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BIOLOGY 35 Thus our anopheline species seem to prefer permanent to semi- permanent bodies of water in which there is considerable vegetation, particularly algae. They are also partial to the borders of sluggish streams where the larvae develop amongst the marginal plant growth. A 12 oplzeles pzbjzc tipemks develops in almost any kind of water, as roadside puddles, foul pools, swamps, (Plate III, 1) cat-tail marshes, rain-water barrels, cis- terns, along the margins of slow flowing streams, cold springs, etc. It has never been found living in deep woodland pools. Ac- cording to Herms and Freeborn, AsoplzeCes mnculipemis (A. occidentalis of authors) breeds by preference in rather clear water open to sunshine and in which vegetation is fairly abun- FIGURE 15. Larva of Anopheles resting at the surface of the water. Note that the head is turned at an angle of 180” so that the mouthparts are sweeping the surface film for food; also note the small float-hairs break through the surface film and aid in the support of the larva. dant. Anoplzeles qzladri~lzacztlatzts, our most important vector of malaria, breeds in permanent and transient waters. Its favorite breeding grounds are lakes, bayous, sloughs and marshes in which there is an abundance of aquatic vegetation especially of the floating type such as Lewma, Aeolla, water lilies, etc., and algae of various species. Such situations be- come ideal, when surrounded more or less by low growing trees and shrubbery, giving the adults protection from winds, etc., in order that successful oviposition may take place. This species formerly bred in great numbers in the numerous marshes, swamps, and borders of lakes in the central New York area. It is rarely found now. An opheles crucians breeds by preference in brackish water and is largely confined to the coastal zone. A. atropos breeds. in salt water and has
36 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA never been found in fresh water. A. pseudo/mm tipemis pre- fers clear shallow pools along the margins of receding water courses. The species of Culicine mosquitoes have widely varying larval habits. For convenience we may group them into domesticated species-those that breed in close proximity to human habitations ; semi-domesticated species-those that have a somewhat wider range of breeding grounds; wild species- those that normally breed in marshlands, both salt and fresh, swamps, open prairies, woodlands, etc. In the first group be- long the two common species of house mosquitoes, C&x pi- j&ns and C. quinqulefasciatus. The former has been fully dis- cussed; the latter breeds in similar situations and occurs throughout the southern half of the United States, and is widely distributed throughout the tropical and semi-tropical regions of the world. The yellow fever mosquito, A&s aegypti, lives only in close proximity to human habitations and finds its favorite breeding grounds in all sorts of artificial water containers. We do not seem to have any truly semi-domesticated species in North America; all our other species may be classed as wild. These we may group as early spring breeding and summer breeding species. Among the former are the following- Aedes stimulam, A. fitchii, A. ktruldens, A. speacerii, A. inz- piger, A. trichurus and A. cinereus. These and some other species breed in the early spring pools formed by melting snows, rains, or in flooded areas along water courses. Certain species prefer deep woodland pools (Fig. 5, Plate V) such as A. stiwzulam, A. excrucians and A. fitchii though they may also breed in swamps, and marshes (Plate VI). Figure 3, Plate IV, shows a shallow woodland pool which has an interesting cycle. First appears A. stimuhzs followed by A. cinereus, later A. vexam and in June a few An~oplzcles pumtijwmis ap- pear. Though this pool is frequently filled by rains during the later summer months, there is rarely any breeding except by Aedes vemns.
Page 1: A HANDBOOK OF THE MOSQUITOES OF NOR
Page 4 and 5: COPYRIGHT 1929 EY CHARLES C THOMAS
Page 6 and 7: say a terrifying, amount of literat
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . Plates
Page 11 and 12: The Sub-family Culicinae . . . . Ke
Page 13 and 14: VIII. 1. Wings of Anopheles. 1. A.
Page 15 and 16: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7. FIGURES Aedes v
Page 17 and 18: 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Dia
Page 19 and 20: FIGURE I. Aedes vexajzs, female. Ab
Page 21 and 22: FIGURE 2. Aedes vexans, male.
Page 23 and 24: 6 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA The T
Page 26: PLATE II. 6. Lateral view *of thora
Page 29 and 30: 12 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA cord
Page 31 and 32: --__ --- 14 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AME
Page 33 and 34: 16 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA the
Page 35 and 36: I_ ’ ,.L7 ’ A,A.T 4,’ .“ i
Page 37 and 38: FIGURE gA. Larva of Anofiheles pulz
Page 39 and 40: 22 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA thre
Page 41 and 42: 24 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA THE
Page 43 and 44: 26 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA inou
Page 45 and 46: FIGURE 12. Culex pipiens. Adult fem
Page 47 and 48: 30 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA (Fig
Page 49 and 50: 32 MOSQUITOES OF hToRm AMERICA cont
Page 51: 34 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA fere
Page 55 and 56: 38 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA a si
Page 57 and 58: 40 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA +zct
Page 59 and 60: 42 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA area
Page 61 and 62: 44 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA cave
Page 63 and 64: 46 RELATION TO WELFARE (4) Reductio
Page 65 and 66: 48 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA DISE
Page 67: 50 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA (No.
Page 70 and 71: RELATION TO WELFARE 53 the southern
Page 72 and 73: RELATION TO WELFARE 55 has demonstr
Page 74 and 75: RELATION TO WELFARE 57 The presence
Page 76 and 77: CHAPTER IV THE PROBLEM OF MOSQUITO
Page 78 and 79: MOSQUITO REDUCTION 61 and careful s
Page 80 and 81: MOSQUITO REDUCTION 63 by drainage s
Page 82 and 83: 9 MOSQUITO REDUCTION 6.5 streams ar
Page 84 and 85: MOSQUITO REDUCTION 67 periment Stat
Page 86 and 87: MOSQUITO REDUCTION 69 in oil and an
Page 88 and 89: MOSQUITO REDUCTION 71 Destructiovl
Page 90 and 91: MOSQUITO RJDUCTION 73 plants, by th
Page 92 and 93: MOSQUITO REDUCTION 75 involve the f
Page 94 and 95: them. In the open, they may be obta
Page 96 and 97: COLLECTING AND REARING 79 simplest
Page 98 and 99: COLLECTING AND REARING 81 secures e
Page 100 and 101: CULI( IDAE 83 AA. Eighth segment wi
Page 102 and 103:
CULICIDAE 85 3. Claspette not bilob
Page 104 and 105:
CULICIDAE found them in nearly all
Page 106 and 107:
CULICIDAE Canada and the northern b
Page 108 and 109:
CULICIDAE This species ranges from
Page 110 and 111:
CHAPTER VII THE TRIBE CULICINI The
Page 112 and 113:
CULICINI 95 6. Air-tube with a sing
Page 114 and 115:
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
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31. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. CULICIS
Page 118 and 119:
19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. CUL
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CU1~1,1N1 103 36. Filament of clasp
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21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.
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CULICINI 107 Male hypopygizm. (Fig.
Page 126 and 127:
CULICINI 109 Larva. (Fig. 3, Pl. XX
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CULICINI 111 usually occurs in late
Page 130 and 131:
CULICINI 113 Aedes eudes Howard, Dy
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CULICINI 115 black and yellowish sc
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CULICINI 117 anteantennal tuft long
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wide ; pecten reaching ple, situate
Page 138 and 139:
CULICINI 121 CuCex fletcheri Coyuil
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CULICINI 123 yellowish, narrow, ere
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the tube tube. CULICINI 125 ; tuft
Page 144 and 145:
CULICIliI 127 cheeks with broad, fl
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CULICINI 129 margin and a smaller o
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CULICINI 131 where favorable water
Page 150 and 151:
CULICINI dorsum and at the base, on
Page 152 and 153:
CULICINI 13.5 the dorsum. Lobes of
Page 154 and 155:
CULICINI 137 ment with a basal whit
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CULICINI 139 Male hypopygium. (Fig.
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CULICINI 141 anterior margin follow
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CUL1C1N1 143 upper dorsal head hair
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CULICINI 145 FernaLe. Length 4.5 mm
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CULICINI 147 scales; pleura with pa
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CULICINI 149 pale yellow scales med
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CULICINI 151 FenzaZe. Length 5.5 mm
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CULICINI ter is passed in the egg s
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CULICINI 155 out one-third, followe
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CULICINI 157 adults are blood thirs
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CULICINI 159 tz~ Dyar (of doubtful
Page 178 and 179:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ted before the ap
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CULICINI 163 Culex saxatilis Grossb
Page 182 and 183:
CULICINI 165 prominent processes-th
Page 184 and 185:
CULlCINI 167 ciqut dark brown, clot
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CULICINI 169 LUJ-ZU. Head subquadra
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CULICINI 171 painful biters and the
Page 190 and 191:
CUWCINI 173 golden scales, black fl
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CULICI~I 17.5 Czt$/e.x i&biktor occ
Page 194 and 195:
CULICINI 177 Air-tube five times as
Page 196 and 197:
CULICINI 179 Larvae 1. Air-tube wit
Page 198 and 199:
CULICINI 181 spots or ill defined r
Page 200 and 201:
CULICINI 183 Lateral comb of the ei
Page 202 and 203:
CULICINI 18.5 adults are not persis
Page 204 and 205:
CULICINI 187 GENUS PSOROPHORA Psoro
Page 206 and 207:
CULICINI 189 4. Upper and Lower hea
Page 208 and 209:
CULICINI 191 and pupal life is shor
Page 210 and 211:
CULICINI as to form no distinct pat
Page 212 and 213:
CULICIKI 195 blackish scales and br
Page 214 and 215:
CULICINI 197 brown with silvery hai
Page 216 and 217:
CULICINI 199 Mesosome a stout, heav
Page 218 and 219:
CULICINI 201 Fellzale. Length 3 mm.
Page 220 and 221:
CULICINI 203 This genus is of wide
Page 222 and 223:
CULICINI 205 and violet scales, the
Page 224 and 225:
CULICINI 207 This species is widely
Page 226 and 227:
REFERENCES 209 Knowles, R., and Sen
Page 228 and 229:
PLATE III. I. View across a marsh a
Page 230:
PLATE V. 5. A deep woodland pool in
Page 233 and 234:
I PLATE VIII. Wings of Anopheles: I
Page 235:
PL~ITE X. Hypopygia of Aedes. I. A.
Page 238 and 239:
PLATE XIII. Hypopygia of Aedes. I.
Page 240 and 241:
PLATE XV. Hypopygia of Aedes. I. A.
Page 242 and 243:
PLATE XWa. Hypopygia of Culex. I. C
Page 244 and 245:
PLATE XVIII. Hypopygia. I. Psovopho
Page 246 and 247:
PLATE XX. Larvae of mosquitoes. 17
Page 248 and 249:
PLATE XXII. Larvae of mosquitoes. I
Page 250 and 251:
:_ \. ‘. ._I PLATE XXIV, Ill us t
Page 252 and 253:
INDEX
Page 254 and 255:
264 INDEX C taco tlzius, 158 cnllit
Page 256 and 257:
266 IiYDEX maculipennis, 41, 52, St
Page 258 and 259:
268 INDEX tcmzinalis, 192 territans
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