a handbook of the mosquitoes of north america - Systematic Catalog ...

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COPYRIGHT 1929 EY CHARLES C THOMAS MAN UFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES The preparation of the illustrations of the hypopygia of the Czdicidae was aided by a grant from the Heckscher Foundation for fhe Adzlancenzent of Research established by August Heckschcr at Cornell University.
PREFACE Mosquitoes are familiar to everyone. They have plagued mankind from the earliest times and they still contest his advance into almost every region of the globe. During the short summer, the Arctic region swarms with them and veri- table fairy tales have come to us fro,m explorers, travelers, and scientists who have visited these lands. The temperate regions are not exempt from countless hordes while the tropics have them at nearly all seasons of the year. Though man has suf- fered so much from them, it is one of the riddles of advancing knowledge that he has learned so little about them. Not till the nineties did we know aught of their life-histories except Reaumur’s ( 1738) delightful account of the house mosquito (C&x pipiem) which was copied and dilated upon as the gen- eral life-cycle of all mosquitoes. Dr. L. 0. Howard was the first person in America to study the life-cycle of an anopheline mosquito and he published an account of his observations in 1900.’ Shortly before this Sir Ronald Ross (1897-1899) demonstrated that the “dappled-winged” mosquitoes (Ano- p/&es spp. ) are vectors of human malaria and the ordinary mosquito (Cz~lex spp. ) is the vector of ibird malaria. These re- markable discoveries resulted in immediate intensive studies in mosquito biology and taxonomy. In the autumn of 1900, the American Yellow Fever Commission, consisting of Major Wal- ter C. Reed, Dr. James Carroll, Jesse W. Lazear, and Dr. H. Agramonte, announced that Culex fasciatzu (now Aedes aegypti, or Aedes calopus or Aedes argezteus or Stegonzyia fasciata) is the vector of Yellow Fever. This discovery was soon fully confirmed and gave great impetus to the study of Culicid biology. Since 1900, an immense, one might almost ’ When Howard’s observations were published, Professor Minot, of Harvard, recalled some of his earlier work and published, in 1901, an account of rearing an Anopheles species.
Page 1: A HANDBOOK OF THE MOSQUITOES OF NOR
Page 6 and 7: say a terrifying, amount of literat
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . Plates
Page 11 and 12: The Sub-family Culicinae . . . . Ke
Page 13 and 14: VIII. 1. Wings of Anopheles. 1. A.
Page 15 and 16: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7. FIGURES Aedes v
Page 17 and 18: 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Dia
Page 19 and 20: FIGURE I. Aedes vexajzs, female. Ab
Page 21 and 22: FIGURE 2. Aedes vexans, male.
Page 23 and 24: 6 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA The T
Page 26: PLATE II. 6. Lateral view *of thora
Page 29 and 30: 12 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA cord
Page 31 and 32: --__ --- 14 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AME
Page 33 and 34: 16 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA the
Page 35 and 36: I_ ’ ,.L7 ’ A,A.T 4,’ .“ i
Page 37 and 38: FIGURE gA. Larva of Anofiheles pulz
Page 39 and 40: 22 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA thre
Page 41 and 42: 24 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA THE
Page 43 and 44: 26 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA inou
Page 45 and 46: FIGURE 12. Culex pipiens. Adult fem
Page 47 and 48: 30 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA (Fig
Page 49 and 50: 32 MOSQUITOES OF hToRm AMERICA cont
Page 51 and 52: 34 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA fere
Page 53 and 54: 36 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA neve
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38 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA a si
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40 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA +zct
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42 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA area
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44 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA cave
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46 RELATION TO WELFARE (4) Reductio
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48 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA DISE
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50 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA (No.
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RELATION TO WELFARE 53 the southern
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RELATION TO WELFARE 55 has demonstr
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RELATION TO WELFARE 57 The presence
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CHAPTER IV THE PROBLEM OF MOSQUITO
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MOSQUITO REDUCTION 61 and careful s
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MOSQUITO REDUCTION 63 by drainage s
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9 MOSQUITO REDUCTION 6.5 streams ar
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MOSQUITO REDUCTION 67 periment Stat
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MOSQUITO REDUCTION 69 in oil and an
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MOSQUITO REDUCTION 71 Destructiovl
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MOSQUITO RJDUCTION 73 plants, by th
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MOSQUITO REDUCTION 75 involve the f
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them. In the open, they may be obta
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COLLECTING AND REARING 79 simplest
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COLLECTING AND REARING 81 secures e
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CULI( IDAE 83 AA. Eighth segment wi
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CULICIDAE 85 3. Claspette not bilob
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CULICIDAE found them in nearly all
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CULICIDAE Canada and the northern b
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CULICIDAE This species ranges from
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CHAPTER VII THE TRIBE CULICINI The
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CULICINI 95 6. Air-tube with a sing
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13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
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31. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. CULICIS
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19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. CUL
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CU1~1,1N1 103 36. Filament of clasp
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21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.
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CULICINI 107 Male hypopygizm. (Fig.
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CULICINI 109 Larva. (Fig. 3, Pl. XX
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CULICINI 111 usually occurs in late
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CULICINI 113 Aedes eudes Howard, Dy
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CULICINI 115 black and yellowish sc
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CULICINI 117 anteantennal tuft long
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wide ; pecten reaching ple, situate
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CULICINI 121 CuCex fletcheri Coyuil
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CULICINI 123 yellowish, narrow, ere
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the tube tube. CULICINI 125 ; tuft
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CULICIliI 127 cheeks with broad, fl
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CULICINI 129 margin and a smaller o
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CULICINI 131 where favorable water
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CULICINI dorsum and at the base, on
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CULICINI 13.5 the dorsum. Lobes of
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CULICINI 137 ment with a basal whit
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CULICINI 139 Male hypopygium. (Fig.
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CULICINI 141 anterior margin follow
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CUL1C1N1 143 upper dorsal head hair
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CULICINI 145 FernaLe. Length 4.5 mm
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CULICINI 147 scales; pleura with pa
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CULICINI 149 pale yellow scales med
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CULICINI 151 FenzaZe. Length 5.5 mm
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CULICINI ter is passed in the egg s
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CULICINI 155 out one-third, followe
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CULICINI 157 adults are blood thirs
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CULICINI 159 tz~ Dyar (of doubtful
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ted before the ap
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CULICINI 163 Culex saxatilis Grossb
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CULICINI 165 prominent processes-th
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CULlCINI 167 ciqut dark brown, clot
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CULICINI 169 LUJ-ZU. Head subquadra
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CULICINI 171 painful biters and the
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CUWCINI 173 golden scales, black fl
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CULICI~I 17.5 Czt$/e.x i&biktor occ
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CULICINI 177 Air-tube five times as
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CULICINI 179 Larvae 1. Air-tube wit
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CULICINI 181 spots or ill defined r
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CULICINI 183 Lateral comb of the ei
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CULICINI 18.5 adults are not persis
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CULICINI 187 GENUS PSOROPHORA Psoro
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CULICINI 189 4. Upper and Lower hea
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CULICINI 191 and pupal life is shor
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CULICINI as to form no distinct pat
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CULICIKI 195 blackish scales and br
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CULICINI 197 brown with silvery hai
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CULICINI 199 Mesosome a stout, heav
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CULICINI 201 Fellzale. Length 3 mm.
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CULICINI 203 This genus is of wide
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CULICINI 205 and violet scales, the
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CULICINI 207 This species is widely
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REFERENCES 209 Knowles, R., and Sen
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PLATE III. I. View across a marsh a
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PLATE V. 5. A deep woodland pool in
Page 233 and 234:
I PLATE VIII. Wings of Anopheles: I
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PL~ITE X. Hypopygia of Aedes. I. A.
Page 238 and 239:
PLATE XIII. Hypopygia of Aedes. I.
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PLATE XV. Hypopygia of Aedes. I. A.
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PLATE XWa. Hypopygia of Culex. I. C
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PLATE XVIII. Hypopygia. I. Psovopho
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PLATE XX. Larvae of mosquitoes. 17
Page 248 and 249:
PLATE XXII. Larvae of mosquitoes. I
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:_ \. ‘. ._I PLATE XXIV, Ill us t
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INDEX
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264 INDEX C taco tlzius, 158 cnllit
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266 IiYDEX maculipennis, 41, 52, St
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268 INDEX tcmzinalis, 192 territans
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