a handbook of the mosquitoes of north america - Systematic Catalog ...

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say a terrifying, amount of literature, good, bad and otherwise, has been published on mosquitoes. In 1900, Howard recorded thirty species from the United States. Giles (1900) lists 242 species. from the world of which 41 are recorded from North America. At the present time, over 2,000 species are known from the world and Dyar (1928) lists 540 species from the Americas, 123 of which are known from North America, north of Mexico. It will thus be seen that in a short period of scarcely more than twenty-five years the number of known species has increased seven to ten fold. If all the synonyms were included, the number of species described would be vastly greater ! It is the object of the present handbook to present as con- cise an account as possible of the species occurring in North America, to summarize their life-histories, habits, breeding habitats, their relation to our own welfare, and to discuss the problem involved in any attempt at their reduction. It is also hoped to present the taxonomic part so that beginners, public health workers, medical men and the average citizen may be able to identify our common species and take a direct interest in the reduction and control of our most annoying forms. With these high hopes, the author presents the book to the public. No attempt will be made to acknowledge the various text books, publications, etc. consulted in the preparation of this handbook. I have gleaned information from so many sources that this would be impossible. All direct quotations, or sources of definite information will be found duly acknowledged in the text. However, it would be impossible to write even this short book without the invaluable aid of the masterly work of Howard, Dyar and Knab.-Tlze Mosquitoes of North and Central Amkca and the West Indies (1912-1917), Dyar’s The Mosquitoes of the Americas (1928) and the numerous writings of the last named author. To them and all writers on Culicidology, the author extends his grateful thanks. The illustrations in the text are nearly all original and prepared
under my direction by Miss Ellen Edmonson, Mrs. Burckmyer and Mr. Pate. These were made possible by a grant from the Heckscher Research Foundation of Cornell University to aid me in my study of Culicid biology. A few have been drawn by the author. To the artists I extend my warmest thanks. The photographs are by the author, except those duly credited in the text. Ithaca, N.Y., August, 1929 ROBERT MATHESON
Page 1: A HANDBOOK OF THE MOSQUITOES OF NOR
Page 4 and 5: COPYRIGHT 1929 EY CHARLES C THOMAS
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . Plates
Page 11 and 12: The Sub-family Culicinae . . . . Ke
Page 13 and 14: VIII. 1. Wings of Anopheles. 1. A.
Page 15 and 16: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7. FIGURES Aedes v
Page 17 and 18: 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Dia
Page 19 and 20: FIGURE I. Aedes vexajzs, female. Ab
Page 21 and 22: FIGURE 2. Aedes vexans, male.
Page 23 and 24: 6 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA The T
Page 26: PLATE II. 6. Lateral view *of thora
Page 29 and 30: 12 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA cord
Page 31 and 32: --__ --- 14 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AME
Page 33 and 34: 16 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA the
Page 35 and 36: I_ ’ ,.L7 ’ A,A.T 4,’ .“ i
Page 37 and 38: FIGURE gA. Larva of Anofiheles pulz
Page 39 and 40: 22 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA thre
Page 41 and 42: 24 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA THE
Page 43 and 44: 26 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA inou
Page 45 and 46: FIGURE 12. Culex pipiens. Adult fem
Page 47 and 48: 30 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA (Fig
Page 49 and 50: 32 MOSQUITOES OF hToRm AMERICA cont
Page 51 and 52: 34 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA fere
Page 53 and 54: 36 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA neve
Page 55 and 56: 38 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA a si
Page 57 and 58:
40 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA +zct
Page 59 and 60:
42 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA area
Page 61 and 62:
44 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA cave
Page 63 and 64:
46 RELATION TO WELFARE (4) Reductio
Page 65 and 66:
48 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA DISE
Page 67:
50 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA (No.
Page 70 and 71:
RELATION TO WELFARE 53 the southern
Page 72 and 73:
RELATION TO WELFARE 55 has demonstr
Page 74 and 75:
RELATION TO WELFARE 57 The presence
Page 76 and 77:
CHAPTER IV THE PROBLEM OF MOSQUITO
Page 78 and 79:
MOSQUITO REDUCTION 61 and careful s
Page 80 and 81:
MOSQUITO REDUCTION 63 by drainage s
Page 82 and 83:
9 MOSQUITO REDUCTION 6.5 streams ar
Page 84 and 85:
MOSQUITO REDUCTION 67 periment Stat
Page 86 and 87:
MOSQUITO REDUCTION 69 in oil and an
Page 88 and 89:
MOSQUITO REDUCTION 71 Destructiovl
Page 90 and 91:
MOSQUITO RJDUCTION 73 plants, by th
Page 92 and 93:
MOSQUITO REDUCTION 75 involve the f
Page 94 and 95:
them. In the open, they may be obta
Page 96 and 97:
COLLECTING AND REARING 79 simplest
Page 98 and 99:
COLLECTING AND REARING 81 secures e
Page 100 and 101:
CULI( IDAE 83 AA. Eighth segment wi
Page 102 and 103:
CULICIDAE 85 3. Claspette not bilob
Page 104 and 105:
CULICIDAE found them in nearly all
Page 106 and 107:
CULICIDAE Canada and the northern b
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CULICIDAE This species ranges from
Page 110 and 111:
CHAPTER VII THE TRIBE CULICINI The
Page 112 and 113:
CULICINI 95 6. Air-tube with a sing
Page 114 and 115:
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
Page 116 and 117:
31. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. CULICIS
Page 118 and 119:
19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. CUL
Page 120 and 121:
CU1~1,1N1 103 36. Filament of clasp
Page 122 and 123:
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.
Page 124 and 125:
CULICINI 107 Male hypopygizm. (Fig.
Page 126 and 127:
CULICINI 109 Larva. (Fig. 3, Pl. XX
Page 128 and 129:
CULICINI 111 usually occurs in late
Page 130 and 131:
CULICINI 113 Aedes eudes Howard, Dy
Page 132 and 133:
CULICINI 115 black and yellowish sc
Page 134 and 135:
CULICINI 117 anteantennal tuft long
Page 136 and 137:
wide ; pecten reaching ple, situate
Page 138 and 139:
CULICINI 121 CuCex fletcheri Coyuil
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CULICINI 123 yellowish, narrow, ere
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the tube tube. CULICINI 125 ; tuft
Page 144 and 145:
CULICIliI 127 cheeks with broad, fl
Page 146 and 147:
CULICINI 129 margin and a smaller o
Page 148 and 149:
CULICINI 131 where favorable water
Page 150 and 151:
CULICINI dorsum and at the base, on
Page 152 and 153:
CULICINI 13.5 the dorsum. Lobes of
Page 154 and 155:
CULICINI 137 ment with a basal whit
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CULICINI 139 Male hypopygium. (Fig.
Page 158 and 159:
CULICINI 141 anterior margin follow
Page 160 and 161:
CUL1C1N1 143 upper dorsal head hair
Page 162 and 163:
CULICINI 145 FernaLe. Length 4.5 mm
Page 164 and 165:
CULICINI 147 scales; pleura with pa
Page 166 and 167:
CULICINI 149 pale yellow scales med
Page 168 and 169:
CULICINI 151 FenzaZe. Length 5.5 mm
Page 170 and 171:
CULICINI ter is passed in the egg s
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CULICINI 155 out one-third, followe
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CULICINI 157 adults are blood thirs
Page 176 and 177:
CULICINI 159 tz~ Dyar (of doubtful
Page 178 and 179:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ted before the ap
Page 180 and 181:
CULICINI 163 Culex saxatilis Grossb
Page 182 and 183:
CULICINI 165 prominent processes-th
Page 184 and 185:
CULlCINI 167 ciqut dark brown, clot
Page 186 and 187:
CULICINI 169 LUJ-ZU. Head subquadra
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CULICINI 171 painful biters and the
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CUWCINI 173 golden scales, black fl
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CULICI~I 17.5 Czt$/e.x i&biktor occ
Page 194 and 195:
CULICINI 177 Air-tube five times as
Page 196 and 197:
CULICINI 179 Larvae 1. Air-tube wit
Page 198 and 199:
CULICINI 181 spots or ill defined r
Page 200 and 201:
CULICINI 183 Lateral comb of the ei
Page 202 and 203:
CULICINI 18.5 adults are not persis
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CULICINI 187 GENUS PSOROPHORA Psoro
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CULICINI 189 4. Upper and Lower hea
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CULICINI 191 and pupal life is shor
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CULICINI as to form no distinct pat
Page 212 and 213:
CULICIKI 195 blackish scales and br
Page 214 and 215:
CULICINI 197 brown with silvery hai
Page 216 and 217:
CULICINI 199 Mesosome a stout, heav
Page 218 and 219:
CULICINI 201 Fellzale. Length 3 mm.
Page 220 and 221:
CULICINI 203 This genus is of wide
Page 222 and 223:
CULICINI 205 and violet scales, the
Page 224 and 225:
CULICINI 207 This species is widely
Page 226 and 227:
REFERENCES 209 Knowles, R., and Sen
Page 228 and 229:
PLATE III. I. View across a marsh a
Page 230:
PLATE V. 5. A deep woodland pool in
Page 233 and 234:
I PLATE VIII. Wings of Anopheles: I
Page 235:
PL~ITE X. Hypopygia of Aedes. I. A.
Page 238 and 239:
PLATE XIII. Hypopygia of Aedes. I.
Page 240 and 241:
PLATE XV. Hypopygia of Aedes. I. A.
Page 242 and 243:
PLATE XWa. Hypopygia of Culex. I. C
Page 244 and 245:
PLATE XVIII. Hypopygia. I. Psovopho
Page 246 and 247:
PLATE XX. Larvae of mosquitoes. 17
Page 248 and 249:
PLATE XXII. Larvae of mosquitoes. I
Page 250 and 251:
:_ \. ‘. ._I PLATE XXIV, Ill us t
Page 252 and 253:
INDEX
Page 254 and 255:
264 INDEX C taco tlzius, 158 cnllit
Page 256 and 257:
266 IiYDEX maculipennis, 41, 52, St
Page 258 and 259:
268 INDEX tcmzinalis, 192 territans
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