plant (Sarraceka pur-
purea). The winter is passed as larvae, freezing and thawing
as the water in the leaves of the host plant freezes and thaws.
In the spring the adults appear in June. The females deposit
their eggs usually in young leaves in which there is no water
present, though they are frequently found in older plants on
the sides of the leaf above the water line. There are several
broods a season. The females are not known to suck blood.
The writer has had large numbers of them alight on his hands
and face but they never tried to bite. The food of the adults
is not known.

REFERENCES’
Blanchard, R. Les rnoustiques. Histoire naturelle et mkdi-
tale. 1905. Paris.
Christophers, S. R. Provisional List and Catalogue of the
Anophelini. The Indian Medical Research filemoires,
Memoir No. 3. Calcutta, India. 1924.
* Dyar, H. G. The Mosquitoes of the Americas. Carnegie
Institution of Washington. Pub. No. 387. 1928.
Edwards, F. W. A Revision of the Mosquitoes of the Pale-
arctic Region. Bull. Ent. Res. 12, 263-351. 1921.
Felt, E. P. Mosquitoes or Culicidae. N. Y. State Museum
Bull. 79. 1904.
Freeborn, S. B. The Mosquitoes of California. Univ. of
California Publications. Technical Bulletins. Berkeley,
Calif. 1926.
Giles, G. M. A Handbook of the Gnats or Mosquitoes. Lon-
don, England. 1902.
Headlee, T. J. The Mosquitoes of New Jersey and their con-
trol. Bull. 348, N.J. Agr. Exp. Sta. 1921.
Hearle, E. The Mosquitoes of the Lower Fraser Valley,
B.C., and their control. National Research Council, Re-
port No. 17, Ottawa, Canada. 1926.
Howard, L. 0. Mosquitoes; How they carry disease ; How
they may be classified; How they may be destroyed. N.Y.
1901.
j-Howard, L. O., Dyar, H. G. and Knab, F. The Mosquitoes
of North and Central America and the West Indies. Car-
negie Institution of Washington. 1912-1917. 4 volumes.
James, S. P. AiIalaria at Home and Abroad. London, Eng-
land. 1920.
’ I am listing a few references to aid the student to extend his
knowledge of our North American mosquitoes. References marked
with an asterisk have good bibliographies; with a dagger extensive
bibliographies.
208

REFERENCES 209
Knowles, R., and Senior-White, R. Malaria. Thacker, Spink
& Co. Calcutta. 1927. (Extensive bibliography on Ma-
laria).
Lang, W. D. A Handbook of British Mosquitoes. British
Mus. Nat. Hist. London. 1920.
*MacGregor, MY. E. Mosquito Surveys, The Wellcome Bur-
eau Scientific Research. London. 1927.
-;-MYartini, E. Uber S techmiicken. Leipzig. 1920. ( Bibli-
ography extensive).
Ross, Sir Ronald. The Prevention of Malaria. London.
1910.
-i-Silver, J. F., Hall, M. W., and Hitchens, A. P. Dengue.
Monograph 20. Bureau of Science. Manila, Philippine
Islands. 1926.
Smith, J. B. Report upon the Mosquitoes of New Jersey.
N.J. Agr. Exp. Sta. 1904.
Theobald, F. V. A Monograph of the Mosquitoes of the
World. 5 ~01s. 1901-1910. British ~‘fusemll, London.
Watson, Malcolm. Rural Sanitation in the Tropics. N.Y.
1915.
j-Wesenberg-Lund, C. Contributions to the Biology of the
Danish Culicidae. Mbmoires de l’Acadc!mie Royale des
Sciences et des Lettres. Copenhagen. 1920-1921.

PLATES
PLATES III TO XXV
(For Plates I and II, see pages 7 and 9)

PLATE III. I. View across a marsh area with many pools and
sluggish streams in which breed Aedes vexans and Anopheles functi-
pemis. 2. A hog wallow where Aedes vexalzs and Culex pipiefzs
breed in enormous numbers.
213

PLATE IV. 3. A small woodland pool which has an interesting
mosquito cycle. First appears Aedes stimr~lans, then Aedes cinerens,
followed by Aedes vexaws. Anophe1e.s plmctipeunis occasionally
breeds here in late June and July. 4. A small filthy pool, packed
with the larva of Aedcs vexans.
215

PLATE V. 5. A deep woodland pool in which Aedes stimu-
law, A. jitchii and A. excrucians breed in immense numbers. 6.
A shallow woodland pool where Aedes stinculans, A. fitchii, A. ex-
crucians, A. intrudens, A. trichurus, and A. canade#nsis breed.
217

PLATE VII. 7. A typical breeding place for Aedes junctor,
A. iatrudens, A. abserratus, A. communis and A. canadensis.
8. The large hole (indicated by an arrow) at the base of the
tree is a typical breeding place of Theobaldia nzorsitans.
221

I PLATE VIII. Wings of Anopheles: I. A. nzaculipennis. 2. A.
quadrimaculatus. 3. A. walkeri. 4. A. punctipennis. 5. A. crucians.
I 6. A. barberi.
I 223

PLATE IX. Hypopygia of Anopheles. I. A. n~aculifiem&. 2. A. qzladrimaculatus.
3. A. walkeri. 4. A. punctipends. 5. A. crzbcians. 6. A. pseudoplllzctipenlzi.
225

PL~ITE X. Hypopygia of Aedes. I. A. cherem. 2.
4. A. fitclzii. 5. A. canademis. 6. A. COII~UI~~S.
/
\
ii
227
A. vexans. 3. A. excrucians.

PLATE XII. Hypopygia of Aedes. I. A. dorsalis. 2. A. sollicitam. 3. A. cantutor.
3. A. tae~ziovh~11~clzzts. 5. A. aurifer. 6. A. diantaeus.
231

PLATE XIII. Hypopygia of Aedes. I. A. Izirsutcvo~~. 2. A. atrofidfitu. 3.
palpus. 4. A. aegypti. 5. A. triseriatzu-. 6. A. pullatus.
233
6
A. vari-

PLATE XIV. Hjpopygia of Aecles. I. A. nearticzrs. 2. A, aboriginis. 3. A. canzpes-
tvis. 4. A. nigromaculis. 5. A. spencerii. 6. A. cataphylla.
2.35

PLATE XV. Hypopygia of Aedes. I. A. aldrichi. 2. A. thibazllti. 3. A. dupveei.
4. A. atlanticus. 5. A. injirnzatus. 6. A. rifiarius.
237

PLATE XVI. Hy!popygia of Culex.
structures of C. pipiem. 3. C. territam.
I.
4.
C. pipielzs. 2. illesosome and supporting
C. salinarizu. 5. C. apicalis. 6. Mesosome
and supporting structures of C. apicalis
239
6

PLATE XWa. Hypopygia of Culex. I. C. pi~zquefasciatz~s. 2. C. t~rsdis. 3. C. in-
hibitator. 4. C. pilosus. 5. C. peccator.
241

PLATE XVII. Hypopygia. I. Theobaldia nzelanura. 2. T. nlorsitans. 3. T. in-
ornata. 4. T. impatiens. 5. T. in&dens. 6. Psorophora posticata.
243

PLATE XVIII. Hypopygia. I. Psovophora howardii. 2. P. colu~~tbiae.
3. P. ciliata. 4. Taemiorhymhzu pevturbans. 5. Orthopodonzyia
signif er. 6. Wyeowyia smithii.
245

PLATE XIX. Larvae of mosquitoes. I’: Aedes intrudens. 2. Aedes communis.
5. Aedes trichuvzts. 4. v’Aedes canadensis. $’ Aedes excrucians. 6. Aedes fitchii.
247

PLATE XX. Larvae of mosquitoes. 17 Aedes aegyfiti. 27 Acdes triseriatzrs. JJ Aedes
vexans. 4. Aedes stirnulaw. 6:‘Aedes abserratus.
219

PLATE XXI. Larvae of mosquitoes. I< Aedes cilzereus. 2. ‘Aedes Izirmteron.
‘3. Aedes sollicitans. 4./ Aedes atlanticus. 5. Aedes cantator. 6. ‘? Theobaddia inornata.
251

PLATE XXII. Larvae of mosquitoes. I. Theobaldia morsitans. z.“Psorofhora ciliata.
3.d Culex pipiens. 4. v Taeniorhynchus perturbans. 5. ~Culex territans. 6.b Culex apicalis.
253

.
I
,..‘.._
. :.. ,,:‘.“’ ..;..
::’ ‘_ .
! ;:
;
. . :
;’
~
14 .!.,/
V
: :
; i
PLATE XXIII. Illustrations of the scales of the comb of various Aedes species.
ZitieYeus Aedes 6. obserratus. A. intrudek. A. aegypti. 3. ,4. atlanticw. 4. A. canadensis. 5. A.
hirsute&. II.
7. A. communis.
A. vexans. 12. A. impiger.
8. A. fitchii. 9. A. trichurus. IO. A.
13. A. triseriatus. 14. A. stimulans.
15. A. excrucians. 16 A. puflctor.
255

:_
\.
‘.
._I
PLATE XXIV, Ill us t ra t’ ions of the teeth of the pecten of various
species of Aedes.
4. A. triseriatus.
I.
5,
A. aegypti.
A. vexans.
2.
6.
A. cinereus 3.
A. stinwlaws’ 7
A cawadensis
A’ cowzmunis’
8. A. fit&ii. 9. A. abserrattis. IO. A. excmcians.’ 1;. A, atlanticus:
12. A. kzpiger. 13. A. hirsuterorz. 14. A. intrudens. 15. A. punctor.
16. A. trichura~s.
257
4
I
6

PLATE XXV. Illustrations of the Mesosome and supporting structures of various
genera. In figures I, 3, 4 and 5 parts of the 9th segment are also shown. Fig. I. Theo-
baldia morsitam, dorso-lateral view. 2. Theobaldia kornata, dorsal view. 3. The same
in lateral view. 4. Psorophora ciliata, dorsal view. 5. The same in lateral view.
6. Taeniorhynchm perturbans, dorso-lateral view. 7. The same in lateral view.
259

INDEX

INDEX
Ordinary references are in roman type with capitals; genera are
indicated with capitals; valid species are in roman type without capi-
tals; synonyms, both generic and specific, are in italics.
Abdomen, 12, 22
abfitchii, 112
abominator, 172
aboriginis, 14.5
abserratus, 122
absorbrims, 183
acroplzilus, 143
Adults,
collection of, 76
destruction of, 71
flight habits, 41
food habits, 39
hibernation, 43
longevity, 41
mating habits, 42
mounting of, 78
time of activity, 42
Aedes, 33, 95
xgypti, 33, 36, 39, 53, 55, 140
astival is, 137
afinis, 169
agitator, 171
alaskansis, 186
alberta, 111
aldrichii, 37, 41, 152
Alimentary canal, 25
alleni, 1.58
Allotheobaldia, 177
aloponotzm, 113
alpinus, 146
altiusczdus, 118
Anal gills, 23
A
263
Ankylorbzynchs, 204
Anisochelonayia, 200
Anopheles, 33, 35, 83
Anophelini, 82, 83
Antenna, 1, 3, 9
Antenna1 tuft, 19
Anteantennal tuft, 19
Apical lobe, 14
apicalis, 40, 162
apicoannulatus, 55
Apodeme, 17
arcanus, 120
arctica, 186
argenteus, 53
atlanticus, 155
atropalpus, 138
atropos, 35
aurifer, 134
auvoides, 124
B
Bamrof tia, 203
barberi, 92
Basal lobe, 14
Basal plate, 17
Bites of mosquitoes, 46
Black water fever, 52
Borax, 70
bowalis, 118
borenyuini, 174
boscii, 189
brclanzei, 166
brittorti, 180

264 INDEX
C
taco tlzius, 158
cnllitho trys, 147
campestris, 147
canadensis, 37, 66, 116
cantator, 37, 41, 61, 131
cataphylla, 1.50
centro tus, 122
Ceratocystia, 187
Chaoborinze, 82
Chara, 72
chrysogaster, 55
ciliata, 189
cinereoborealis, 119
cinereus, 24, 36, 106
cijzerezis fuscus, 106
cinereus Iaenaiteleus, 106
Clasper, 14
Claspette, 15
cZassicus, 111
Claws, 12
Climacura, 177
columbk, 191
Comb, 23
communis, 40, 117
Conchyliastes, 187
cotiterrens, 189
contifientalis, 202
coquilletti, 193, 201
Corethrinir, 82
costalis, 56
crucians, 35, 90
cubeptsis, 171
Culex, 159
Culicella, 177
Culicelsa, 124
Culicini, 82, 93
Culiseta, 177
curopinensis, 171
curriei, 128
ctites, 189
cyanescens, 194
cyclocerculus, 158
cyprius, 12 1
dawzoszcs, 132
deceptor, 171
decticus, 126
degusta tor, 174
Dengue, 55
deutiedmanii, 133
Derris, 70
diantxus, 135
Diemyctylus viridescens, 72
Dirofilaria immitis, 57
discolor, 196
Dorsal brush, 23
Dorsal hair tufts, 22
Dorsal plate, 23
dorsalis, 37, 127
Drainage, 62
Drainage gate, 63
dupreei, 1.54
dyari, 180
dysanor, 122
D
eclzinata, 192
egberti, 173
Egg-laying habits, 33
Eggs of mosquitoes, 30
epactius, 138
epinolus, 132
Eretmopodites, 55
erraticus, 172
Esophagus, 26
ez0zhrous, 108
eudes, 113
eunzimetes, 176
excrucians, 39, 61, 66, 112
E
F
f asciatus, 53
fatigans, 56, 165

*
Feltidia, 187 increpitus, 159
Filament, 15
Filaria bancrofti, 45, 56
Filiariasis, 46, 56
Filling, 64
jisheri, 159
flavescens, 120
fitchii, 36, 61, 66, 114
fZetcheri, 121
floridanus, 17 1
floridense, 191
framiscanais, 91
f rickii, 163
fuscus, 106
G
galli, 143
Gambusia, 71
gonimus, 158
grisea, 148
grablzanai, 128
Grabhanzia, 128, 148, 187
Grading, 64
grossbecki, 158
H
Head,
adult, 1
larva, 17
Izervicki, 205
hexodontus, 159
hirsuteron, 137
howardi, 195
Hypopharynx, 3
Hypopygium, 13, 14
idahoensis, 159
ignobilis, 171
impatiens, 183
impiger, 36, 125, 126
iwplacabilis, 124
incidens, 38, 185
inconspicuous, 136
I
1BDEX 265
incrhinator, 175
infirmatus, 156
inhibitator, 173
innuitm, 146
inornatus, 182
Interbasal fold, 15
intrudens, 36, 125
investigator, 173 .
J
Janthhosowza, 187
jugorunz, 143
TT
Js.
kelloggi, 169
Killing bottle, 76
Labial plate, 21
Labium, 3, 19
labradoriensis, 159
Labrum-epipharynx, 3
Land values, 57
Lateral abdominal hair tufts, 22
Zativittatzrs, 128
Zazaf-emis, 118
Larva, structure of, 17
habits and habitats, 34
Larvae, food of, 72
how to collect, 78
how to preserve, 80
how to rear, 81
Legs, 12
Lepid osia, 187
lejwilz cci, 173
Leptospira icteroides, 53
leuconotips, 159
lewisii, 88
Lower head tuft, 19
lowii, 7, 202
luteocephalus, 55
Zzltescens, 120
L

266 IiYDEX
maculipennis, 41, 52, St:
mlculiz~elzt~-is, 12s
Malaria, 46, 59
Malphighian tubules, 26
Mandibles, 5, 19
wagnipennis, 182
1kk?LXUkifl, 197
masamz, 118
mastigia, 171
Maxilk, 5, 19
medioheata, 128
Megarhinus, 6, 204
meige~zanus, 124
suelauiuzon, 128
melanura, 179
Mesosome, 17
$12 erczwn tor, 111
metalepticzts, 143
Mid-intestine, 26
mimesis, 114
112 inu ta, 202
mississippii, 111
mitchelk, 157
Moclzlost y-ax, 171
moZestm,- 189
woorei, 174
morsitans, 7, 180
Mosquito bites, protection from, 73
Mosquito control, 59
Mosquito control, organization, 74
Mouth-brushes, 21
Mouth-parts, 3, 5, 19
muelleri, 159
wsiczts, 192
N
M
Natural enemies, 71
nearcticus, 144
ATen oyosw, 117
nigripcs, 146
nigritulus, 106
nigromaculis, 118
niphadopsis, 159
uivitarsus, 116
obscztYzLs, 1 IS
occidentalis, 88
oclzlerotatus, 118
ochroplls, 19s
Oiling, 66
Oiling methods, 67
Oils, 67
onondagensis, 128
Orthopodomyia, 6, 203
0
P
pacificensis, 159
pagetonotuwr, 119
Palatum, 19
pallidolzi~ta, 106
pal~~zcni, 118
paltrstris, 114
palztstris var. pricei, 114
Panoplites, 167
Paramere, 17
Paris Green, 70
particeps, 185
parzulzls, 144
pearyi, 159
peccator, 175
Pecten, 23
Penis valves, 16
peribleptus, 173
perplexem, 85
perturbans, 9, 38, 30, 41, 61, 198
pezls, 169
Phallosome, 17
Pharynx, 25
Phyllotria, 72
pilosus, 171
pingzk, 183
pionips, 159

IiTDEX 267
pipiens, 9, 29, 36, 39, 40, 42, 56, S
61, 164
Plasmodium falciparum, 48, 50
Plasmodium malark, 48, 50
Plasmodium vivax, 48
P~zcz~~z~Ze~, 203
Poisons, 70
po2iclzrozu, 119
portoricrnsis, 132
pose, 174
posticata, 192
Postnotum, 11
pretam, 137
prodotes, 150
prolixus, 159
pyovocalzs, 124
pseudes, 9
Pseudoficalbia, 200
pseudopunctipennis, 36, 52, 91
Pseudo tlzco baldia, 177
Psorophora, 33, 40, 187
pullatus, 133
punctipennis, 7, 20, 36, 52, 85
punctodes, 159
punctor, 37, 40, 124
Pupa, 21
pyreuaicus, 163
Pyrethrum, 70
quadrimaculatus, 35, 87
quaylei, 128
quinquefasciatus, 39, 56, 165
R
redzlctor, 171
Reproductive organs, 27
Respiratory tube, 23
~~CS~ZKVZS, 166
riclzardii, 198
riparius, 122
rossi, 56
rubidus, 189
salinarius, 168
Salivary glands, 26
sansoni, 112
sapphirina, 201
Sarracenia purpurea, 39,207
saxitilis, 163
sayi, 193
Scaphiopus hammondi, 72
Screens, 73
selelagemis, 88
septentrionalis, 7, 205
sergen ti, 162
serus, 135
siberiewis, 186
Side-piece, 14
signifer, 9, 203
signipennis, 197
sierrensis, 139
Siphon, 23
siplzonalis, 112
smithii, 9, 39, 40, 206
so cialis, 20 1
sollicitans, 37, 40, 41, 61, 129
spencerii, 36, 40, 149
squamiger, 37, 133
stigmatosoma, 176
stimulans, 15, 18, 32, 36, 39, 61, 66,
111
Stomach, 26
Structure, adult, 1, 17, 25
larva, 17
subca~ztaus, 111
Sub-dorsal hair tufts, 22
Sub-genera, 93
s$vestYis, 108
tzniorhynchus, 37, 61, 31, 132
Tzniorhynchus, 33, 197
T
tahoensis, 118
tarsalis, 38, 40, 169

268 INDEX
tcmzinalis, 192
territans, 38, 166
testnceus, 162, 198
texal;Zzm, 191
thelcter, 159
Theobaldia, 33, 38, 177
Tlzeobaldi~ilzclla, 177
thibaulti, 153
Thorax, 6, 21
thriawzbus, 176
tormentor, 157
Toxorlaynchites, 204
Tracheal gills, 23
trachycawzpa, 174
trichurus, 36, 119
triseriatus, 34, 37, 40, 92, 142
triseriatus var. hender.so?zi, 142
trivitattus, 136
U
Upper head tuft, 19
Uranitania, 200
z~a&mlli, 192
varieyatus, 120, 56
varipalpus, 34, 37, 40, 139
Ventral brush, 23
ventrovittis, 104, 159
vexans, 9, 33, 36, 40, 61, 108
~~infzipegensis, 137
zliridescens, 195
V
W
walkeri, 89
willistoni, 169
Wings, 11
Worcesteria, 204
Wyeomyia, 6, 11, 206
Y
Yellow fever, 46, 53
zoosophus, 159
L

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