a handbook of the mosquitoes of north america - Systematic Catalog ...
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A HANDBOOK OF<br />
THE MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA
A HANDBOOK OF<br />
THE MOSQUITOES OF<br />
NORTH AMERICA<br />
THEIR STRUCTURE * HOW THEY LIVE - HOW<br />
THEY CARRY DISEASE - HOW THEY MAY BE<br />
STUDIED * HOW THEY MAY BE CONTROLLED<br />
HOW THEY MAY BE IDENTIFIED<br />
BY<br />
ROBERT MATHESON<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> Entomology<br />
Necw York State College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture<br />
Come11 Udversity<br />
1929<br />
CHARLES C THOMAS, PUBLISHER<br />
SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS BALTIMORE, MARYLAND
COPYRIGHT 1929 EY<br />
CHARLES C THOMAS<br />
MAN UFACTURED IN<br />
THE UNITED STATES<br />
The preparation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> illustrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hypopygia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Czdicidae<br />
was aided by a grant from <strong>the</strong> Heckscher Foundation<br />
for fhe Adzlancenzent <strong>of</strong> Research established by<br />
August Heckschcr at Cornell University.
PREFACE<br />
Mosquitoes are familiar to everyone. They have plagued<br />
mankind from <strong>the</strong> earliest times and <strong>the</strong>y still contest his<br />
advance into almost every region <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> globe. During <strong>the</strong><br />
short summer, <strong>the</strong> Arctic region swarms with <strong>the</strong>m and veri-<br />
table fairy tales have come to us fro,m explorers, travelers, and<br />
scientists who have visited <strong>the</strong>se lands. The temperate regions<br />
are not exempt from countless hordes while <strong>the</strong> tropics have<br />
<strong>the</strong>m at nearly all seasons <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> year. Though man has suf-<br />
fered so much from <strong>the</strong>m, it is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> riddles <strong>of</strong> advancing<br />
knowledge that he has learned so little about <strong>the</strong>m. Not till<br />
<strong>the</strong> nineties did we know aught <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir life-histories except<br />
Reaumur’s ( 1738) delightful account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> house mosquito<br />
(C&x pipiem) which was copied and dilated upon as <strong>the</strong> gen-<br />
eral life-cycle <strong>of</strong> all <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. Dr. L. 0. Howard was <strong>the</strong><br />
first person in America to study <strong>the</strong> life-cycle <strong>of</strong> an anopheline<br />
mosquito and he published an account <strong>of</strong> his observations in<br />
1900.’ Shortly before this Sir Ronald Ross (1897-1899)<br />
demonstrated that <strong>the</strong> “dappled-winged” <strong>mosquitoes</strong> (Ano-<br />
p/&es spp. ) are vectors <strong>of</strong> human malaria and <strong>the</strong> ordinary<br />
mosquito (Cz~lex spp. ) is <strong>the</strong> vector <strong>of</strong> ibird malaria. These re-<br />
markable discoveries resulted in immediate intensive studies in<br />
mosquito biology and taxonomy. In <strong>the</strong> autumn <strong>of</strong> 1900, <strong>the</strong><br />
American Yellow Fever Commission, consisting <strong>of</strong> Major Wal-<br />
ter C. Reed, Dr. James Carroll, Jesse W. Lazear, and Dr. H.<br />
Agramonte, announced that Culex fasciatzu (now Aedes<br />
aegypti, or Aedes calopus or Aedes argezteus or Stegonzyia<br />
fasciata) is <strong>the</strong> vector <strong>of</strong> Yellow Fever. This discovery was<br />
soon fully confirmed and gave great impetus to <strong>the</strong> study <strong>of</strong><br />
Culicid biology. Since 1900, an immense, one might almost<br />
’ When Howard’s observations were published, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Minot,<br />
<strong>of</strong> Harvard, recalled some <strong>of</strong> his earlier work and published, in 1901,<br />
an account <strong>of</strong> rearing an Anopheles species.
say a terrifying, amount <strong>of</strong> literature, good, bad and o<strong>the</strong>rwise,<br />
has been published on <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. In 1900, Howard recorded<br />
thirty species from <strong>the</strong> United States. Giles (1900) lists 242<br />
species. from <strong>the</strong> world <strong>of</strong> which 41 are recorded from North<br />
America. At <strong>the</strong> present time, over 2,000 species are known<br />
from <strong>the</strong> world and Dyar (1928) lists 540 species from <strong>the</strong><br />
Americas, 123 <strong>of</strong> which are known from North America, <strong>north</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Mexico. It will thus be seen that in a short period <strong>of</strong><br />
scarcely more than twenty-five years <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> known<br />
species has increased seven to ten fold. If all <strong>the</strong> synonyms<br />
were included, <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> species described would be vastly<br />
greater !<br />
It is <strong>the</strong> object <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present <strong>handbook</strong> to present as con-<br />
cise an account as possible <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> species occurring in North<br />
America, to summarize <strong>the</strong>ir life-histories, habits, breeding<br />
habitats, <strong>the</strong>ir relation to our own welfare, and to discuss <strong>the</strong><br />
problem involved in any attempt at <strong>the</strong>ir reduction. It is also<br />
hoped to present <strong>the</strong> taxonomic part so that beginners, public<br />
health workers, medical men and <strong>the</strong> average citizen may be<br />
able to identify our common species and take a direct interest<br />
in <strong>the</strong> reduction and control <strong>of</strong> our most annoying forms.<br />
With <strong>the</strong>se high hopes, <strong>the</strong> author presents <strong>the</strong> book to <strong>the</strong><br />
public.<br />
No attempt will be made to acknowledge <strong>the</strong> various text<br />
books, publications, etc. consulted in <strong>the</strong> preparation <strong>of</strong> this<br />
<strong>handbook</strong>. I have gleaned information from so many sources<br />
that this would be impossible. All direct quotations, or sources<br />
<strong>of</strong> definite information will be found duly acknowledged in<br />
<strong>the</strong> text. However, it would be impossible to write even this<br />
short book without <strong>the</strong> invaluable aid <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> masterly work<br />
<strong>of</strong> Howard, Dyar and Knab.-Tlze Mosquitoes <strong>of</strong> North and<br />
Central Amkca and <strong>the</strong> West Indies (1912-1917), Dyar’s<br />
The Mosquitoes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americas (1928) and <strong>the</strong> numerous<br />
writings <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> last named author. To <strong>the</strong>m and all writers<br />
on Culicidology, <strong>the</strong> author extends his grateful thanks. The<br />
illustrations in <strong>the</strong> text are nearly all original and prepared
under my direction by Miss Ellen Edmonson, Mrs. Burckmyer<br />
and Mr. Pate. These were made possible by a grant from<br />
<strong>the</strong> Heckscher Research Foundation <strong>of</strong> Cornell University to<br />
aid me in my study <strong>of</strong> Culicid biology. A few have been drawn<br />
by <strong>the</strong> author. To <strong>the</strong> artists I extend my warmest thanks.<br />
The photographs are by <strong>the</strong> author, except those duly credited<br />
in <strong>the</strong> text.<br />
Ithaca, N.Y., August, 1929 ROBERT MATHESON
CONTENTS<br />
Preface . . . . . .<br />
Plates . . . . . .<br />
Figures . . . . . .<br />
CHAPTER I<br />
Characteristics <strong>of</strong> Mosquitoes . .<br />
External Structure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Adult<br />
Head and Mouth Parts .<br />
The Thorax . . .<br />
The Wings . . .<br />
The Legs . . . .<br />
The Abdomen and Male Gen italia .<br />
External Structure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Larva<br />
The Pupa . . . . .<br />
Internal Anatomy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Adult<br />
CHAPTER II<br />
The Biology <strong>of</strong> Mosquitoes . .<br />
The Life-cycle <strong>of</strong> Mosquitoes .<br />
Egg-laying Habits . . .<br />
Larval Habits and Habitats .<br />
Habits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Adults . .<br />
Food Habits . . .<br />
Flight Habits . . .<br />
Time <strong>of</strong> Activity . .<br />
Mating Habits . . .<br />
Longevity . . . .<br />
Hibernation <strong>of</strong> Mosquitoes .<br />
IX<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
. .<br />
.<br />
.<br />
XII<br />
xv<br />
V<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
6<br />
11<br />
12<br />
12<br />
17<br />
24<br />
25<br />
29<br />
29<br />
33<br />
34<br />
39<br />
39<br />
41<br />
42<br />
42<br />
43<br />
43
CHAPTER III<br />
Mosquitoes in Relation to Human Welfare . . .<br />
General Considerations . . . . . .<br />
Irritation Caused by Bites . . . . .<br />
Diseases Transmitted by Mosquitoes . . .<br />
Malaria and Blackwater Fever . . .<br />
Yellow Fever . . . . . . .<br />
Dengue . . . . . . . .<br />
Filariasis . . . . . . . .<br />
Mosquito,es in Relation to, Animal Diseases . .<br />
Reduction in Land Values Due to Abundance <strong>of</strong><br />
Mosquitoes . . . . . . .<br />
CHAPTER IV<br />
The Problem <strong>of</strong> Mosquito Reduction . . . . 59<br />
The Fundamental Principles <strong>of</strong> Control . . 59<br />
Types, <strong>of</strong> Control Operations . . . . . 62<br />
Drainage . . . . . . . . 62<br />
Filling and Grading . . . . . . 64<br />
Streams and Ponds . . . . . . 64<br />
Oiling Operations . . . . . . 66<br />
Poisons . . . . . . . . 70<br />
Destruction <strong>of</strong> Adults . . . . . 71<br />
Natural Enemies . . . . . . 71<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r Methods <strong>of</strong> Mosquito Reduction . . 72<br />
Protection from Mosquito Bites . . . . 73<br />
Plan <strong>of</strong> Organization fo’r Mosquito Control Work 74<br />
CHAPTER V<br />
How to Study, Collect, Rear, and Preserve Mosquitoes .<br />
The Study <strong>of</strong> Mosquitoes . . . . .<br />
How to Collect Adults . . . . . .<br />
Collection, Preservation and Rearing <strong>of</strong> Larvae .<br />
CHAPTER VI<br />
A <strong>Systematic</strong> Account <strong>of</strong> North American Mosquitoes .<br />
The Family Culicidae . . . . . .<br />
x<br />
45<br />
45<br />
46<br />
48<br />
48<br />
53<br />
55<br />
56<br />
57<br />
57<br />
76<br />
76<br />
76<br />
78<br />
82<br />
82
The Sub-family Culicinae . . . .<br />
Keys to <strong>the</strong> Tribes <strong>of</strong> Culicinae . .<br />
The Anophelini . . . , . .<br />
Keys to Adults and Larvae . . .<br />
Keys to <strong>the</strong> Males . . . . .<br />
Description and Notes on <strong>the</strong> Biology <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Species<br />
CHAPTER VII<br />
The Tribe Culicini . . . . . . . .<br />
Keys to Genera ; Adults and Larvae . . .<br />
The<br />
The<br />
The<br />
The<br />
The<br />
The<br />
The<br />
The<br />
The<br />
Genus Aedes . . . . . . .<br />
Keys to Adults . . . . . . .<br />
Keys to Males . . . . . . .<br />
Keys to Larvae . . . . . . .<br />
Descriptions <strong>of</strong> Species, Distribution and Bio-<br />
logical Notes . . . . . .<br />
Genus Culex . . . . . . .<br />
Keys to Adults, Males and Larvae . . .<br />
Descriptions <strong>of</strong> Species, Distribution and Bio-<br />
logical Notes . . . . . .<br />
Genus Theobaldia . . . . . .<br />
Ke>vs to Adults, Males and Larvae . . .<br />
Description <strong>of</strong> Species, Distribution and Bio-<br />
logical Notes . . . . . .<br />
Genus Psorophora . . . . .<br />
Keys to Aduls, Males and Larvae . . .<br />
Description <strong>of</strong> Species, Distribution and Bio-<br />
logical Notes . 189<br />
Genus Taeniorhynchus 197<br />
Genus Uranotaenia . 200<br />
Genus Orthopodomyia 202<br />
Genus Megharinus . 204<br />
Genus Wyeomyia 205<br />
REFEREKCES . . . . 208<br />
PLATES III TO XXV . 213<br />
INDEX . . . . . 263<br />
XI<br />
82<br />
82<br />
83<br />
83<br />
84<br />
85<br />
93<br />
94<br />
95<br />
96<br />
99<br />
103<br />
106<br />
159<br />
160<br />
162<br />
177<br />
187<br />
179<br />
187<br />
177
II.<br />
III.<br />
IV.<br />
V.<br />
VI.<br />
VII.<br />
I.<br />
PLA TES<br />
Lateral view <strong>of</strong> thorax <strong>of</strong>: 1. Ural20 taenia lowii<br />
2. Theo baldia morsitans : 3. Agtopheles punctipenfzis<br />
4. Psoroplaora ciliata : 5. Megarhinus septeMron,alis.<br />
Lateral view <strong>of</strong> thorax <strong>of</strong>: 6. Ovtlzopodamyia signifer<br />
7. Deinocerites pseudes : 8. Wyeonzyia smitlzii : 9. Culex<br />
pipiens : 10. TaePziorhync1tu.s perturbans : 11. Aedes<br />
vexafzs. Me. Lower mesepimeral bristles; Pn. Pro-<br />
thoracic group <strong>of</strong> bristles ; Pe. Pronotal group <strong>of</strong> bristles ;<br />
Pa. Pre-alar group <strong>of</strong> bristles; Ps. Prosternal group <strong>of</strong><br />
bristles; P. Sp. Post-spiracular group <strong>of</strong> bristles ; Sp.<br />
Spiracular group; St. P. Sterno-pleural group . .<br />
1. View across a marsh area with many pools and slug-<br />
gish streams in which breed Aedes vexam and AnophcZcs<br />
punctipefznis. 2. A hog wallow where Aedcs vexam and<br />
Cztlex pipiem breed in enormous numbers . .<br />
3. A small woodland pool which has an interesting mosquito<br />
cycle. First appears Aedes stimztlans, <strong>the</strong>n Aedes<br />
cinereus, followed by Aedes vexans. Anopheles pzmctipe?z?zis<br />
occasionally breeds here in late June and July.<br />
4. A small filthy pool, packed with <strong>the</strong> larvae <strong>of</strong> Aedes<br />
vexans. . . . . . . . . .<br />
5. A deep woodland pool in which Aedes stimulans,<br />
A. fitclzii and A. excrucians breed in immense numbers.<br />
6. A shallow woodland pool where Aedes stimzdans, A.<br />
jitchii, A. cxcmcians, A. intrudeus, A. triclzums, and A.<br />
canademis breed. . . . . . . .<br />
A typical marshy swamp in which countless numbers <strong>of</strong><br />
Aedes stirnzdam and A. excruciam breed. . . .<br />
7. A typical breeding place for Aedes pmctor, A. intru-<br />
deu, A. abserratus, A. conz~zz~nis and A. canadeGs.<br />
8. The large hole (indicated by an arrow) at <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> tree is a typical breeding place <strong>of</strong> Theobaldia znorsi-<br />
tam. . . . . . . . . . .<br />
XII<br />
7<br />
9<br />
213<br />
215<br />
217<br />
219<br />
221
VIII. 1. Wings <strong>of</strong> Anopheles. 1. A. maculipennis. 2. A. quadri-<br />
waculatus. 3. A. zvalkeri. 4. A. pltflctipennis. 5. A.<br />
cmciam. 6. A. barberi. . . . . . . 223<br />
IX. Hypopygia <strong>of</strong> Anopheles. 1. A. maculipennis. 2. A. quad-<br />
rinzaculatus. 3. A. walkeri. 4. A. punctipennis. 5. A.<br />
cm ciam. 6. A. psezldopulzctipenlai. . . . . 225<br />
X. Hypopygia <strong>of</strong> Aedes. 1. A. ciuereus. 2. A. vexam. 3. A.<br />
excmcians. 4. A. jitclzii. 5. .4. canademis. 6. A. com-<br />
nzztnis. . . . . . . . . . 227<br />
XI. Hypopygia <strong>of</strong> Aedes. 1. A. triclzums. 2. A. flavescens.<br />
3. A. abserratus. 4. A. pzmctor. 5. A. intrudens. 6. A.<br />
iwzpiger. . . . . . . . . . 229<br />
XII. Hypopygia <strong>of</strong> Aedes. 1. A. dorsalis. 2. A. sollicitam.<br />
3. A. cantator. 4. A. taeniorlaynclaus. 5. A. aurifer. 6. A.<br />
diafataeus. . . . . . . . . . 231<br />
XIII. Hypopygia <strong>of</strong> Aedes. 1. A. hirsuterow. 2. A. atropalpus.<br />
3. A. varipalpus. 4. A. aegypti. 5. A. triseriatus. 6. A.<br />
patllatus. . . . . . . . . . . . 233<br />
XIV. Hypopygia <strong>of</strong> Aedes. 1. A. near&us. 2. A. aborighis.<br />
3. A. campestyis. 4. A. ?aigronzaculis. 5. A. spencerii.<br />
6. A. cataplzylla. . . . . . . . 235<br />
XV. Hypopygia <strong>of</strong> Aedes. 1. A. aldrichi. 2. A. tlaibaulti. 3. A.<br />
dzlpreci. 4. A. atlanticzts. 5. A. infiwzatzls. 6. A. riparizrs. 237<br />
XVI. Hypopygia <strong>of</strong> Culex. 1. C. pipiens. 2. Mesosome and<br />
supporting structures <strong>of</strong> C. pipielzs. 3. C. territans. 4. C.<br />
salinarius. 5. C. apicalis. 6. Mesosome and supporting<br />
structures <strong>of</strong> C. apicalis. . . . . . . 239<br />
XVIa. Hypopygia <strong>of</strong> Culex. 1. C. quinquefasciatus. 2. C. tav-<br />
salis. 3. C. inhibitator. 4. C. pilosus. 5. C. peccator. . 241<br />
XVII. Hypopygia. 1. Theobaldia waelalzura. 2. T. nzorsitans.<br />
3. T. inornata. 4. T. inapatiens. 5, T. ha&dens. 6. Psoro-<br />
phora posticata. . . . . . . . . 243
XVIII.<br />
XIX.<br />
xx.<br />
XXI.<br />
XXII.<br />
XXIII.<br />
XXIV.<br />
xxv.<br />
Hypopygia. 1. Psoroplzora Izowardii. 2. P. colunabiae.<br />
3. P. ciliata. 4. Taeniorhynchus pertztrbans. 5. Orthopo-<br />
dowzyia siglzif er. 6. Wyeonlyia smithii. . . . 215<br />
Larvae <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. 1. Aedes irztmdem. 2. Aedes<br />
conz?ttzu~is. 3. Aedes triclzztrus. 4. Aedes canademis.<br />
5. Aedes excrzrciafzs. 6. Aedes fitclzii. . . . . 247<br />
Larvae <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. 1. Aedes aegypti. 2. Aedes tri-<br />
seriatus. 3. Aedes vexans. 4. Aedes punctor. 5. Aedes<br />
stinzzclaw. 6. Aedes abserratzts. . . . . .<br />
Larvae <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. 1. Aedes cinereus. 2. Aedes hir-<br />
stlteron. 3. Aedessollicitans. 4. Aedes atlanticzu. 5. Aedes<br />
cantatoy. 6. Tlzeobaldia inoruata. . . . . .<br />
Larvae <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. 1. Theobaldia nzorsitans. 2. Psoro-<br />
plaora ciliata. 3. Culex pipiem. 4. Taeniorlaymlaus per-<br />
turbans. 5. Culex territans. 6. C&en- apicalis. . .<br />
Illustrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> scales <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> comb <strong>of</strong> various Aedes<br />
species. 1. Aedcs abserratus. 2. A. aegypti. 3. A. atlanti-<br />
cu. 4. A. cauadcnsis. 5. A. cinereus. 6. A. intrudens.<br />
7. A. cowmmis. 8. A. fitchii. 9. A. trichms. 10. A. hir-<br />
mteron. 11. A. z’exans. 12. A. impiger. 13. A. triseriatus.<br />
14. A. stiwzdam. 15. A. excmciam. 16. L4. pwctor. .<br />
Illustrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> teeth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pecten <strong>of</strong> various species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Aedes. 1. A. aegypti. 2. A. cincreus. 3. A. canadensis.<br />
4. A. trisel-iatus. 5. A. wen-ans. 6. A. stimulans. 7. A. com-<br />
munis. 8. A. jitclzii. 9. A. abserratlls. 10. A. excvucians.<br />
11. A. atlantims. 12. A. impigcr. 13. A. hirsuter<strong>of</strong>z.<br />
13. A. intrzrdcus. 15. ,1. pultctor. 16. A. triclzzmts. .<br />
Illustrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mesosome and supporting structures<br />
<strong>of</strong> various genera. In figures 1, 3, 3 and 5 parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
9th segment are also shown. Fig. 1. Tlzeobaldia nzorsi-<br />
tans, dorso-lateral view. 2. Tltcobaldia inornata, dorsal<br />
view. 3. The same in lateral view. 4. Psorophora ciliata,<br />
dorsal view. 5. The same in lateral view. 6. Taenio-<br />
rlzynchus pertzlrbans, dorso-lateral view. 7. The same in<br />
lateral view. . . . . . . . .<br />
XIV<br />
249<br />
251<br />
253<br />
255<br />
257<br />
259
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
6<br />
7.<br />
FIGURES<br />
Aedes vexa~zs, female. Abd., abdomen; ht., antenna; E.,<br />
Eye ; I?., Femur ; Mes., Mesonotum ; Mx. p., maxillary palpus ;<br />
Pb., proboscis ; Set., Scutellum ; T., tibia; Tar., Tarsus with<br />
its five joints; IV., wing. . . . . . . .<br />
Aedes vexam, male. . . . . . . . .<br />
The head <strong>of</strong> a female mosquito with <strong>the</strong> mouthparts dissected<br />
out. Ant, antenna ; E, eye; H, hypopharynx; Lb, labium ;<br />
Le, labrum-epipharynx ; Md, mandible; Mx, maxilla ; Mxp,<br />
maxillary palpus. . . . . . . . .<br />
Cross-section <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> proboscis <strong>of</strong> a mosquito. Hp, hypo-<br />
pharynx ; Lb, labium ; Mn, mandible; Mx, maxilla ; Le,<br />
labrum-epipharynx ; Sd, salivary gutter. . . . .<br />
Wing <strong>of</strong> .~~~opl~clcs eualfic~i labeled according to <strong>the</strong> Comstock-Needham<br />
terminology and <strong>the</strong> usual terms employed by<br />
Dipterists (in brackets). c, costal ; SC, subcostal (an-illary) ;<br />
rl (1st Zol~gitz~dinal) ; I-~ and r3 (z~zd longitudinal) ; r4+s (3Yd<br />
Longitudinal) ; m,,, and mg (4th longitzldina2) ; cu, and cu2<br />
(5t!z Zongitudi+zal) ; 2cla (6th longitudinal). r-m, radio-medial<br />
cross vein (anterior CYOSS zlcin) ; m-cu, media-cubital cross<br />
vein (posterior CI’OSS rv2ilz). The cells,-a, SC. (subcostal) ; b,<br />
R, (1st marginal) ; c. R, (21zrl marginal) ; d, R, (szhnzargin-<br />
al) ; c, R, (1st postcriov) ; f, M, (zlzd posterior) ; g, M, (3yd<br />
posterior) ; 12, Cu, (J//z posterior) ; i, Cu, (anal cell) ; j, 2A<br />
(axilla7-y cell). . . . . . . . .<br />
Hypopygium <strong>of</strong> .dctlcs stiurldam. _\.L., apical lobe; B.L.,<br />
basal lobe; B.P., basal plate ; C., claw <strong>of</strong> clasper ; Cl., clasper ;<br />
Cs., claspette ; F.cs., filament <strong>of</strong> claspette ; I.F., interbasal fold ;<br />
1~9, lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite; P., paramere; S.P., side-piece;<br />
lOS., tenth sternite; 9T., ninth tergite. . . . .<br />
Dorsal view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10th segment, mesosome and supporting<br />
structures <strong>of</strong> Acdcs stimulans. A.P., apodeme ; D.,4., dorsal<br />
arm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> paramere; B.P., basal plate ; D.A.S., dorsal arm <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> tenth sternite; D.B., dorsal bridge ; L.,4., lateral arm <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> paramere ; Mes., mesosome; P., paramere ; lOS., tenth<br />
sternite; lOT., tenth tergite; V.B., ventral bridge. . .<br />
2<br />
4<br />
3<br />
5<br />
11<br />
15<br />
16
8.<br />
9.<br />
9A.<br />
10.<br />
11.<br />
12.<br />
13.<br />
14.<br />
15.<br />
Lateral view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth and tenth segments, mesosome and<br />
supporting structures <strong>of</strong> Aedes stimztlans. Lettering as in<br />
Fig. 7. . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Dorsal view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> larva <strong>of</strong> Aedes stiwzuhzs. The eighth<br />
and ninth segments and <strong>the</strong> siphon are turned laterad so as<br />
to give a side view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. Ant., antenna ; A.T., antenna1<br />
tuft; A.A.T., ante-antenna1 hair-tuft; A.G., anal gills; C.,<br />
comb; D.B., dorsal brush; D.P., dorsal plate; E., eyes; L.A.T.,<br />
lateral abdominal tufts; L.H.T., lower head tuft or hair;<br />
Mb., mouth brushes; P., pecten ; S., siphon or air-tube ; S.D.,<br />
subdorsal hair-tufts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> abdomen; S.H.T., siphonal hair<br />
tuft; St., stigma; U.H.T., upper head tuft <strong>of</strong> hair; V.B.,<br />
ventral brush. . . . . . . . . .<br />
Larva <strong>of</strong> Avzopheles punctipennis. Cl., clypeal hairs; F.H.,<br />
float-hairs or tufts; St., stigma. Compare with Fig. 9. .<br />
The pupa <strong>of</strong> Aedes cinereus. . . . . . .<br />
Diagrammatic longitudinal section <strong>of</strong> an adult mosquito.<br />
1. proboscis; 2. sa 1 ivary gland; 3. buccal cavity; 4. pharynx ;<br />
5. esophagus; 6. esophageal diverticula; 7. esophageal valve;<br />
8 and 9. mid-gut (9. usually called stomach) ; 10. Malpighian<br />
tube; 11 and 12. hind gut ; 13. rectum; 14. rectal papilla.<br />
(From Nuttall and Shipley, Jour. Hyg., vol. 3.) . .<br />
CuZex pipiens. Adult female. . . . . . .<br />
Eggs <strong>of</strong> various species <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. a. Egg mass <strong>of</strong> CzlZex<br />
pipiens. b. Egg mass <strong>of</strong> Theobaldia inonzata. c. Egg <strong>of</strong><br />
Aedes aegyp ti. d. Egg <strong>of</strong> ATzopheles pmctipennis, dorsal<br />
view, e. The same, ventral view. f. Egg <strong>of</strong> Anoplzeles quad-<br />
rinzaculatzts, dorsal view. g. Egg <strong>of</strong> Anopheles crham.<br />
(From Howard, Dyar and Knab.) . . . . .<br />
Larvae and pupae <strong>of</strong> Aedes species resting and feeding at <strong>the</strong><br />
surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water; o<strong>the</strong>rs are seen feeding at <strong>the</strong> bottom<br />
and swimming through <strong>the</strong> water. Two larvae, seen resting<br />
nearly parallel to <strong>the</strong> water surface, are species <strong>of</strong> Chaoborus.<br />
(These belong to <strong>the</strong> Chaoborinae, <strong>the</strong> sub-family <strong>of</strong> non-<br />
blood sucking <strong>mosquitoes</strong>.) . . . . . .<br />
Larvae <strong>of</strong> Anopheles resting at <strong>the</strong> surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water. Note<br />
that <strong>the</strong> head is turned at an angle <strong>of</strong> 180” so that <strong>the</strong> mouth-<br />
parts are sweeping <strong>the</strong> surface film for food; also note <strong>the</strong><br />
small float-hairs break through <strong>the</strong> surface film and aid in<br />
<strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> larva. . . . . . . .<br />
17<br />
18<br />
20<br />
24<br />
25<br />
28<br />
30<br />
31<br />
35
16.<br />
17.<br />
18.<br />
19.<br />
20.<br />
21.<br />
22.<br />
23.<br />
Diagrammatic representation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> life-cycle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> benign<br />
tertian malaria parasite (Plas~zodiz~~~z zviz~~x) in man and <strong>the</strong><br />
mosquito. Nos. 1 to 4 show <strong>the</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> parasite in <strong>the</strong><br />
red blood cell; nos. 5 and 6, <strong>the</strong> mature schizont dividing into<br />
merozoites and <strong>the</strong>ir escape is shown in 7; <strong>the</strong>se merozoites<br />
invade new red cells and <strong>the</strong> cycle continues. Nos. 8,9 and 10<br />
show <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> male and female gametocytes.<br />
The mosquito is shown obtaining <strong>the</strong>se sex cells. No. 11, <strong>the</strong><br />
male cells being discharged; no. 12, <strong>the</strong> sperm cell uniting<br />
with <strong>the</strong> female cell ; no. 13, <strong>the</strong> fertilized zygote; no. 14, <strong>the</strong><br />
migrating egg, or ookinete; no. 1.5, <strong>the</strong> oocyst outside <strong>the</strong> stomach<br />
wall <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mosquito; no. 16, a nearly mature oocyst;<br />
no. 17, <strong>the</strong> stomach <strong>of</strong> a mosquito showing oocysts attached;<br />
no. 18, <strong>the</strong> discharge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sporozoites by <strong>the</strong> breaking <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
oocyst; no. 19, sporozoites in <strong>the</strong> salivary glands; no. 20, <strong>the</strong><br />
salivary glands <strong>of</strong> a mosquito; no. 21, an anopheline is seen<br />
discharging sporozoites into <strong>the</strong> blood stream <strong>of</strong> a new host;<br />
nos. 22 to 28 show <strong>the</strong> asexual cycle in new host. (Modified<br />
from James.) . . . . . . . . .<br />
The principal endemic areas and malaria mortality for <strong>the</strong><br />
United States. There is probably no endemic malaria in Can-<br />
ada. (From James.) . . . . . . .<br />
A type <strong>of</strong> drainage gate to prevent back flow. . .<br />
A simple spray tank for oiling operations.<br />
gallons and can be carried with ease. .<br />
A power<br />
ways.<br />
It holds three<br />
. .<br />
outfit used in oiling large areas accessible to road-<br />
A simple chlor<strong>of</strong>orm bottle for collecting <strong>mosquitoes</strong>.<br />
Various methods for mounting <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. a. A mosquito is<br />
pinned on a card board point. b. Pinned on a minuten nadeln.<br />
c. Pinned directly through <strong>the</strong> thorax. d. Adhering to a drop<br />
<strong>of</strong> shellac on <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pin. . . . . .<br />
Details <strong>of</strong> a cane collecting outfit used by <strong>the</strong> author. 1. The<br />
cane fitted with brass cap; <strong>the</strong> end screw removed. 2. The<br />
small water-net. 3. The large folding air-net. . . .<br />
47<br />
51<br />
63<br />
68<br />
69<br />
77<br />
78<br />
79
CHAPTER I<br />
CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSQUITOES<br />
THEIR EXTERNAL ANATOMY. STRUCTURES USED IN CLASSIFICA-<br />
TION, LARVAL AND PUPAL STRUCTURES,<br />
INTERNAL ANATOMY<br />
The <strong>mosquitoes</strong> or Culicidae belong to <strong>the</strong> Diptera, an order<br />
<strong>of</strong> two-winged flies. They are characterized as small, s<strong>of</strong>t<br />
textured flies with long and slender abdomens, narrow wings<br />
and <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> V-shaped suture on <strong>the</strong> thorax (Fig.<br />
1). The males have bushy, plumose antennae (Fig. 2). The<br />
most distinctive features are found in <strong>the</strong> wings (Fig. 5). The<br />
costal vein surrounds <strong>the</strong> wing, <strong>the</strong> medial vein is only two<br />
branched, and <strong>the</strong>re is a marginal fringe <strong>of</strong> scales. The wing<br />
veins also bear scales. In <strong>the</strong> females <strong>the</strong> mouthparts are<br />
fitted for piercing and sucking.’ In <strong>the</strong> males <strong>the</strong> mouthparts<br />
are not adapted for piercing and none are known to suck blood.<br />
The larvae are all aquatic. The pupae are all aquatic and active.<br />
EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE ADULT<br />
In order to identify and study <strong>mosquitoes</strong>, it is necessary to<br />
know those structures involved in classification. A brief sum-<br />
mary is here presented. As in all insects <strong>the</strong> body is divided<br />
into three easily recognizable divisions-head, thorax and ab-<br />
domen.<br />
The Head<br />
The head is nearly globose and is borne on a slender neck.<br />
It bears t,he large eyes, <strong>the</strong> antennae and <strong>the</strong> mouthparts (Fig.<br />
1). The ocelli are lacking. The antenna consists <strong>of</strong> fifteen<br />
segments but <strong>the</strong> first segment is greatly reduced and may be<br />
ignored for descriptive purposes. Assuming fourteen seg-<br />
’ In <strong>the</strong> sub-family Chaoborinae <strong>the</strong> mouthparts are not fitted for<br />
piercing.<br />
1
FIGURE I. Aedes vexajzs, female. Abd., abdomen; Ant., antenna; E<br />
Eye; F. Femur; Mes., Mesonotum ; Mx. p., maxillary palpus ; Pb., probosy<br />
cis ; Set., Scutellum; T., tibia; Tar., Tarsus with its five joints ; W., wing.
CHARACTERISTICS 3<br />
ments, <strong>the</strong> first is large, globose, with a cup-shaped hollow into<br />
which fits <strong>the</strong> second. The remaining thirteen joints are slen-<br />
der, cylindrical, pubescent, and each bears a whorl <strong>of</strong> hairs.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> males <strong>the</strong>se whorls <strong>of</strong> hairs are dense (Fig. 2) and<br />
give a distinctly bushy appearance to <strong>the</strong> antennae. The mouth-<br />
parts are termed <strong>the</strong> proboscis and in <strong>the</strong> females, are fitted<br />
for piercing and sucking (Figs. 1, 3, 5). Externally lies <strong>the</strong><br />
labium, a heavily chitinized structure which encloses all <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r mouthparts except <strong>the</strong> maxillary palpi. The labium is<br />
FIGURE 3. The head <strong>of</strong> a female mosquito with <strong>the</strong> mouthparts dis-<br />
sected out. Ant, antenna ; E. eye ; H, hypopharynx ; Lb, labium; Le,<br />
labrum-epipharynx ; Md, mandible; Mx, maxilla; Mxp, maxillary palpus.<br />
a hollow, cylindrical tube, narrowly open along its dorsal sur-<br />
face, and ends distally in two pointed labellae. It is clo<strong>the</strong>d<br />
with scales and hairs. It forms a sheath ( Fig. 5) for <strong>the</strong> deli-<br />
cate piercing organs and never enters <strong>the</strong> wound made for ob-<br />
taining blood. Within this sheath lie <strong>the</strong> following parts:-<br />
( 1) The labrum-epipharynx. This consists <strong>of</strong> two’ thin chit-<br />
inous lamellae imposed on each o<strong>the</strong>r so as to form in cross-<br />
section a U-shaped channel, open on its ventral surface. The<br />
labrum-epipharynx extends <strong>the</strong> entire length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> labium and<br />
tapers to a sharp point. (2) Lying directly beneath <strong>the</strong> la-<br />
brum-epipharynx and closing <strong>the</strong> ventral slit is <strong>the</strong> hypo-<br />
pharynx. This consists <strong>of</strong> a thih, linear, lanceolate, lamella
FIGURE 2. Aedes vexans, male.
CHARACTERISTICS 5<br />
<strong>of</strong> chitin, through <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> which extends a longitudinal<br />
chitinous thickening. This organ fits closely to <strong>the</strong> ventral<br />
surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> labrum-epipharynx, thus forming <strong>the</strong> tube<br />
through which <strong>the</strong> blood is drawn. In <strong>the</strong> longitudinal chitin-<br />
ous thickening is a very fine channel extending from <strong>the</strong> base<br />
to <strong>the</strong> tip <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hypopharynx. Through this channel <strong>the</strong> se-<br />
cretion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> salivary glands is poured into <strong>the</strong> wound. (Sd.<br />
Fig. 4). The mandibles are delicate, linear-lanceolate chitinous<br />
structures lying close beneath <strong>the</strong> hypopharynx. Each tapers<br />
slightly towards <strong>the</strong> tip which is somewhat thickened and ends<br />
le<br />
sd<br />
md<br />
mx<br />
FIGURE 4. Cross-section <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
proboscis <strong>of</strong> a mosquitao. Hp, hypo-<br />
pharynx; Lb, labium ; Mn, Mandible ;<br />
Mx, maxilla ; Le, lahrum-epipharynx ;<br />
Sd, salivary gutter.<br />
in a sharp point. (4) The maxillae are slightly more robust<br />
than <strong>the</strong> mandibles but have <strong>the</strong> same general form. Each<br />
maxilla is thickened along its upper edge by a chitinous shaft<br />
which undoubtedly gives considerable rigidity to it. The tips<br />
are somewhat more enlarged and <strong>the</strong>re is generally present<br />
a row <strong>of</strong> several backward projecting teeth. At <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> maxillae are <strong>the</strong> maxillary palpi consisting <strong>of</strong> three to five<br />
segments.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> male <strong>the</strong> mouthparts are greatly modified and not<br />
adapted for piercing (Fig, 2). The maxillary palpi are usu-<br />
ally elongated, extending beyond <strong>the</strong> tip <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> proboscis.<br />
The mandibles and maxillae are greatly reduced or lacking.
6 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
The Thorax<br />
The thorax is distinctly wedge-shaped, <strong>the</strong> base uppermost.<br />
The sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wedge form <strong>the</strong> pleura while <strong>the</strong> apex bears<br />
<strong>the</strong> legs. The spiracles appear as prominent black-rimmed<br />
apertures. Th e various sclerites composing <strong>the</strong> sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
thorax bear stiff setae or hairs which are arranged in ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
definite groups. The arrangement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se hairs and <strong>the</strong> ab-<br />
sence or presence <strong>of</strong> certain groups form land marks for <strong>the</strong><br />
placing <strong>of</strong> our nor<strong>the</strong>rn species in <strong>the</strong>ir respective genera with<br />
comparative ease (Plates I and II). These setal groups are<br />
as follows: (1) P YO t/ zoracic group, a varying number <strong>of</strong><br />
setae massed on <strong>the</strong> prothoracic lobes. (2) PTostema,l<br />
group, a single strong setae or a dense mass <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m located<br />
on <strong>the</strong> proepisternum. (3) Pronotal group. This character-<br />
istic group is located just in front <strong>of</strong> a ridge on <strong>the</strong> posterior<br />
margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pronotum and consists <strong>of</strong> one or several stout<br />
setae arranged more or less in a row. (4) Spiracztlnr group.<br />
These are located in front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> anterior spiracle and behind<br />
<strong>the</strong> pronotal ridge. They are usually arranged in a row and<br />
must be looked for with care. (5) Post-spiracdar group.<br />
These, when present, are situated on <strong>the</strong> upper portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
mesepisternum and behind <strong>the</strong> anterior spiracles. (6) Pre-<br />
alar gr0u.p. A small group on <strong>the</strong> dorso-posterior projection <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> mesepisternum and directly in front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> point <strong>of</strong> attach-<br />
ment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wings. (7) Stenzo-pleural group. This group<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> a variable number <strong>of</strong> setae located on <strong>the</strong> posterior<br />
half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mesepisternum. In most <strong>of</strong> our nor<strong>the</strong>rn genera<br />
it consists <strong>of</strong> a transverse row arising below <strong>the</strong> pre-alar group<br />
and <strong>the</strong>n extending ventrally as a more or less dense row along<br />
<strong>the</strong> posterior margin <strong>of</strong> this sclerite. In some cases <strong>the</strong> setae<br />
are located near <strong>the</strong> centre (Megarlzinxs), near <strong>the</strong> ventral<br />
margin (Wyeomyia), or <strong>the</strong>y may be scattered (Orthopo-<br />
do?nyia). (8) upp er mesepimeral group. These are located<br />
on <strong>the</strong> upper portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mesepimeron. (9) L ozwer ‘k12esepirneral<br />
group. This group consists <strong>of</strong> one to several setae lo-<br />
cated usually on <strong>the</strong> lower half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mesepimeron.
PLATE I. Lateral view <strong>of</strong> thorax <strong>of</strong> : I. Uranotne~~~ia lnwii : 2. Theo-<br />
baldia morsitms : 3. Anopheles pu?zctipemis : 4. Psorophora ciliata : 5.<br />
Megarhinlls scpte~ltrionnlis.<br />
7
PLATE II. 6. Lateral view *<strong>of</strong> thorax <strong>of</strong> : 6. Orthopodorjlyia siqllif cr :<br />
7. Dehocerites pseudes : 8. Wyeonlyia smithii : g. Culex pzpieus :<br />
IO. Taeniorkynchs pertwbam : II. Aedes z~exaus. .<br />
Me. Lower mesepimeral bristles ; Pn. Prothoracic group <strong>of</strong> bristles; Pe.<br />
Pronotal group <strong>of</strong> bristles ; Pa. Pre-alar group <strong>of</strong> bristles ; Ps. Prosternal<br />
group <strong>of</strong> bristles ; P. Sp. Post-spiracular group <strong>of</strong> bristles; Sp. Spiracular<br />
group ; St. P. Sterno-pleural group.<br />
9
CHARACTERISTICS 11<br />
The dorsal area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> thorax <strong>of</strong>fers few characters <strong>of</strong> value<br />
in systematic work except coloration. The mesonotum forms<br />
<strong>the</strong> major portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dorsal surface. It bears coarse setae<br />
variously distributed but <strong>the</strong>ir arrangement and abundance do<br />
not appear to have much significance. Stiff setae are present<br />
along <strong>the</strong> anterior and lateral margins and <strong>the</strong>se are generally<br />
more abundant and coarser over <strong>the</strong> roots <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wings. The<br />
scutellum is separated by a transverse suture from <strong>the</strong> mesolno-<br />
turn. In all genera, except Ano~lzeles, <strong>the</strong> scutellum is trilobate<br />
and each lobe generally bears a group <strong>of</strong> stiff setae. In Anoplze-<br />
Zes <strong>the</strong> scutellum is arcuate behind without any indication <strong>of</strong> a<br />
trilobate condition. The region behind <strong>the</strong> scutellum is known<br />
as <strong>the</strong> postnotum.<br />
It is generally nude, smooth or distinctly<br />
keeled. In Wycom~ia, <strong>the</strong>re is a small group <strong>of</strong> setae located<br />
in <strong>the</strong> middle near <strong>the</strong> posterior margin. In front elf <strong>the</strong> meso-<br />
notum is <strong>the</strong> pronotum represented by <strong>the</strong> two prothoracic<br />
lobes. These lobes are widely separated and appear lateral<br />
in position.<br />
The Wings<br />
The wings are long and narrow. The venation is very char-<br />
acteristic. Figure 5 illustrates <strong>the</strong> wing, <strong>the</strong> parts labeled ac-<br />
FIGURE 5. Wing <strong>of</strong> Alzopheles walkeri labeled according to <strong>the</strong> Comstock-<br />
Needham terminology and <strong>the</strong> usual terms employed by Dipterists (in brack-<br />
ets). c, costal ; SC., subcostal (auxiliary); rI (First lo~zgitudinal); r2 and<br />
rs (2nd. longitudinal) ; r4+5 (3rd. longitudinal); ml+2 & m3 (4th. longitu-<br />
d&al); cul Pr cu2 (5th. longitudinal); ada. (6th. longitudinal). r-m, radio-<br />
medial cross vein (anterior cross veigz); m-cu, medio-cubital cross vein<br />
(posterior cross vein). The cells, -a, SC. (subcostal) ; b, rI (1st mar-<br />
ginal); c, rz (2nd marginal); d, r3 (submarginal); e, rj (1st posterior)i<br />
f, ma (2nd posterior); g, w (3rd posterior); h, cu, (4th posterior); a,<br />
cu2 (awl cell); j, 28 (auxiliary cell).
12 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
cording to <strong>the</strong> Comstock-Needham terminology and <strong>the</strong> usual<br />
terms as employed by many students <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Diptera. The<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> scales is very distinctive. These scales are fre-<br />
quently <strong>of</strong> different colors or may be distributed so as to give<br />
definite patterns ( AnoplzEles and Tlzeobaldia species).<br />
The Legs<br />
The legs are long and slender. They are composed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
usual parts- coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus <strong>of</strong> five<br />
joints (Fig. 1). The tarsi are slender and usually quite long,<br />
especially on <strong>the</strong> hind legs. The last tarsal joint bears a pair<br />
<strong>of</strong> claws. The claws vary greatly in size and shape and those<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hind legs are generally smaller than those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
legs. In <strong>the</strong> females <strong>the</strong> claws are usually simple, that is <strong>the</strong>y<br />
do not bear teeth. In <strong>the</strong> males <strong>the</strong> claws are considerably modi-<br />
fied. In Anophelines <strong>the</strong> claws <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> front feet only are<br />
moldified by <strong>the</strong> addition <strong>of</strong> teeth on one claw and <strong>the</strong> marked<br />
reduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r claw. In <strong>the</strong> Culicines <strong>the</strong> claws <strong>of</strong><br />
both <strong>the</strong> front and middle legs are frequently modified ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
by an increase in size or by <strong>the</strong> addition <strong>of</strong> teeth.<br />
Th,e Abdowmz<br />
The abdomen is nearly cylindrical, narrowly elongate, and<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> ten segments. The first eight segments are quite<br />
similar but <strong>the</strong> ninth and tenth are greatly modified for <strong>the</strong><br />
sexual function. In <strong>the</strong> female <strong>the</strong> abdomen is more or less<br />
pointed. The ninth segment is reduced and in <strong>the</strong> interseg-<br />
mental area between it and <strong>the</strong> eighth segment lies <strong>the</strong> open:<br />
ing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reproductive organs. The tenth segment is greatly<br />
reduced and bears <strong>the</strong> cerci and <strong>the</strong> anal opening. The abdo-<br />
men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> male is, frequently longer than that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> female.<br />
The terminal segments, <strong>the</strong> eighth, ninth and tenth, are greatly<br />
modified and bear <strong>the</strong> clasping organs. Mosquitoes are very<br />
difficult to identify and <strong>the</strong> genital structures <strong>of</strong>fer excellent<br />
specific characters. In <strong>the</strong> male <strong>the</strong> eighth, ninth and tenth
CHARACTERISTICS 13<br />
segments undergo a torsion through an arc <strong>of</strong> 180” within a<br />
short time after it emerges from <strong>the</strong> pupal case. In Aedes<br />
stiwdaxs this torsion is completed in twenty-four hours. AS<br />
a result <strong>of</strong> this torsion <strong>the</strong> ventral portion becomes dorsal and<br />
<strong>the</strong> dorsal structures ventral. The tip <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> abdomen back <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> eighth segment is generally called <strong>the</strong> hypopygiunz. In<br />
order to identify many <strong>of</strong> our <strong>mosquitoes</strong> with certainty <strong>the</strong><br />
male hypopygium has to be specially prepared and studied.<br />
The following technique will be found simple and ideal results<br />
may be obtained if ordinary care is observed.<br />
1. Snip <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> tip <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> abdomen with a pair <strong>of</strong> fine dis-<br />
secting scissors. Be sure to attach <strong>the</strong> same label to <strong>the</strong> pinned<br />
specimen as to <strong>the</strong> portion removed. (Alcoholic material may<br />
be employed).<br />
2. Transfer <strong>the</strong> cut <strong>of</strong>f portion to a 10 per cent solution<br />
<strong>of</strong> potassium l?ydroxide and slowly bring to <strong>the</strong> boiling point.<br />
Avoid boiling more than a few seconds as <strong>the</strong> parts may be-<br />
come too clear when finally mounted.<br />
3. Remove from <strong>the</strong> potassium hydroxide solution and<br />
slowly bring to <strong>the</strong> boil in a goobdly amount <strong>of</strong> ordinary tap<br />
water.<br />
4. If mounts are not to be made directly, transfer to an<br />
equal mixture <strong>of</strong> 95 per cent alcohol and glycerine. The hy-<br />
popygium is now ready fo’r study and easy manipulation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
parts can be done under <strong>the</strong> binocular. Such preparations can<br />
be studied and <strong>the</strong>n preserved in small vials stuffed with cot-<br />
ton and placed in larger bottles filled with 85 per cent al-<br />
cohol.<br />
5. If permanent mounts are desired transfer <strong>the</strong> hypopy-<br />
gium directly to a miscroscopic slide. Under a binocular mic-<br />
roscope draw out <strong>the</strong> hypopygium from <strong>the</strong> anterior segments<br />
by means <strong>of</strong> fine dissecting needles and gently spread out all<br />
<strong>the</strong> parts. Drain <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> water and add 95 per cent alcohol.<br />
Make several changes and finally dehydrate in 100 per cent<br />
alcohol. Then centre <strong>the</strong> specimen with <strong>the</strong> dorsal s,ide upper-<br />
most, drain <strong>of</strong>f all <strong>the</strong> surplus alcohol and mount in Euparal.
--__ ---<br />
14 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
The Euparal will clear and at <strong>the</strong> same time give a beautiful<br />
permanent mount. Undue pressure on <strong>the</strong> hypopygium may be<br />
avoided by using a small coverglass or small pieces <strong>of</strong> ground<br />
glass may be placed in <strong>the</strong> mounting medium before placing<br />
<strong>the</strong> coverglass. If Euparal cannot be obtained clear in carbo-<br />
xylene and mount in Canada balsam.<br />
THE HYPOPYGIUM, MALE<br />
In order to understand <strong>the</strong> parts and <strong>the</strong>ir terminology a<br />
typical hypopygium is figured and labeled (Fig. 6). As <strong>the</strong><br />
terminal segments undergo a torsion <strong>of</strong> 180” shortly after <strong>the</strong><br />
emergence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> male it is essential to remember that ventral<br />
becomes dorsal and ‘<strong>of</strong>ice 1zw.m. The terms lower and upper will<br />
be used in <strong>the</strong>ir ordinary sense but all morphological terms as<br />
ventral and dorsal and <strong>the</strong> names <strong>of</strong> sclerites will be used with<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir correct morphological meaning.<br />
Typically <strong>the</strong> hypopygium begins with <strong>the</strong> ninth segment.<br />
This consists <strong>of</strong> a complete chitinous ring. The tergite ap-<br />
pears on <strong>the</strong> lower surface and arising from it are two lobes<br />
(lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite) which bear stout spines. The<br />
sternite appears as a broad chitinous expansion on <strong>the</strong> upper<br />
side connected with <strong>the</strong> tergite by narrow pleurae. From<br />
within <strong>the</strong> ring formed by <strong>the</strong> ninth segment <strong>the</strong>re arises from<br />
<strong>the</strong> ventro-lateral margin a large pair <strong>of</strong> forcep-like appen-<br />
dages. The basal segments are called <strong>the</strong> side-jGxc.s. (S.P. ) .<br />
Each side-piece consists <strong>of</strong> a hollow, more or less cylindrical<br />
organ with a narrow opening along its inner face. The dor-<br />
sal portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> side-piece bears two prominent lobes, <strong>the</strong><br />
basal lobe (B.L.) and <strong>the</strong> apical lobe (A.L). The basal lobe<br />
is crowned with short setae and a stout spine. The apical lobe<br />
bears short setae. Arising from <strong>the</strong> apex <strong>of</strong> each side-piece<br />
is a long, stout, chitinized appendage-<strong>the</strong> clasper (C.L. ) .<br />
The clasper is articulated at <strong>the</strong> outer end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> side-piece be-<br />
tween its upper and lower halves. Each clasper ends in a stout<br />
spine or claw (C).
CHARACTERISTICS 15<br />
Uniting <strong>the</strong> bases <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> side-pieces on <strong>the</strong> ventral side is<br />
<strong>the</strong> interbasal fold (I.F.). From each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> interbasal<br />
fold arises a small organ, <strong>the</strong> claspette (Cs.). It consists <strong>of</strong><br />
a slender, cylindrical stem, bearing at its apex an articulated<br />
broad, leaf-like expansion -<strong>the</strong> filament <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> claspette (F.cs).<br />
FIGURE 6. Hypopygium <strong>of</strong> Aedes stimztlans. A.L. apical lobe; B.L.<br />
basal lobe; B.P. basal plate; C. claw <strong>of</strong> clasper; Cl. clasper; Cs. claspette;<br />
F.cs. filament <strong>of</strong> claspette; I.F. interbasal fold; Lg. lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth<br />
tergite; P. paramere; S.P. side-piece; 10s. tenth sternite; gT. ninth<br />
tergite.<br />
Lying in <strong>the</strong> median plane, directly above and extending be-<br />
yond <strong>the</strong> lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite and within <strong>the</strong> cavity formed<br />
by <strong>the</strong> ninth segment and <strong>the</strong> side-pieces are <strong>the</strong> chitinized<br />
parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genital orifice and <strong>the</strong> anal appendages. Owing<br />
to <strong>the</strong> torsion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se parts <strong>the</strong> anal opening is below that <strong>of</strong>
16 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
<strong>the</strong> genital organs. Arising on each side just beneath <strong>the</strong> lobe<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite and extending downward and outward and<br />
<strong>the</strong>n curving caudad and dorsad is a dark band <strong>of</strong> chitin which<br />
ends in a heavily chitinized point and meets, in <strong>the</strong> median line,<br />
its fellow from <strong>the</strong> opposite side. This structure constitutes<br />
<strong>the</strong> tenth segment (Figs. 6, 7 and 8, 10s). The tenth sternite<br />
gives <strong>of</strong>f a short projection (basal arm) near <strong>the</strong> middle which<br />
articulates with <strong>the</strong> dorsal arm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> paramere (P). Directly<br />
D.A<br />
FIGURE 7. Dorsal view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10th segment, meso-<br />
some and supporting structures <strong>of</strong> Aedes stimuhas.<br />
Ap. apodeme ; D.A. dorsal arm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> paramere; B.P.<br />
basal plate; D.A.S. dorsal arm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tenth sternite;<br />
D.B. dorsal bridge ; L.A. lateral arm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> paramere;<br />
Mes. mesosome; P. paramere; 10s. tenth sternite; IOT.<br />
tenth tergite; V.B. ventral bridge.<br />
above <strong>the</strong> lobes <strong>of</strong> ninth tergite and partially surrounded by<br />
<strong>the</strong> tenth segment is <strong>the</strong> chitinized genital orifice. The ejacu-<br />
latory duct is membranous but it is surrounded by chitinized<br />
plates, <strong>the</strong> penis valves. In this species <strong>the</strong> penis valves form<br />
a somewhat cylindrical-shaped organ chitinized on <strong>the</strong> sides<br />
and over <strong>the</strong> dorsum. The median ventral portion is not chit-<br />
inized except at <strong>the</strong> base where <strong>the</strong>re is a complete ring. The<br />
portion over <strong>the</strong> dorsum has been called <strong>the</strong> lower bridge, and
CHARACTERISTICS 17<br />
that on <strong>the</strong> ventral side <strong>the</strong> upper bridge (Figs. 7 and 8). This<br />
structure is called <strong>the</strong> rnesosome or phallosome.<br />
At each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mesosome and articulating with it is a<br />
sclerite, <strong>the</strong> paramere (P). Each paramere is directed dorso-<br />
laterally and is furcate. One branch, <strong>the</strong> dorsal arm, articu-<br />
lates with a short branch, basal arm, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tenth sternite. The<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r arm (L.A.) extends outward and articulates with <strong>the</strong><br />
side-piece. There is ano<strong>the</strong>r prominent sclerite, basal plate,<br />
which articulates between <strong>the</strong> branches <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> paramere and<br />
D. A<br />
FIGURE 8. Lateral view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 9th and 10th seg-<br />
ments, mesosome and supporting structures <strong>of</strong> Ae$es<br />
stimulam. Lettering as in Fig. 7.<br />
extends cephalad and ventrad. The basal portion articulates<br />
with a projection <strong>of</strong> t,he side piece (npodenze).<br />
THE EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE LARVA<br />
The larva (Fig. 9) consists <strong>of</strong> a prominent head, a large<br />
unsegmented thorax, followed by a slender abdomen <strong>of</strong> nine<br />
segments and <strong>the</strong> prominent siphon or respiratory tube which<br />
arises from <strong>the</strong> dorsal side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment. The head
I_ ’<br />
,.L7 ’<br />
A,A.T 4,’ .“ i ’<br />
FIGURE 9. Dorsal view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> larva <strong>of</strong> Cedes stinzulans. The 8th and<br />
9th segments and <strong>the</strong> siphon are turned laterad so as to ,give a side view<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. Ant. antenna; A.T. antenna1 tuft; A.A.T. anteantennal hair-<br />
tuf,t ; A.G. anal gills ; C. comb; D.B. dorsal brush ; D.P. dorsal plate ; E.<br />
eyes; L.A.T. lateral abdominal tufts; L.H.T. lower head tuft or hair; Mb.<br />
mouth brushes ; P. pecten; S. siphon or air-tube ; S.D. subdorsal hair-<br />
tufts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> abdomen ; S.H.T. siphonal hair tuft; St. stigma; U.H.T.<br />
upper head tuft <strong>of</strong> hair; V.B. ventral brush.
CHARACTERISTICS 19<br />
is broad, somewhat flattened and rounded in front. Behind,<br />
it is sharply constricted and is inserted on <strong>the</strong> thorax by a<br />
very narrow neck, <strong>the</strong> opening into <strong>the</strong> head being surrounded<br />
by a chitinous collar. The antennae are inserted on <strong>the</strong> outer<br />
anterior angles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> head. Behind <strong>the</strong> antennae, near <strong>the</strong><br />
posterior border <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> head, are situated <strong>the</strong> two pairs <strong>of</strong> eyes ;<br />
<strong>the</strong> large compound eyes are in front and a small pair <strong>of</strong> ac-<br />
cessory eyes immediately behind <strong>the</strong>m. Between <strong>the</strong> anten-<br />
nae <strong>the</strong> anterior margin colnsists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> narrow clypeus. Aris-<br />
ing from <strong>the</strong> clypeus is <strong>the</strong> labrum. Its median free lobe is<br />
marked by two prominent spines which arise from <strong>the</strong> anterior<br />
margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> clypeus, one on each side (Cl. Fig. 9A) The<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r mouthparts lie on <strong>the</strong> ventral side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> head.<br />
The antenna is cylindrical, slightly curved inwards and con-<br />
sists <strong>of</strong> a single segment. It tapers but slightly to <strong>the</strong> tip. The<br />
apex is truncate and bears a conical sensory organ, a single<br />
stout spine, two slender spines and a short stout conical spine.<br />
About <strong>the</strong> middle, on <strong>the</strong> upper surface arises a fan-shaped<br />
group <strong>of</strong> fine hairs from a single stout base, <strong>the</strong> a,demzal tuft.<br />
The antenna1 shaft is beset with small forward directed spines.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> antenna and arising from <strong>the</strong> front is a<br />
prominent hair tuft-<strong>the</strong> anteantcnmd hair tuft. Between <strong>the</strong><br />
antenna1 tufts and arising on each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> middle line <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> head are two pairs <strong>of</strong> hair-tufts. The anterior pair, each<br />
<strong>of</strong> which consists <strong>of</strong> a single hair in this species, is called <strong>the</strong><br />
lozver head tzt ft or hair:<br />
hea,d tuft, or hair.<br />
<strong>the</strong> posterior is kno’wn as <strong>the</strong> zapper<br />
These tufts are ra<strong>the</strong>r constant in number<br />
<strong>of</strong> hairs and polsition for each species and are used extensively<br />
for diagnostic purposes. O<strong>the</strong>r small hairs may be found on<br />
<strong>the</strong> head but <strong>the</strong>y do not seem to have any significance for <strong>the</strong><br />
separation <strong>of</strong> species.<br />
The mouthparts consist <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> labrum, mandibles, maxillae<br />
with <strong>the</strong>ir palgi and <strong>the</strong> labium. The labrum is a complicated<br />
organ and is highly developed for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> sweeping<br />
food into <strong>the</strong>. mouth opening. It consists <strong>of</strong> three portions, a<br />
median free lob’e, <strong>the</strong> so-called palatwn, which projects from
FIGURE gA. Larva <strong>of</strong> An<strong>of</strong>iheles pulzcti~mnltis. Cl. clypeal hairs; F.H.<br />
float-hairs or tufts; St. stigma. Compare with Fig. g.
CHARACTERISTICS 21<br />
<strong>the</strong> anterior margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> head, and is attached between <strong>the</strong><br />
clypeal spines ; two lateral portions, each <strong>of</strong> which has at-<br />
tached to it a dense mass <strong>of</strong> long yellow hair and which form<br />
<strong>the</strong> well known Plzozl.t/z-brzzslzes. By means <strong>of</strong> muscles <strong>the</strong>se<br />
mouth-brushes can be moved rapidly backwards and forwards<br />
producing a lashing motion.<br />
_ Directly under <strong>the</strong> labrum lie <strong>the</strong> mandibles, large and elab-<br />
drate in structure. The apices facing each o<strong>the</strong>r bear large<br />
chitinous teeth. Directly below <strong>the</strong>se is a large movable blade-<br />
like structure, foIllowed by five o<strong>the</strong>r smaller ones which curve<br />
inwards and forwards. These arise from a deep hollow, <strong>the</strong><br />
lower portion <strong>of</strong> which extends inwards in an elaborate struc-<br />
ture bearing two projections provided with long hairs at <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
tips. The base also bears hairs. The anterior margin bears<br />
a large mass <strong>of</strong> hairs on its outer angle followed by three<br />
large articulated spines. On <strong>the</strong> inner face, just below <strong>the</strong><br />
insertion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> retractor muscle, is a group <strong>of</strong> long hairs di-<br />
rected inwards. The mandibles are moved by two powerful<br />
muscles, a retractor and an extensor muscle. The maxillae<br />
are large, flattened structures showing few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> details found<br />
in mandibulate insects. The palpi are short and bear several<br />
cone-like structures at <strong>the</strong>ir apices. Closing <strong>the</strong> mouth on <strong>the</strong><br />
ventral side is <strong>the</strong> labium. Anteriorly this consists <strong>of</strong> a heavily<br />
chitinized triangular plate with a serrate margin-<strong>the</strong> labial<br />
plate <strong>of</strong> authors. The labial plate is articulated to <strong>the</strong> anterior<br />
edge <strong>of</strong> a large, median, ventral sclerite. The fur<strong>the</strong>r details<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> structure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> labium and hypopharynx may be omit-<br />
ted here. The shape, serrations, etc., <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> labial plate are <strong>of</strong><br />
importance in systematic work.<br />
The Thorax<br />
The thorax consists <strong>of</strong> three fused segments. It is broad,<br />
somewhat flattened and without any prominent angles. There<br />
is a prominent row <strong>of</strong> long and short hairs along its anterior<br />
margin, and prominent lateral and dorsal tufts <strong>of</strong> long hairs.<br />
The arrangement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se hairs and hair tufts indicates <strong>the</strong>
22 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
three segmented condition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> thorax. Wesenberg-Lund<br />
(1920) has devised a formula for indicating <strong>the</strong> position and<br />
number <strong>of</strong> hairs in <strong>the</strong> tufts constituting <strong>the</strong> anterior marginal<br />
row. In Aedes stiwmlam this reads 211121 l/l 121112. This<br />
formula is interpreted in <strong>the</strong> following way:-starting at <strong>the</strong><br />
median line read to right or left <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sloping dividing line-<br />
first hair tuft with one hair; secoad hair tuft with one hair;<br />
third hair tuft with two hairs; fourth hair tuft with one hair;<br />
and follow out in this manner to <strong>the</strong> last hair tuft with two<br />
hairs. Wesenburg-Lund believes that twelve pairs <strong>of</strong> hair<br />
tufts, constitute <strong>the</strong> original number but some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se may<br />
be suppressed or additional ones may appear. The number<br />
<strong>of</strong> hair tufts, <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> hairs constituting each tuft, and<br />
<strong>the</strong> relative length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hairs <strong>of</strong> each tuft <strong>of</strong>ten constitute<br />
good characters for separating <strong>the</strong> various species. By <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
judicious use in coanection with o<strong>the</strong>r characters <strong>the</strong>y fur-<br />
nish aid in separating closely allied species. At <strong>the</strong> middle and<br />
hind angles are large fan-shaped ciliate tufts which are di-<br />
rected forward. Some small tufts and single hairs are also<br />
present on <strong>the</strong> dorsum.<br />
The Abdomen<br />
The abdomen is long, slender and cylindrical; it consists<br />
<strong>of</strong> nine well defined segments. The integument is membranous<br />
except that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth segment which is chitinized, <strong>the</strong> chit-<br />
inization being called <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate. (Fig. 9, D.P. ) . Between<br />
<strong>the</strong> segments <strong>the</strong> integument is thin and delicate. The first<br />
five segments are ra<strong>the</strong>r short and broad ; <strong>the</strong> sixth and seventh<br />
are longer and narrower. On <strong>the</strong> sides <strong>the</strong>se segments bear<br />
hair tufts, <strong>the</strong> &era1 abdominal hair tufts. These are double<br />
on <strong>the</strong> first to fifth segments, single on <strong>the</strong> sixth and seventh.<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r tufts are present near <strong>the</strong> posterior margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> seg-<br />
ments and <strong>the</strong>se constitute <strong>the</strong> sub-dorsal and dorsal hair tufts.<br />
In some species <strong>the</strong>se tufts form well marked longitudinal rows<br />
and are useful in defining species.
CHARACTERISTICS 23<br />
The eighth segment is short and bears on its dorsal aspect<br />
<strong>the</strong> prominent respiratory tube or sipholz. On each side is<br />
borne a prominent patch <strong>of</strong> scales-<strong>the</strong> comb (Fig. 9, C).<br />
In this species <strong>the</strong> comb consists <strong>of</strong> a triangular group <strong>of</strong> from<br />
20 to 30 small scales arranged in rows. Behind <strong>the</strong> comb are<br />
two large fea<strong>the</strong>red hair tufts and on each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se a<br />
single hair. The siphon is heavily chitinized, cylindrical, and<br />
tapers gradually beyond <strong>the</strong> middle. On its basal half <strong>the</strong>re<br />
are two ventro-lateral longitudinal rows <strong>of</strong> closely set dentate,<br />
flattened spines-<strong>the</strong> pecten. Beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten, near <strong>the</strong> mid-<br />
dle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> siphon, are two laterally placed hair tufts. At its<br />
tip we find <strong>the</strong> opening through which <strong>the</strong> larva takes air into<br />
its tracheal system. This opening is closed by a series <strong>of</strong> five,<br />
pointed flaps. When <strong>the</strong> larva comes to <strong>the</strong> surface <strong>the</strong> pointed<br />
tips <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flaps penetrate <strong>the</strong> surface film and <strong>the</strong>n spread out<br />
and press against it. By this means <strong>the</strong> larva hangs suspended<br />
from <strong>the</strong> surface and draws air into <strong>the</strong> tracheae.<br />
The ninth segment is attached ventro-posteriorly to <strong>the</strong><br />
eighth segment and points directly downwards and backwards.<br />
Its integument is chitinized on <strong>the</strong> dorsal and later surfaces,<br />
forming <strong>the</strong> so-called dorsal plate. In this species <strong>the</strong> lateral<br />
margins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate do not meet. on <strong>the</strong> ventral line.<br />
In many species <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate forms a complete chitinous<br />
ring and <strong>the</strong> ninth segment is <strong>the</strong>n spoken <strong>of</strong> as “ringed by<br />
<strong>the</strong> dorsal plate.” On <strong>the</strong> posterior-lateral margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
plate <strong>the</strong>re is a single hair. Beyond <strong>the</strong> chitinous plate <strong>the</strong><br />
segment is fleshy and bears <strong>the</strong> anal opening. Surrounding<br />
<strong>the</strong> anus are four cylindrical, tapering appendages, <strong>the</strong> tracheal<br />
or aflu1 gills. At <strong>the</strong> postero-dorsal angle is located <strong>the</strong> dor-<br />
sal brush. In this. species this consists <strong>of</strong> a short multiple hair<br />
tuft and a long stiff hair on each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> median line. These<br />
are inserted on small chitinous bases. On <strong>the</strong> ventro-pos-<br />
terior margin is located <strong>the</strong> remarkable group <strong>of</strong> hair tufts<br />
known as <strong>the</strong> rdentral brush. Compare this larva with that <strong>of</strong><br />
Anopheles pwctipenzis shown in Figure 9A.
24 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
THE PUPA<br />
The pupa (Figs. 10, and 14) is ayuatic. It is active and<br />
capable <strong>of</strong> moving rapidly through <strong>the</strong> water. It can take no<br />
food and this period is devoted to <strong>the</strong> transfojrmations which<br />
take place before <strong>the</strong> fully developed adult may emerge.<br />
The pupa differs markedly from <strong>the</strong> larva in shape and ap-<br />
pearance. The anterior portion is large and consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
head and <strong>the</strong> thorax enclosed in a common chitinous sheath.<br />
FIGURE IO. The pupa <strong>of</strong> Aedes cinerezbs.<br />
Within this sheath can be distinguished <strong>the</strong> head with its<br />
mouthparts, <strong>the</strong> legs and wings. The abdomen consists <strong>of</strong><br />
nine somewhat flattened, freely movable segments. When at<br />
rest it is curved under <strong>the</strong> bulky cephalo-thorax. The tip <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> eighth segment bears a pair <strong>of</strong> large chitinous plates, <strong>the</strong><br />
“paddles” or “fins.” On <strong>the</strong> dorsal surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cephalo-<br />
thorax is a pair <strong>of</strong> “horns” or “trumpets’‘-<strong>the</strong> openings <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> respiratory system. The respiratory tubes are inserted on<br />
<strong>the</strong> mesothorax just in front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bases <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wings and<br />
connect with <strong>the</strong> anterior pair <strong>of</strong> thoracic spiracles. When
CHARACTERISTICS 25<br />
<strong>the</strong> pupa comes to <strong>the</strong> surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water <strong>the</strong> trumpets break<br />
through <strong>the</strong> surface film and thus communication is established<br />
with <strong>the</strong> air. On <strong>the</strong> external surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pupa may be<br />
found a few spines and hairs but <strong>the</strong>ir number and arrangement<br />
have not been studied sufficiently so that <strong>the</strong>y can be used for<br />
distinguishing <strong>the</strong> different genera.<br />
INTERNAL ANATOMY; ADULT<br />
The internal structures can be referred to but briefly. The<br />
most important organ is <strong>the</strong> alimentary canal (Fig. 11) and<br />
FIGURE II. Diagrammatic longitudinal section <strong>of</strong> an adult mosquito.<br />
I. proboscis ; 2. salivary gland ; 3. buccal cavity; 4. pharynx ; 5. esophagus;<br />
6. esophageal diverticula ; 7. esophageal valve; 8 and g. mid-gut<br />
(9. usually called stomach) ; IO. Malpighian tube; II and 12. hind gut ;<br />
rectum ; 14.<br />
Kl. 3.)<br />
rectal papilla. (From Nuttall and Shipley, Jour. Hyg.<br />
as <strong>the</strong>re is not much variation in structure <strong>the</strong> following brief<br />
account may apply to any species. The alimentary canal be-<br />
gins where <strong>the</strong> piercing mouth parts coalesce to form <strong>the</strong> buc-<br />
cal cavity. This leads. directly to <strong>the</strong> pharynx which is <strong>the</strong><br />
chief pumping organ. At <strong>the</strong> junction <strong>of</strong> pharynx and buccal<br />
cavity is a valvular arrangement which is supplied with fine<br />
hairs and is supposed to act as a kind <strong>of</strong> filter. The pharynx<br />
is a pear-shaped organ, strongly dilated behind and tubular in<br />
front. Its lumen is lined with three longitudinal chitinous<br />
plates, joined at <strong>the</strong>ir margins by thinner chitinous folds. In<br />
cross-section <strong>the</strong> lumen is triangular in shape. The three chit-
26 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
inous plates. are provided with powerful muscles attached to<br />
<strong>the</strong> head capsule so that <strong>the</strong> capacity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pharynx can be<br />
greatly increased by <strong>the</strong>ir contraction. The relaxation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
muscles allows <strong>the</strong> walls to contract owing to <strong>the</strong> great elasticity<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> chitinous plates. By this means <strong>the</strong> mosquito can suck<br />
up liquids into its pharynx and as <strong>the</strong> muscles relax <strong>the</strong> con-<br />
tained liquids are forced onward to <strong>the</strong> esophagus. The eso-<br />
phagus is a thin-walled tubed extending to <strong>the</strong> esophageal valve.<br />
Near its posterior end open three large diverticula or sacs.<br />
The ventral one is <strong>the</strong> largest and extends backward to <strong>the</strong><br />
sixth or seventh abdominal segment; <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two dorso-lat-<br />
era1 sacs are much smaller and are contained within <strong>the</strong> thorax.<br />
The function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se sacs is not fully known though <strong>the</strong>y<br />
usually contain gas bubbles and act as food reservoirs. The<br />
esophageal valve or proventriculus serves as <strong>the</strong> connecting<br />
link to <strong>the</strong> mid-intestine and is surrounded by a very thick<br />
sphincter muscl’e.<br />
The mid-intes,tine or mid-gut is <strong>the</strong> only part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> food<br />
canal that is not lined with chitin and it is believed that only<br />
in this part can food absorption take place. It is a straight<br />
tubular organ extending from about <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> thorax<br />
to near <strong>the</strong> distal third <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> abdomen. The posterior por-<br />
tion is somewhat expanded and is generally referred to as <strong>the</strong><br />
stomach. The stomach is capable <strong>of</strong> great distension allowing<br />
<strong>the</strong> insect to obtain large quantities <strong>of</strong> blo,od. It is also in<br />
this portion that <strong>the</strong> malarial parasites develop. The stomach<br />
connects directly with <strong>the</strong> hind intestine and at <strong>the</strong> point <strong>of</strong><br />
juncture <strong>the</strong>re arise five malpighian tubules. The hind intestine<br />
extends to <strong>the</strong> anal opening. It varies somewhat in size and<br />
shape as it passes backward so that <strong>the</strong> names ileum, colon<br />
and rectum have been applied to separate parts. These are<br />
vertebrate terms and have probably no, significance here. The<br />
malpighian tubules are elongate narrow tubes composed <strong>of</strong><br />
large secretory cells.<br />
The salivary glands are important structures. These con-<br />
sist <strong>of</strong> three small glands situated on each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> thorax
CHARACTERISTICS 27<br />
above <strong>the</strong> first pair <strong>of</strong> legs. The ducts from each gland unite<br />
near <strong>the</strong>ir bases to form a single duct on each side; <strong>the</strong>se lat-<br />
eral ducts converge and pass forward into <strong>the</strong> head where <strong>the</strong>y<br />
unite at <strong>the</strong> anterior end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pharynx to form a common<br />
duct. The common duct leads to <strong>the</strong> drum-like membranous<br />
pump situated at <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hypopharynx. The salivary<br />
fluid is forced into <strong>the</strong> wound by <strong>the</strong> pump along a gutter ex-<br />
tending from <strong>the</strong> base to <strong>the</strong> tip <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hypopharynx (Fig.<br />
4). The glands are simple in structure, each consisting <strong>of</strong> a<br />
lumen lined with a single layer <strong>of</strong> secretory cells. The finer<br />
structures <strong>of</strong> each gland seem to differ somewhat. These glands<br />
are <strong>of</strong> great importance as <strong>the</strong> sporozoites <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> malarial organ-<br />
ism congregate within <strong>the</strong>ir cells and are passed out with <strong>the</strong> sal-<br />
ivary secretion. What <strong>the</strong> exact function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> saliva may be is<br />
not known though evidence indicates that it does not prevent<br />
coagulation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> blood nor aid <strong>the</strong> steady flow <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> blood<br />
into <strong>the</strong> mosquito’s alimentary canal, as is generally stated.<br />
The reproductive organs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> female consist <strong>of</strong> a pair <strong>of</strong><br />
lobulate organs located in <strong>the</strong> abdomen. Each opens by a<br />
duct into a common oviduct which extends posteriorly to its<br />
external opening in <strong>the</strong> eighth segment. Into <strong>the</strong> common<br />
oviduct open <strong>the</strong> seminal receptacles and a cement gland. The<br />
male genital organs consist <strong>of</strong> a pair <strong>of</strong> testes located in <strong>the</strong><br />
eighth segment from each <strong>of</strong> which leads a vas deferens. These<br />
unite just before opening to <strong>the</strong> exterior into a common ejacu-<br />
latory duct. The latter terminates in a short penis which is<br />
guarded by an elaborate arrangement <strong>of</strong> claspers and various<br />
chitinous structures whch are termed <strong>the</strong> Iz.ypopygium. The<br />
structure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> male hypopygium is very important from <strong>the</strong><br />
standpoint <strong>of</strong> classification and a full account <strong>of</strong> it has already<br />
been given.<br />
The respiratory, circulatory and nervous systems correspond<br />
closely to those generally obtaining in all insects and it does<br />
not seem worth while to discuss <strong>the</strong>m in a brief hand-book.2<br />
2 Consult Comstock, An Introduction to Entomology. (1924) ; or<br />
Imms, A General Textbook <strong>of</strong> Entomology (1924).
FIGURE 12. Culex pipiens. Adult female.
CHAPTER II<br />
THE BIOLOGY OF MOSQUITOES<br />
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS, EGG-LAYING HABITS, LARVAL<br />
HABITS AND HABITATS, HABITS OF THE<br />
ADULTS, HIBERNATION<br />
During <strong>the</strong>ir life-cycle, <strong>mosquitoes</strong> undergo a complete meta-<br />
morphosis, i.e., from <strong>the</strong> egg hatches a larva, this transforms<br />
into a pupa from which <strong>the</strong> winged adult later emerges (Figs.<br />
13, 14, 10, and 12). The larval and pupal stages <strong>of</strong> all<br />
species are aquatic-<strong>the</strong>y can be found only in water and each<br />
species seems to select a special type or types <strong>of</strong> aquatic habi-<br />
tats.<br />
The life-cycle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> common house or rain-barrel mosquito,<br />
Culex @pieas (typical for <strong>the</strong> genus Ctilex), may serve to il-<br />
lustrate mosquito biology. The fertilized females (Fig. 12)<br />
hibernate in various shelters as attics, cellars, cow sheds, sta-<br />
bles and out-buildings <strong>of</strong> all kinds where protection and semi-<br />
darkness are found. The males all die with <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong><br />
winter. Enormous numbers <strong>of</strong> females may hibernate in very<br />
small shelters. I have estimated from careful counts <strong>of</strong> definite<br />
areas that over 100,000 hibernated in a small c1a.rk cellar not<br />
over four feet by six feet with a height <strong>of</strong> only seven feet.<br />
Scarcely a pinpoint could be found on which a mosquito did<br />
not cling to ceiling, walls, hanging ropes and a pump which oc-<br />
cupied <strong>the</strong> centre <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> small room. During <strong>the</strong> cold wea<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
<strong>the</strong> hibernating individuals show little activity though occa-<br />
sionally <strong>the</strong>y invade <strong>the</strong> warmer rooms. in search <strong>of</strong> blood.<br />
With <strong>the</strong> approach <strong>of</strong> spring, activity is resumed and <strong>the</strong> fe-<br />
males seek suitable places for oviposition. Depending on <strong>the</strong><br />
locality, egg-laying begins in May or June. Each female de-<br />
posits from 100 to 400 or more eggs in a boat shaped mass<br />
29
30 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
(Fig. 13, a) on or close to <strong>the</strong> surface <strong>of</strong> standing water well<br />
protected f ram winds. Each egg is cylindrical and tapers to<br />
<strong>the</strong> end away from <strong>the</strong> water. The favorite breeding grounds<br />
are rain-water barrels, cisterns, tanks, garden pools stocked<br />
with aquatic plants, slow flowing polluted streams, polluted<br />
FIGURE 13. Eggs <strong>of</strong> various species <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. a. Egg mass <strong>of</strong><br />
Cl6le.r pipiem. h. Egg mass <strong>of</strong> Theobaldia inornata. c. Egg <strong>of</strong> Aedes<br />
aegypti. d. E gg <strong>of</strong> Anopheles puncApen?zis, dorsal view. e. The same,<br />
ventral view. f. Egg <strong>of</strong> Anopheles quadrinzaczrlafus, dorsal view. g. Egg<br />
<strong>of</strong> Anopheles crucians. (From Howard, Dyar and Knab.)<br />
ponds (Plate III, 2)) catch basins, sagging gutters, and almost<br />
any water-filled container.<br />
Depending on <strong>the</strong> temperature, <strong>the</strong> eggs hatch in from one<br />
to three days or more. The young larva escapes from <strong>the</strong><br />
lower end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> egg and swims actively about in <strong>the</strong> water.<br />
During warm wea<strong>the</strong>r, larval development is very rapid, <strong>the</strong>
BIOLOGY 31<br />
pupal stage being reached in seven to ten days. In cold wea<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
larval development may be greatly delayed. There are four<br />
larval stages, <strong>the</strong> last molt disclosing <strong>the</strong> pupa. The larvae<br />
are very active, swimming with ease and rapidity by sudden<br />
jerks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> body. Being somewhat heavier than water, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
rise to <strong>the</strong> surface by a rapid wriggling <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> body from side<br />
to -side, break through <strong>the</strong> surface film with <strong>the</strong>ir air-tubes and<br />
FIGURE 14. Larvae and pupae <strong>of</strong> Acdes species resting and feeding<br />
at <strong>the</strong> surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water; o<strong>the</strong>rs are seen feeding at <strong>the</strong> bottom and<br />
swimming through <strong>the</strong> water. Two larvae, seen resting nearly parallel<br />
to <strong>the</strong> water surface, are species <strong>of</strong> Chaoborus. (These belong to <strong>the</strong><br />
Chaoborime, <strong>the</strong> sub-family <strong>of</strong> non-blood sucking <strong>mosquitoes</strong>.)<br />
rest, <strong>the</strong> body sloping at an angle (Fig. 14). During all<br />
this time, <strong>the</strong> mouth brushes are in motion sweeping small<br />
particles <strong>of</strong> food into <strong>the</strong> alimentary canal along with a cer-<br />
tain amount <strong>of</strong> water.<br />
The pupal period is very short, usually only two or three<br />
days. The pupa (Figs. 10 and 14) normally rests at <strong>the</strong> sur-<br />
face, <strong>the</strong> air-tubes piercing <strong>the</strong> surface film. When disturbed,<br />
it swims rapidly downward by means <strong>of</strong> violent abdominal
32 MOSQUITOES OF hToRm AMERICA<br />
contractions. The tip <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> abdomen is provided with two<br />
broad paddles which greatly aid in pupal movement. Being<br />
lighter than water, <strong>the</strong> pupa when quiet rises again to <strong>the</strong> sur-<br />
face. As <strong>the</strong> time fo,r <strong>the</strong> emergence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> adult approaches<br />
<strong>the</strong> pupa when disturbed descends with difficulty and rises<br />
more rapidly.<br />
The time occupied in <strong>the</strong> transformation from pupa to adult<br />
is very short. The pupa will be seen to straighten out <strong>the</strong> ab-<br />
domen and air appears between <strong>the</strong> pupal skin and <strong>the</strong> adult.<br />
The pupa now seems almost silvery-white, and its specific grav-<br />
ity being greatly reduced, <strong>the</strong> whole cephalo-thorax and part<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> abdomen touch <strong>the</strong> surface. The pupal skin now<br />
splits in <strong>the</strong> median line <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cephalo-thorax and <strong>the</strong> dor-<br />
su11? <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> adult appears in <strong>the</strong> slit. By constant pressure,<br />
<strong>the</strong> sllit widens and two transverse slits appear on each side.<br />
Slowly <strong>the</strong> adult works its way out using <strong>the</strong> pupal skin as a<br />
float and balancing itself with great care. In two or three<br />
minutes <strong>the</strong> insect, now swollen with engorged air, stands<br />
poised on its previous prison cell, and is soon ready for its ini-<br />
tial flight. At first <strong>the</strong> adult is almost colorless, but in a few<br />
hours <strong>the</strong> permanent color pattern appears. In aquaria, I have<br />
observed <strong>the</strong> emerged adults remain on <strong>the</strong>ir pupal boats for<br />
several hours, and <strong>the</strong>n fly away with remarkable ease. There<br />
are several generations <strong>of</strong> Czdlex pipiens during <strong>the</strong> summer,<br />
<strong>the</strong> species breeding till late in September, October, or later<br />
where conditions are favorable.<br />
Ano<strong>the</strong>r type <strong>of</strong> mosquito biology may be briefly illustrated<br />
by a common and very annoying species (A&es stivrzulans)<br />
widely distributed throughout <strong>the</strong> <strong>north</strong>-eastern United States<br />
and Canada. Aedcs stimzdmzs passes <strong>the</strong> winter in <strong>the</strong> egg<br />
stage. The eggs are laid during <strong>the</strong> summer in dry wood-<br />
land depressions, areas near water courses which are flooded<br />
by spring freshets, in dry marshes, swamps, and similar loca-<br />
tions. The woodland depressions, swamps, and marshes are<br />
filled by <strong>the</strong> winter snows and early spring rains. The eggs<br />
hatch during March, April or early May, <strong>the</strong> larvae appear-
=<br />
BIOLOGY 33<br />
ing before <strong>the</strong> ice has melted. In central New York, <strong>the</strong> larvae<br />
reach maturity in April and early May. According to <strong>the</strong><br />
season, <strong>the</strong> adults emerge from <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> April to <strong>the</strong><br />
middle <strong>of</strong> May. This species sometimes appears in immense<br />
swarms and as <strong>the</strong>y live throughout <strong>the</strong> summer, <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
serious pests not only in woodlands, along river courses, lake<br />
resorts, etc., but <strong>the</strong>y travel considerable distances invading vil-<br />
lages, towns and even large cities. How long <strong>the</strong> adults live,<br />
we do not know, though <strong>the</strong>y are present each year till <strong>the</strong><br />
middle <strong>of</strong> September.<br />
EGG-LAYING HABITS OF MOSQUITOES<br />
The egg-laying habits <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> vary widely. All our<br />
Cz~?ex species deposit <strong>the</strong>ir eggs in rafts (Fig. 13, a) on <strong>the</strong><br />
surface or near <strong>the</strong> surface <strong>of</strong> water. This is also true for <strong>the</strong><br />
species <strong>of</strong> Theobaldia (Fig. 13, b), Taeniorhynchus and<br />
Urarvzo talenia, Asop1zeZe.s species lay <strong>the</strong>ir eggs singly or in<br />
small loose groups upon <strong>the</strong> surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water. The eggs<br />
lie on <strong>the</strong>ir sides and float by means <strong>of</strong> a lateral expansion<br />
which is made up <strong>of</strong> small chambers containing air (Fig. 13,<br />
d, e, f, and g) . The great majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn species<br />
belonging to <strong>the</strong> genus Andes do not lay <strong>the</strong>ir eggs on or in<br />
water but on <strong>the</strong> ground at <strong>the</strong> bottom <strong>of</strong> dried out pools,<br />
ponds, marshes, swamps, etc. (Fig. 13, c). These eggs are laid<br />
during <strong>the</strong> summer and remain till <strong>the</strong> following spring. Sub-<br />
mergence in water during <strong>the</strong> same season will not cause <strong>the</strong>m<br />
to hatch. Thus <strong>the</strong>se species usually appear in one great an-<br />
nual brood, <strong>the</strong> adults emerging in early or late spring. All<br />
our Aedes species are not single brooded. Aedes aegypti (<strong>the</strong><br />
yellow fever mosquito) is a domesticated species living at all<br />
times in close proximity to human habitations. It breeds con-<br />
tinuously throughout <strong>the</strong> year if water can be found and <strong>the</strong><br />
temperatures do not remain below 68” F. This species lays<br />
its eggs (Fig. 13, c.) singly ei<strong>the</strong>r on or just above <strong>the</strong> sur-<br />
face <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wa.ter. Aedes vexam, a very troublesome species<br />
in many sections <strong>of</strong> North America, appears to have very dif-
34 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
ferent habits in different parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. In <strong>the</strong> central<br />
New York area, <strong>the</strong>re are two well marked broods-one in<br />
late May if rainfall is normal (Plates III and IV). If <strong>the</strong><br />
pools dry out too soon, <strong>the</strong> brood may not appear till mid-<br />
June, provided rain occurs to fill <strong>the</strong> pools. If June is dry and<br />
rainfall takes place in late June, <strong>the</strong> brood will appear in early<br />
July. A second excessive brood usually appears again in early<br />
or late August or early September if rains have again filled<br />
<strong>the</strong>se pools. This would indicate two egg-laying periods-one<br />
in mid-summer and a second in late autumn. I have reared<br />
adults <strong>of</strong> this species. from sun-baked mud taken from <strong>the</strong> bot-<br />
tom <strong>of</strong> pools that gave two annual broods <strong>of</strong> Aedes vexam.<br />
In New Jersey, this species is said to have several broods a<br />
season. Hearle states that in British Columbia all <strong>the</strong> over-<br />
wintering eggs do not hatch at one flooding but at different<br />
flood periods during <strong>the</strong> season. Freeborn finds that in Cali-<br />
fornia <strong>the</strong> species has but one brood where <strong>the</strong> spring floods<br />
furnish <strong>the</strong> only water supply while in o<strong>the</strong>r sections which<br />
have frequent flood periods a new brood appears after each<br />
freshet. It will be seen that <strong>the</strong> egg-laying habits <strong>of</strong> this, as<br />
with many <strong>of</strong> our species, are not well known. Aedes triseri-<br />
atus and A. varipaljus lay <strong>the</strong>ir eggs in tree holes. Psorophora<br />
species deposit <strong>the</strong>ir eggs on <strong>the</strong> ground. The eggs are pro-<br />
tected by heavy spinose coats and may lie dormant for months<br />
or years. They hatch very promptly in <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> water.<br />
LARVAL HABITS AND HABITATS<br />
The larvae <strong>of</strong> A~zopheliutes and Czt&Gzes can be readily<br />
separated not only by <strong>the</strong>ir larval structures but also by <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
habits. All anopheline larvae normally rest parallel to <strong>the</strong><br />
surface maintaining <strong>the</strong>ir position by <strong>the</strong> peculiar abdominal<br />
float hairs and <strong>the</strong> expanded margins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> spiracular open-<br />
ings (Fig. 15). The anopheline larvae lack an air-tube or<br />
siphon (Fig. 9A) ; it is present in all o<strong>the</strong>r mosquito larvae,<br />
and <strong>the</strong>y rest at an angle with <strong>the</strong> surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water. The<br />
different species seem to have ra<strong>the</strong>r definite aquatic habitats.
BIOLOGY 35<br />
Thus our anopheline species seem to prefer permanent to semi-<br />
permanent bodies <strong>of</strong> water in which <strong>the</strong>re is considerable vege-<br />
tation, particularly algae. They are also partial to <strong>the</strong> bor-<br />
ders <strong>of</strong> sluggish streams where <strong>the</strong> larvae develop amongst<br />
<strong>the</strong> marginal plant growth. A 12 oplzeles pzbjzc tipemks develops<br />
in almost any kind <strong>of</strong> water, as roadside puddles, foul pools,<br />
swamps, (Plate III, 1) cat-tail marshes, rain-water barrels, cis-<br />
terns, along <strong>the</strong> margins <strong>of</strong> slow flowing streams, cold springs,<br />
etc. It has never been found living in deep woodland pools. Ac-<br />
cording to Herms and Freeborn, AsoplzeCes mnculipemis (A.<br />
occidentalis <strong>of</strong> authors) breeds by preference in ra<strong>the</strong>r clear<br />
water open to sunshine and in which vegetation is fairly abun-<br />
FIGURE 15. Larva <strong>of</strong> Anopheles resting at <strong>the</strong> surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water.<br />
Note that <strong>the</strong> head is turned at an angle <strong>of</strong> 180” so that <strong>the</strong> mouthparts are<br />
sweeping <strong>the</strong> surface film for food; also note <strong>the</strong> small float-hairs break<br />
through <strong>the</strong> surface film and aid in <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> larva.<br />
dant. Anoplzeles qzladri~lzacztlatzts, our most important vector<br />
<strong>of</strong> malaria, breeds in permanent and transient waters. Its<br />
favorite breeding grounds are lakes, bayous, sloughs and<br />
marshes in which <strong>the</strong>re is an abundance <strong>of</strong> aquatic vegetation<br />
especially <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> floating type such as Lewma, Aeolla, water<br />
lilies, etc., and algae <strong>of</strong> various species. Such situations be-<br />
come ideal, when surrounded more or less by low growing<br />
trees and shrubbery, giving <strong>the</strong> adults protection from winds,<br />
etc., in order that successful oviposition may take place. This<br />
species formerly bred in great numbers in <strong>the</strong> numerous<br />
marshes, swamps, and borders <strong>of</strong> lakes in <strong>the</strong> central New<br />
York area. It is rarely found now. An opheles crucians<br />
breeds by preference in brackish water and is largely confined<br />
to <strong>the</strong> coastal zone. A. atropos breeds. in salt water and has
36 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
never been found in fresh water. A. pseudo/mm tipemis pre-<br />
fers clear shallow pools along <strong>the</strong> margins <strong>of</strong> receding water<br />
courses.<br />
The species <strong>of</strong> Culicine <strong>mosquitoes</strong> have widely varying<br />
larval habits. For convenience we may group <strong>the</strong>m into do-<br />
mesticated species-those that breed in close proximity to<br />
human habitations ; semi-domesticated species-those that have<br />
a somewhat wider range <strong>of</strong> breeding grounds; wild species-<br />
those that normally breed in marshlands, both salt and fresh,<br />
swamps, open prairies, woodlands, etc. In <strong>the</strong> first group be-<br />
long <strong>the</strong> two common species <strong>of</strong> house <strong>mosquitoes</strong>, C&x pi-<br />
j&ns and C. quinqulefasciatus. The former has been fully dis-<br />
cussed; <strong>the</strong> latter breeds in similar situations and occurs<br />
throughout <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States, and is<br />
widely distributed throughout <strong>the</strong> tropical and semi-tropical<br />
regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world. The yellow fever mosquito, A&s<br />
aegypti, lives only in close proximity to human habitations and<br />
finds its favorite breeding grounds in all sorts <strong>of</strong> artificial<br />
water containers.<br />
We do not seem to have any truly semi-domesticated spe-<br />
cies in North America; all our o<strong>the</strong>r species may be classed as<br />
wild. These we may group as early spring breeding and sum-<br />
mer breeding species. Among <strong>the</strong> former are <strong>the</strong> following-<br />
Aedes stimulam, A. fitchii, A. ktruldens, A. speacerii, A. inz-<br />
piger, A. trichurus and A. cinereus. These and some o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
species breed in <strong>the</strong> early spring pools formed by melting<br />
snows, rains, or in flooded areas along water courses. Certain<br />
species prefer deep woodland pools (Fig. 5, Plate V) such as<br />
A. stiwzulam, A. excrucians and A. fitchii though <strong>the</strong>y may also<br />
breed in swamps, and marshes (Plate VI). Figure 3, Plate<br />
IV, shows a shallow woodland pool which has an interesting<br />
cycle. First appears A. stimuhzs followed by A. cinereus,<br />
later A. vexam and in June a few An~oplzcles pumtijwmis ap-<br />
pear. Though this pool is frequently filled by rains during <strong>the</strong><br />
later summer months, <strong>the</strong>re is rarely any breeding except by<br />
Aedes vemns.
BIOLOGY 37<br />
Certain spring breeding species seem to prefer <strong>the</strong> shallower<br />
woodland pools. Aedes pmctor, A. intmdens, A. ahermtus,<br />
A. cowzvmwzis and A. cana.deutsis breed by preference in such<br />
places if <strong>the</strong> b,ottom is thickly covered by rotting leaves (Fig.<br />
7, Plate VII). Aedes aldrichi, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> worst pests in parts<br />
<strong>of</strong> British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and nearby states,<br />
appears to breed almost exclusievly in flooded river bottoms<br />
which are deeply shaded by cottonwoods, or o<strong>the</strong>r moisture<br />
loving trees and shrubs. There is but one annual generation<br />
and if floods do not occur, <strong>the</strong> eggs remain viable for several<br />
years, ready to hatch at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> future spring floods.<br />
The summer breeding species have widely varying habitats.<br />
Aedes solicitans, A. cantator and A. taetiiorhynchus are our<br />
predominant salt-marsh breeding species. A. soblicitam breeds<br />
in marshes flooded by high tides and rains. If conditions are<br />
favorable, <strong>the</strong>re are several broods a season but if high tides<br />
or rains do not occur, <strong>the</strong> eggs remain in <strong>the</strong> mud <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dry<br />
marshes ready to hatch at <strong>the</strong> first favorable opportunity. A.<br />
cantator and A. taeniorhynchus breed primarily in salt marshes<br />
but usually in <strong>the</strong> shallower pools fur<strong>the</strong>r inland, particularly<br />
where <strong>the</strong> water is not as, salt as that preferred by A. sol-<br />
Zicitans. Nei<strong>the</strong>r species is recorded as breeding far from <strong>the</strong><br />
coastal areas though <strong>the</strong>y may occur in almost perfectly fresh<br />
water. A. squauziger, ano<strong>the</strong>r salt marsh breeder is confined<br />
to <strong>the</strong> salt marshes <strong>of</strong> California extending from San Fran-<br />
cisco s,outh. Aedes dorsalis breeds in <strong>the</strong> saline, brackish or<br />
alkaline pools found in <strong>the</strong> great plains <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> interior. It is<br />
<strong>the</strong> dominant species <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> western plains <strong>of</strong> Canada and <strong>the</strong><br />
United States. It also breeds in <strong>the</strong> more arid coastal plains<br />
developing whenever rain fills <strong>the</strong> pools; in <strong>the</strong> saline pools<br />
found in <strong>the</strong> vicinity <strong>of</strong> salt works, and not infrequently in al-<br />
most fresh-water pools, particularly in irrigated areas. It pre-<br />
fers open, unshaded pools. In <strong>the</strong> eas.tern United States, as<br />
far west as <strong>the</strong> Mississippi Valley and Texas, Aedes triseriatus<br />
breeds in <strong>the</strong> water found in tree-holes; in California, Ore-<br />
gon, Washington and British Columbia, Aedes varipalpus has
38 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
a similar habit. This latter species prefers <strong>the</strong> water found<br />
in <strong>the</strong> holes <strong>of</strong> oaks and is frequently abundant where favor-<br />
able conditions exist.<br />
The breeding grounds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> common house <strong>mosquitoes</strong><br />
have already been indicated. CUZEX territam breeds in more<br />
or less permanent pools, especially if <strong>the</strong>se have decaying leaves<br />
or are fouled by wastes. In <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn parts <strong>of</strong> its range,<br />
it frequently breeds in rain-barrels or o<strong>the</strong>r artificial recepta-<br />
cles. In certain nor<strong>the</strong>rn rural sections, it might be called a<br />
semi-domesticated s,pecies for it invades houses and breeds<br />
close about dwellings. It is rarely, if ever, found in urban<br />
districts. Czilex tarsnlis breeds in almost any kind <strong>of</strong> ground<br />
pool ei<strong>the</strong>r in <strong>the</strong> open or in deep woodlands. It is <strong>the</strong> domi-<br />
nant mosquito in certain sections <strong>of</strong> western North America.<br />
Practically all our Theobaldia species breed in permanent<br />
pools, some restricted to <strong>the</strong> dark woodland pools while oth-<br />
ers, as T. imidem, can accommodate <strong>the</strong>mselves to almost<br />
any kind <strong>of</strong> permanent pool or even artificial water containers.<br />
Our Psoroplzora species breed in <strong>the</strong> most temporary rain pud-<br />
dles. The larval life is very brief, usually occupying only a<br />
few days.<br />
The most remarkable larval habitat <strong>of</strong> any <strong>of</strong> our mosclui-<br />
toes is that <strong>of</strong> Taezziorlz31~zch,zks perturbam. The eggs are laid<br />
in small rafts but <strong>the</strong> larvae on hatching settle down in <strong>the</strong><br />
water and attach <strong>the</strong>mselves to aquatic plants, by means <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir heavily chitinized air-tubes (Plate XXII, 4). They live<br />
entirely below <strong>the</strong> surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water and obtain <strong>the</strong>ir air<br />
from <strong>the</strong> air-spaces in <strong>the</strong> plants to which <strong>the</strong>y are attached.<br />
Development is very slow. Though <strong>the</strong> eggs hatch in <strong>the</strong> sum-<br />
mer, <strong>the</strong> larvae do not mature till <strong>the</strong> following summer. Pu-<br />
pation also takes place below <strong>the</strong> surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water, <strong>the</strong><br />
pupae attaching to plants by means <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir air-tubes. Though<br />
it is frequently very abundant, a persistent invader <strong>of</strong> houses,<br />
and an extremely vicious biter, I have not been able to locate<br />
its breeding areas in central New York. All observations in-<br />
dicate that it breeds only in comparatively shallow water in
BIOLOGY 39<br />
which <strong>the</strong>re is an extensive growth <strong>of</strong> aquatic vegetation. In<br />
New Jersey, it has been found breeding in cranberry bogs.<br />
Ano<strong>the</strong>r interesting mosquito, W3~0~~z~ia s~&hii, breeds<br />
only in <strong>the</strong> water contained within <strong>the</strong> leaves <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pitcher<br />
plant (Sarraceka pwpurea). The eggs are laid usually in <strong>the</strong><br />
younger leaves above <strong>the</strong> water line. When water reaches<br />
<strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong>y hatch and develop to maturity. The species oc-<br />
curs only where its hos,t plant is found.<br />
HABITS OF THE ADULTS<br />
Food-habits<br />
Mosquitoes have gained <strong>the</strong>ir notoriety through <strong>the</strong>ir blood<br />
sucking habits and, more recently, by <strong>the</strong> discovery that <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are <strong>the</strong> vectors <strong>of</strong> serious diseases <strong>of</strong> man. Not all <strong>mosquitoes</strong><br />
suck blood; some do not take blood <strong>of</strong> any kind, while o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
restrict <strong>the</strong>mselves to non-mammalian blood, attacking birds,<br />
amphibia, and o<strong>the</strong>r hosts. The males are not known to ob-<br />
tain blood and <strong>the</strong>ir mouth-parts are so modified that <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
not adapted for piercing. They feed principally on <strong>the</strong> nec-<br />
tar and juices <strong>of</strong> plants. O<strong>the</strong>r species, though attacking mam-<br />
mals, do not readily attack man. Our knowledge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> food<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> adults is not very accurate or complete. The domesti-<br />
cated species usually take human blood with avidity. Here<br />
belong Cztlex $pielzs, C&ex qwinquef ascka tus and Aedes aegy-<br />
pti. Culex territam may also be included though it may be<br />
said to be only partly semi-domesticated. Most <strong>of</strong> our anophe-<br />
lines readily attack man though some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m are said to pre-<br />
fer o<strong>the</strong>r mammalian blood. There appears to be consider-<br />
able evidence that <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> larger domestic animals<br />
as horses, cows, dogs and pigs near human abodes may reduce<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir attacks on man. Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Aedine <strong>mosquitoes</strong> attack<br />
man with <strong>the</strong> greatest avidity and lurid tales <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir blood-<br />
thirstiness can be found in <strong>the</strong> accounts <strong>of</strong> arctic explorers,<br />
hunters, trappers, and o<strong>the</strong>rs who travel in our nor<strong>the</strong>rn wood-<br />
lands. The attacks <strong>of</strong> Aedes stiwmlalzs, A. excrucians, A.
40 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
+zctor, A. co~z~+~ztnis and o<strong>the</strong>r Aedes species will drive out<br />
<strong>the</strong> most intrepid individual who dares to invade <strong>the</strong>ir haunts<br />
unprotected by face nets and gloves. Even <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>ir incessant<br />
songs and persistence in boring through <strong>the</strong> more thinly clad<br />
parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> body usually cause <strong>the</strong> intruder to retire to some<br />
more protected spot. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se species<br />
travel considerable distances and render life in our gardens, un-<br />
screened porches, parks, playgrounds, camp-sites, etc., almost<br />
unendurable. Aedes sollicitauw; <strong>the</strong> celebrated New Jersey<br />
mosquito, is well known for its blood thirstiness wherever it<br />
occurs,. Aedes vexam, though not so well known and this is<br />
undoubtedly due to lack <strong>of</strong> definite information, is ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
vicious mosquito and its frequent invasion <strong>of</strong> towns, villages<br />
and cities is becoming well known. Unfortunately, such in-<br />
vasions are <strong>of</strong>ten ascribed to Culex @&zs, and several out-<br />
breaks that I investigated proved to be due entirely to Aedcs<br />
vexam. Our tree-hole breeding <strong>mosquitoes</strong>, Aedes triseriatzts<br />
and A. varipallpus, readily attack man and under favorable<br />
conditions may become very abundant. Aedes spencerii, a<br />
very abundant species, on <strong>the</strong> prairies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Northwest, is a<br />
vicious blood-sucker and attacks during <strong>the</strong> day. Culex tar-<br />
salis is recorded as a fierce biter and an invader <strong>of</strong> houses.<br />
Taenio9hynchu.s perturbans is a most vigorous biter, usually at-<br />
tacking in <strong>the</strong> evening, though it readily bites at night and<br />
during <strong>the</strong> day when its haunts are invaded. It is a persistent<br />
invader <strong>of</strong> houses and gains entrance through every crack and<br />
cranny. Psorophora species are ra<strong>the</strong>r large and are fierce<br />
biters. Owing to <strong>the</strong>ir size, <strong>the</strong>y can readily penetrate through<br />
<strong>the</strong> clothing. Fortunately <strong>the</strong>y are not very abundant in most<br />
sections <strong>of</strong> North America.<br />
Many species rarely, if ever, attack man and o<strong>the</strong>rs are not<br />
known to obtain blood. Theobaldia species, even though abun-<br />
dant, rarely annoy man and scarcely anything is known about<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir food habits. Czllex apicaEis, though extremely abundant<br />
at times, will not attack man and is recorded as feeding on <strong>the</strong><br />
blood <strong>of</strong> frogs and snakes. Wyeomyia swzithii does not leave
BIOLOGY 41<br />
its haunts and will not bite man though <strong>the</strong>y readily settle<br />
on <strong>the</strong> skin, evidently in search <strong>of</strong> moisture.<br />
Flight Habits<br />
From <strong>the</strong> standpoint <strong>of</strong> mosquito control, <strong>the</strong>ir flight habits<br />
are <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> greatest importance. Unfortunately, little is known<br />
except in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> a few species. In California, Herms<br />
records a distribution flight <strong>of</strong> Ano~heZes macdipelznis shortly<br />
after <strong>the</strong> emergence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> adults from hibernation. This is<br />
supposed to be in search <strong>of</strong> breeding grounds, but <strong>the</strong> distance<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flight is not definitely recorded. It is generally believed<br />
that Anophelines. do not fly far from <strong>the</strong>ir breeding grounds,<br />
probably not more than a half mile to a mile. A&es sollici-<br />
tans, A. cantutor, and A. taeniorhyachus are known to migrate<br />
considerable distances, at least forty miles in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
first species. Aedes vexans is ano<strong>the</strong>r migrant and in British<br />
Columbia, Hearle finds that it migrates even in <strong>the</strong> open a dis-<br />
tance <strong>of</strong> at least ten miles. In central New York, migrations<br />
<strong>of</strong> from three to five miles have been observed. The time oc-<br />
cupied in <strong>the</strong>se migrations depends on climatic factors but is<br />
usually a week to ten days. Aedes aldrichi is also recorded<br />
as a migrant though its habits restrict it to following wooded<br />
areas or where shrubbery affords, protection. A migration <strong>of</strong><br />
ten to fifteen miles is recorded. The great majority <strong>of</strong> our<br />
early spring breeding Aedes species migrate short distances-<br />
at least a mile or more. This is especially true when protect-<br />
ing wooded areas occur at short intervals,. The domesticated<br />
species probably do not fly any considerable distance. Taenior-<br />
hydzzu pertwbans is undoubtedly a migrant. In central New<br />
York, migrations <strong>of</strong> at least several miles have been observed,<br />
<strong>the</strong> same swarm being followed from day to day. In this<br />
case, <strong>the</strong> males accompanied <strong>the</strong> migrating females.<br />
Mosquitoes are also distributed in o<strong>the</strong>r ways than by actual<br />
long distance or short interrupted flights. Favoring breezes<br />
are reported as bringing in hordes to o<strong>the</strong>rwise mosquito free
42 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
areas. Railway trains, ships, and <strong>the</strong> modern automobile fur-<br />
nish excellent means <strong>of</strong> transportation.<br />
The <strong>of</strong> Activity<br />
The period <strong>of</strong> activity <strong>of</strong> adult <strong>mosquitoes</strong> is <strong>of</strong> great inter-<br />
est. Our anophelines are mainly crepuscular, confining <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
activities to <strong>the</strong> twilight hours <strong>of</strong> evening and morning. Ano-<br />
pheles atropos bites freely during <strong>the</strong> day in direct sunlight and<br />
also attacks at night. The o<strong>the</strong>r species may bite during cloudy<br />
days or when <strong>the</strong>ir haunts are invaded during <strong>the</strong> day time.<br />
The yellow fever mosquito is strictly diurnal. The common<br />
house <strong>mosquitoes</strong> are nocturnal but also bite during dark days<br />
and in darkened rooms. All our far nor<strong>the</strong>rn Aed’es species<br />
are primarily diurnal. Aedes spencerii attacks with vigor in<br />
bright sunlight. Acdes camdemis, A. stimulans, A. excrucians<br />
and A. fitchii attack fiercely during late afternoon. In cloudy<br />
wea<strong>the</strong>r, and in woodlands, <strong>the</strong>y are easily aroused to un-<br />
wonted activity at almost any time by <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> blood.<br />
Taeniorhywhus perturbans, though primarily crepuscular, will<br />
attack in dark woods at almost any time. It also bites late<br />
into <strong>the</strong> night if it can gain access to bed rooms.<br />
Mathag Habits<br />
The mating habits <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> our common species have<br />
been observed. The yellow fever mosquito mates shortly af-<br />
ter emergence, during <strong>the</strong> daytime and while in flight. The<br />
act occupies, only a few seconds and <strong>the</strong> males seek out <strong>the</strong> fe-<br />
males with great eagerness. In most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r species ob-<br />
served, <strong>the</strong> males swarm. The males <strong>of</strong> Czhlex pipiem ga<strong>the</strong>r<br />
towards evening, usually near sunset, in great numbers. They<br />
hover over tall objects as telephone poles, trees and shrubbery<br />
and frequently appear as great clouds. The swarm consists<br />
entirely <strong>of</strong> males and <strong>the</strong>y fly up and down and weave in and<br />
out amongst each o<strong>the</strong>r. Into this swarm dart <strong>the</strong> females<br />
and emerge united with a male. This continues till darkness<br />
brings about <strong>the</strong> dispersion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> swarm. Similar swarm-
BIOLOGY 43<br />
ing has been observed with Alzophdes pzrlnctipemis, Aedes<br />
speacerii, Aedes punctor and o<strong>the</strong>rs. Very commonly <strong>the</strong>se<br />
swarms appear over <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> observer and may follow<br />
him as he walks over <strong>the</strong> country side. A swarm <strong>of</strong> Aedes<br />
pumtor was observed to form over a war>m automobile radiator<br />
at about 7:00 P.M.<br />
Longem’ty<br />
The length <strong>of</strong> life <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> adult is very difficult to determine.<br />
Normally, Czllex adults are short lived but <strong>the</strong>re is no exact<br />
data except for those kept under artificial conditions. The yel-<br />
low fever mosquito has been kept alive in captivity for over<br />
five months. It is generally stated that <strong>the</strong> males live only a<br />
short time ; only a few days or weeks at <strong>the</strong> most. Males <strong>of</strong><br />
many <strong>of</strong> our early spring breeding species have been taken in<br />
central New York in June and July. This would indicate a<br />
much longer life for <strong>the</strong> males <strong>of</strong> Aedes stiwmlaw, A. fitchii,<br />
and A. puwtor. As <strong>the</strong>se species emerge from late April to<br />
late May and as <strong>the</strong>re is only one brood a year, <strong>the</strong> males must<br />
live at least one or two months or even longer. Females live<br />
longer than <strong>the</strong> males. Czllex and Anopheles species hibernate<br />
as adults so that <strong>the</strong> life <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> over-wintering females is<br />
greatly prolonged. Certain Aedes species live for several<br />
months. Aedes excrucians, A. fitchii, A. stimulates, A. @M-<br />
for and A. isztrzcdem appear as early spring species, usually<br />
in early May. The adults have been collected at all times dur-<br />
ing <strong>the</strong> summer, some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m as late as <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> Septem-<br />
ber. This would give an adult life for favored individuals <strong>of</strong><br />
at least four months. Normally <strong>the</strong>y are very abundant in<br />
June, July and early August. I have been driven from <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
haunts by <strong>the</strong>ir attacks as late as <strong>the</strong> second week in August.<br />
HIBERNATION<br />
All our species belonging to <strong>the</strong> genera Culex and Anoplzeles<br />
pass <strong>the</strong> winter as fertilized females; <strong>the</strong> males die at <strong>the</strong> ap-<br />
proach <strong>of</strong> cold wea<strong>the</strong>r. The females seek various types <strong>of</strong><br />
shelters, as cellars, stables, cow sheds, out-buildings <strong>of</strong> all types,
44 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
caves, tree-holes, etc., where a certain degree <strong>of</strong> moisture and<br />
semi-darkness obtains. During <strong>the</strong> hibernation period, <strong>the</strong><br />
females are normally inactive, resting quietly, closely hugging<br />
<strong>the</strong> surface on which <strong>the</strong>y rest. In houses, Alzoplaeles @tic-<br />
tipenrzis and Culcx ~~/&Rs may frequently invade <strong>the</strong> warmer<br />
rooms and I have taken both species in <strong>the</strong> act <strong>of</strong> sucking<br />
blood.<br />
The great majority <strong>of</strong> our species hibernate in <strong>the</strong> egg stage.<br />
This is true <strong>of</strong> practically all <strong>the</strong> species <strong>of</strong> Aedes and Psoro-<br />
plzora. The yellow fever mosquito cannot withstand cold<br />
wea<strong>the</strong>r so that it breeds only in <strong>the</strong> warmer portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
south. Its occurrence in more nor<strong>the</strong>rn locations is due to its<br />
transportation during <strong>the</strong> summer season. Though it has been<br />
repeatedly introduced into California, it never breeds <strong>the</strong>re on<br />
account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cool nights. Its general distribution is to about<br />
38” N. latitude and its breeding in this area is limited by local<br />
climatic conditions. As far as known, all our Tlzeobaldia spe-<br />
cies, except T. melanwa, hibernate as adults. T. melanwra<br />
passes <strong>the</strong> winter as larvae in <strong>the</strong> bottom <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pools in which<br />
<strong>the</strong>y breed. Wyeowzyia smithii, <strong>the</strong> pitcher plant mosquito,<br />
hibernates as larvae frozen in <strong>the</strong> water contained by <strong>the</strong><br />
leaves.
CHAPTER III<br />
MOSQUITOES IN RELATION TO HUMAN<br />
WELFARE<br />
Mosquitoes have always plagued man and animals. They<br />
have limited and still limit his occupation <strong>of</strong> many regions <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> globe. Always considered as abominable pests, about:<br />
which he knew little and cared less, he was suddenly awakened<br />
to <strong>the</strong>ir extreme importance by <strong>the</strong> discovery by Sir Ronald<br />
Ross, in 1898, that <strong>the</strong>y are <strong>the</strong> vectors <strong>of</strong> malaria or ague.<br />
Long before this, however, Sir Patrick Manson had shown, in<br />
1878-79, that <strong>mosquitoes</strong> were <strong>the</strong> intermediate hosts <strong>of</strong> Filaria<br />
bancr<strong>of</strong>ti, a round worm which causes serious diseases <strong>of</strong> man.<br />
This discovery had not attracted much notice as <strong>the</strong> diseases<br />
caused by this worm were not known and even yet are not<br />
well understood. The discovery, in 1900, by Reed, Carroll,<br />
Lazear and Agramonte that yellow fever is distributed by a<br />
mosquito aroused <strong>the</strong> greatest interest in <strong>the</strong> mosquito prob-<br />
lem. At <strong>the</strong> present time, <strong>mosquitoes</strong> are regarded by many<br />
persons as <strong>the</strong> most important group <strong>of</strong> all our blood sucking<br />
insects. In this chapter only a very brief account can be given<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> many and important relations existing between man and<br />
<strong>mosquitoes</strong>.<br />
In general, <strong>mosquitoes</strong> may be said to affect man’s welfare<br />
in <strong>the</strong> following ways:<br />
( 1) Direct irritation caused by <strong>the</strong>ir bites.<br />
(2) Diseases <strong>of</strong> man which are transmitted through <strong>the</strong><br />
agency <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>.<br />
(3) Diseases <strong>of</strong> his domestic and game animals which are<br />
transmitted by <strong>mosquitoes</strong>.<br />
45
46 RELATION TO WELFARE<br />
(4) Reduction in land values, real<br />
excessive abundance <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>.<br />
DIRECT IRRITATION<br />
estate, etc., due to <strong>the</strong><br />
To many persons <strong>the</strong> bites <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> are only a tem-<br />
porary annoyance; o<strong>the</strong>rs do not notice <strong>the</strong>ir bites; while many<br />
people suffer greatly even from a few bites. The number <strong>of</strong><br />
people who appear almost immune to mosquito attacks is<br />
probably not large and this immunity may be confined to <strong>the</strong><br />
bites <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> present in <strong>the</strong>ir region. O<strong>the</strong>r species <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>mosquitoes</strong> may cause <strong>the</strong>m great inconvenience. As this phase<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mosquito problem has never been sufficiently stressed,<br />
I desire to call particular attention to it, especially at this time<br />
when so much emphasis is placed on living out-<strong>of</strong>-doors to con-<br />
serve our health. Mosquitoes probably affect young children,<br />
particularly babies, more than we know. There is no definite<br />
data on this point but it deserves careful attention. To many<br />
people <strong>the</strong> bites are very severe, causing swellings, severe itch-<br />
ing, followed by incessant scratching and <strong>the</strong> formation <strong>of</strong><br />
pustules. This is followed by restlessness, loss <strong>of</strong> sleep, nerv-<br />
ous irritation and a determination to avoid mosquito areas at<br />
all costs. In many persons, <strong>the</strong> lesions caused by mosquito<br />
bites remain for months and retain that itching sensation. As<br />
<strong>mosquitoes</strong>, o<strong>the</strong>r than Anophelines, are generally regarded<br />
only as temporary nuisances, most <strong>of</strong> us cannot enjoy <strong>the</strong> out-<br />
<strong>of</strong>-doors during <strong>the</strong> summer season. Our gardens, parks, re-<br />
sorts <strong>of</strong> all kinds, camp sites, whole areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, etc.,<br />
are deserted by <strong>the</strong> less hardy and <strong>the</strong>y retire to screened<br />
houses, or if fortunate, to screened porches. Thus many per-<br />
sons are unable to enjoy <strong>the</strong> benefits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> open air and store<br />
up health for <strong>the</strong> more rigorous season. In some sections <strong>the</strong><br />
onslaught <strong>of</strong> a mosquito outbreak may cause <strong>the</strong> stoppage <strong>of</strong><br />
almost all outdoor work, and where this occurs frequently<br />
prevents <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> those districts. This phase <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> mosquito problem should be more emphasized in public<br />
health work.
FIGURE 16. Diagrammatic representation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> life-cycle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> benign<br />
tertian malaria parasite (PZU.WZO~~UWZ Gvax) in man and <strong>the</strong> mosquito. Nos.<br />
I to 4 show <strong>the</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> parasite in <strong>the</strong> red blood cell; Nos. 5 & 6,<br />
<strong>the</strong> mature schizont dividing into merozoites and <strong>the</strong>ir escape is shown in<br />
7; <strong>the</strong>se merozoites invade new red cells and <strong>the</strong> cycle continues. Nos. 8,<br />
g & IO show <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> male and <strong>the</strong> female gametocytes. The<br />
mosquito is shown obtaining <strong>the</strong>se sex cells. No. II, <strong>the</strong> male cells being<br />
discharged; No. 12, <strong>the</strong> sperm cell uniting with <strong>the</strong> female cell; No 13, <strong>the</strong><br />
fertilized zygote ; No. 14, <strong>the</strong> migrating egg, or ookinete; No. 15, <strong>the</strong><br />
oocyst outside <strong>the</strong> stomach wall ,<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mosquito; No. 16, a nearly mature<br />
oocyst ; No. 17, <strong>the</strong> stomach <strong>of</strong> a mosquito showing oocysts attached ;<br />
No. 18, <strong>the</strong> discharge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sporozoites by <strong>the</strong> breaking <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> oocyst;<br />
No. 19, sporozoites in <strong>the</strong> salivary glands; No. 20, <strong>the</strong> salivary glands<br />
<strong>of</strong> a mosquito; No. 21, an anopheline is seen discharging sporozoites into<br />
<strong>the</strong> blood stream <strong>of</strong> a new host; Nos. 22 to 28 shows <strong>the</strong> asexual cycle<br />
in new host. (Modified from James.)
48 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOES<br />
In North America, at least four important diseases are trans-<br />
mitted by <strong>mosquitoes</strong> and only by <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. These are ma-<br />
laria, yellow fever, dengue and filariasis. Each <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se will<br />
be discussed but briefly.<br />
Malaria<br />
Malaria is caused by a minute Protozoan which invades <strong>the</strong><br />
red blood corpuscles (Fig. 16). There are known to be<br />
three distinct species <strong>of</strong> malarial parasites and each produces<br />
a distinct type <strong>of</strong> disease. The parasites are known as Plas-<br />
medium zizlax, causative agent <strong>of</strong> tertian malaria ; PZasnzod’iu~~z<br />
mnlariae, causative agent <strong>of</strong> quartan malaria ; and Plasmodium<br />
falciparzrna, <strong>the</strong> agent <strong>of</strong> malignant tertian, sub-tertian, perni-<br />
cious or aestivo-autumnal malaria. The common and most<br />
prevalent type <strong>of</strong> malaria in North America is <strong>the</strong> tertian.<br />
Pernicious or aestivo-autumnal malaria occurs in <strong>the</strong> states<br />
bordering on <strong>the</strong> Gulf <strong>of</strong> Mexico. According to H<strong>of</strong>fman<br />
(1916) <strong>the</strong> prevalence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> various types <strong>of</strong> malaria in <strong>the</strong><br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn states is about 6.5 per cent for tertian, 13 per cent<br />
for quartan and 22 per cent for aestivo-autumnal. In order<br />
to understand <strong>the</strong> essential rble played by Anopheline mosqui-<br />
toes in <strong>the</strong> distribution <strong>of</strong> malaria, a very brief outline <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
life-cycle <strong>of</strong> Plasmodiwz viz~aax is here presented.<br />
Plasmodium zizlax, in man, lives and multiplies asexually<br />
in <strong>the</strong> red blood corpuscles (Fig. 16). This is called <strong>the</strong> asex-<br />
ual cycle. As <strong>the</strong> organisms grow (Nos. 1 to 4), <strong>the</strong>y cause<br />
<strong>the</strong> red cells to become enlarged and <strong>the</strong>y absorb <strong>the</strong> cell con-<br />
tents. At <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> about forty hours, <strong>the</strong> trophozoite is<br />
mature and is now called a schizont (No. 5). Each schi-<br />
zont <strong>the</strong>n divides into a number, 15 to 24, <strong>of</strong> merozoites and<br />
<strong>the</strong>se are discharged into <strong>the</strong> blood stream by <strong>the</strong> rupturing <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> cell (Nos. 6 and 7). Along with <strong>the</strong> merozoites, are lib-<br />
erated <strong>the</strong> wastes, pigments, and probably a toxin. Each mero-<br />
zoite now attacks a new blood cell and, in about forty hours,<br />
becomes a schizont, dividing, and <strong>the</strong> merozoites are liberated
RELATION TO WELFARE 49<br />
at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> about forty-eight hours. The escape o.f so many<br />
merozoites with <strong>the</strong>ir wastes corresponds with <strong>the</strong> onset <strong>of</strong> a<br />
chill followed by a marked rise in <strong>the</strong> temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pa-<br />
tient. Hence this type is known as <strong>the</strong> tertian or three day<br />
fever, <strong>the</strong> chill and fever appearing on <strong>the</strong> third day. After<br />
<strong>the</strong> asexual cycle has continued for a number <strong>of</strong> days, <strong>the</strong>re<br />
appears a new stage in <strong>the</strong> cycle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> parasite. This is known<br />
as <strong>the</strong> sexual stage. Certain merozoites now develop into<br />
male and female gametocytes or sex cells (Fig. 16, Nos. 8,9 and<br />
10). Two kinds are produced male, wzicvogawzetocytes, and<br />
female, nfzacroga,we tocy tes. These now remain in <strong>the</strong> blood<br />
cells and no fur<strong>the</strong>r development takes place in man.<br />
At this point <strong>the</strong> anopheline mo,squito becomes essential to<br />
<strong>the</strong> continuance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> life <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> parasite. If a person con-<br />
taining <strong>the</strong> micro- and macrogametocytes in his blood is bitten<br />
by an anopheline (as A. quadrinzaculatus) mosquito and num-<br />
bers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se sex cells are obtained, a fur<strong>the</strong>r remarkable de-<br />
velopment takes place in <strong>the</strong> stomach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mosquito. The<br />
female or macrogametocyte matures into what is called a<br />
macrogamete and is now ready for fertilization. The male<br />
or microgametocyte gives <strong>of</strong>f a number <strong>of</strong> small linear bodies<br />
which are <strong>the</strong> true nzicroganutes or male elements (Fig. 16,<br />
No. 11). These lash about till <strong>the</strong>y find a macrogamete and<br />
one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m immediately penetrates it (Fig. 16, No. 12) and<br />
completes <strong>the</strong> process <strong>of</strong> fertilization. The union <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> male<br />
and female cells produces a zygote (No. 13). The zygotes<br />
are produced in <strong>the</strong> stomach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mosquito. The zygote,<br />
at first passive, soon elongates and begins active movement,<br />
hence <strong>the</strong> name ookinvzete (No. 14). The ookinete penetrates<br />
<strong>the</strong> wall <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stomach and establishes itself between <strong>the</strong><br />
epi<strong>the</strong>lial layer and <strong>the</strong> muscular layers (No. 15). Here it<br />
becomes spherical and grows very large by <strong>the</strong> absorption <strong>of</strong><br />
food from <strong>the</strong> surrounding cells, and is called an oocyst (No.<br />
16). Within <strong>the</strong> oocyst, remarkable changes (sporogony)<br />
take place and at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> four or five days, <strong>the</strong> oocyst is<br />
completely filled by very minute organisms-<strong>the</strong> sporozoites
50 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
(No. 18). The sporozoites escape by <strong>the</strong> bursting <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> oocyst<br />
and are now in <strong>the</strong> body cavity. As insects have no closed<br />
circulatory system, <strong>the</strong> blood ba<strong>the</strong>s all <strong>the</strong> tis,sues so <strong>the</strong><br />
sporozoites are now free to wander with <strong>the</strong> blood. They are<br />
said to bore into almost all <strong>the</strong> tissues and organs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> host<br />
but great numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m invade <strong>the</strong> salivary glands (No.<br />
19). The sporozoites are now ready to be passed with <strong>the</strong><br />
saliva into a new host when <strong>the</strong> mos,quito bites (No. 21). The<br />
entire cycle within <strong>the</strong> mosquito occupies from 8 to 14 days,<br />
depending on <strong>the</strong> temperature and o<strong>the</strong>r factors. It will thus<br />
be seen that <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> anopheline <strong>mosquitoes</strong> is essential<br />
for <strong>the</strong> beginning <strong>of</strong> a new infection in man and fur<strong>the</strong>rmore<br />
that man with gametocytes in his blood is essential before<br />
<strong>mosquitoes</strong> can become infected. This interdependence is well<br />
illustrated in figure 16, <strong>the</strong> so called etiological chain <strong>of</strong><br />
malaria. If it can be broken at any one point, a reduction or<br />
even a complete elimination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disease can be accomplished.<br />
The cycles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two types <strong>of</strong> malarial organisms<br />
correspond very closely to that <strong>of</strong> P. &ax. The time <strong>of</strong> spor-<br />
ulation differs-that <strong>of</strong> P. quartavt taking place at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong><br />
three days and <strong>the</strong> rise in temperature occuring on <strong>the</strong> fourth<br />
day ; that <strong>of</strong> P. fallcipa~rzw~ taking place irregularly in from<br />
24 to 48 hours so that <strong>the</strong> rise in temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> patient<br />
is irregular. Of course people suffering from malaria may<br />
have two species present or a double infection <strong>of</strong> any one<br />
and this complicates <strong>the</strong> clinical picture <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disease.<br />
Fortunately, all anopheline <strong>mosquitoes</strong> are not vectors <strong>of</strong><br />
malaria. Some are known to be good vectors-that is <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are readily infected by feeding <strong>the</strong>m blood containing <strong>the</strong><br />
male and female organisms; o<strong>the</strong>rs are refractory and are not<br />
easily infected; while o<strong>the</strong>rs cannot, apparently, be infected.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, even good vectors do not all become infected when<br />
<strong>the</strong>y feed on blood containing <strong>the</strong> male and female gameto-<br />
cytes. Again some are infected by one parasite and refractory<br />
to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r species <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> parasites ; and again a mosquito may<br />
be a good vector in one part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world and <strong>the</strong> same species,
52 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
in ano<strong>the</strong>r part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world, prove a poor vector. The data<br />
on all <strong>the</strong>se phases <strong>of</strong> malaria are far from complete. This<br />
is due largely to <strong>the</strong> fact that no o<strong>the</strong>r animal than man is<br />
known to be susceptible to <strong>the</strong> disease. Man cannot be used<br />
as a laboratory experimental animal.<br />
In North America, <strong>the</strong> known vectors <strong>of</strong> malaria are Ano-<br />
p,&Zes qu,adri?~zacz~Zutzts (a good vector), A. crz~Mns (prob-<br />
ably a good vector in some sections), A. ~aculipennis (prin-<br />
cipal vector in Europe and probably also in California), A.<br />
punctipemis (not known to be a vector till 1916, undoubtedly<br />
a poor vector), and A. @eudo+zctipennis (not known posi-<br />
tively to be a vector in North America, but has recently been<br />
shown to be <strong>the</strong> main vector in parts <strong>of</strong> Argentina).<br />
Malaria is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most widespread and important human<br />
diseases in <strong>the</strong> world. The principal endemic areas and <strong>the</strong><br />
malaria mo,rtality for <strong>the</strong> United States are shown in figure 17.<br />
There is probably no endemic malaria in Canada. Although<br />
<strong>the</strong> administration <strong>of</strong> quinine in various forms may reduce <strong>the</strong><br />
fever, <strong>the</strong>re is, no known drug which will completely eliminate<br />
<strong>the</strong> parasite from its human host. The most practical and<br />
most efficient method <strong>of</strong> reducing malaria is to prevent or<br />
control <strong>the</strong> breeding <strong>of</strong> anopheline <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. Control meth-<br />
ods are outlined in <strong>the</strong> following chapter.<br />
Blackwater Fezler<br />
Blackwater fever is a severe fever accompanied by great<br />
blood destruction, and <strong>the</strong> passage <strong>of</strong> haemoglobin in <strong>the</strong> urine<br />
(<strong>the</strong> urine is a mahogany color, hence <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dis-<br />
ease). Until very recently <strong>the</strong> disease was thought to be<br />
caused by some unknown specific parasite. It is now generally<br />
recognized that blackwater fever is due to repeated attacks<br />
or continuous infection with malaria. The disease is widely<br />
distributed throughout <strong>the</strong> tropical and sub-tropical regions<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world and is most prevalent in <strong>the</strong> intensely malarious<br />
sections. In <strong>the</strong> Americas it occurs in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn area <strong>of</strong><br />
South America, Central Americas, West Indies, and parts <strong>of</strong>
RELATION TO WELFARE 53<br />
<strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn States <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States. Blackwater fever<br />
is a very severe disease. It can be prevented only by <strong>the</strong><br />
avoidance <strong>of</strong> long and continued malaria attacks. It has many<br />
complications and a person who has suffered from an attack<br />
should not continue to live in a highly malarious region. In<br />
order to reduce <strong>the</strong> incidence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disease in any area <strong>the</strong><br />
only logical procedure is <strong>the</strong> destruction <strong>of</strong> malaria-carrying<br />
<strong>mosquitoes</strong>.<br />
Yellow Fever<br />
Yellow fever is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most virulent <strong>of</strong> human diseases.<br />
Formerly it was ra<strong>the</strong>r widespread around <strong>the</strong> Carribean Sea<br />
and was introduced from time to time to nor<strong>the</strong>rn cities<br />
where numerous epidemics occurred during <strong>the</strong> summer. This<br />
disease, so highly fatal to non-immunes remained a mystery<br />
till Reed, Carrol, Lazear and Agramonte definitely estab-<br />
lished, in 1900, that it could be transmitted from <strong>the</strong> sick to <strong>the</strong><br />
well only by a mosquito, <strong>the</strong> tiger mosquito (Aedes fasciatus,<br />
Aedes nygentezls or Aedcs agypti; unfortunately this mosquito<br />
has many synonyms). Their conclusions have been well es-<br />
tablished and <strong>the</strong> chain in this disease is again <strong>the</strong> parasite,<br />
<strong>the</strong> man with <strong>the</strong> parasite (<strong>the</strong> patient), <strong>the</strong> mosquito, and<br />
finally <strong>the</strong> transference to a new patient. The parasite <strong>of</strong> this<br />
disease, though definitely announced from time to time, seems<br />
as yet unknown. Noguchi has isolated an organism, Lep-<br />
tospira icte/oidcs, which may be <strong>the</strong> definite parasite but final<br />
conclusions do not yet seem to be warranted. The importance<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mosquito vector in this disease may be stated very<br />
briefly. Aed’es Cpyypti must secure it from a patient suffering<br />
from <strong>the</strong> disease. This must take place within three to five<br />
days after <strong>the</strong> first appearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disease as <strong>the</strong> parasite<br />
is known to be present in <strong>the</strong> blood serum only for a short<br />
time. Within <strong>the</strong> mosquito, <strong>the</strong> parasite must undergo a de-<br />
velopment for it requires from 12 to 14 days before <strong>the</strong><br />
mosquito is capable <strong>of</strong> infecting a susceptible person. When a<br />
mosquito is once infected, it remains capable <strong>of</strong> transmitting
54 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
<strong>the</strong> disease. for <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> its active life; in one case 59 days<br />
after receiving <strong>the</strong> infection.<br />
As <strong>the</strong>re is at present no specific treatment for yellow fever,<br />
<strong>the</strong> only known method <strong>of</strong> reducing <strong>the</strong> disease is to prevent<br />
this mosquito from biting or prevent its breeding. As a com-<br />
plete elimination <strong>of</strong> its breeding grounds is not always feasible,<br />
<strong>the</strong> prevention <strong>of</strong> mosquito infection becomes one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most<br />
important factors in a yellow fever outbreak.<br />
Yellow fever, though formerly widespread in <strong>the</strong> tropical<br />
portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americas, has been almost eliminated. The<br />
last great outbreak in North America occurred in New Orleans<br />
in 1905. At <strong>the</strong> present time an outbreak may occur if <strong>the</strong><br />
disease should appear and <strong>the</strong> mosquito is present to become<br />
infected. That <strong>the</strong>re are human carrier? <strong>of</strong> this disease, as in<br />
malaria, is believed by some workers but <strong>the</strong>re seems no posi-<br />
tive evidence to substantiate this belief. At <strong>the</strong> present time<br />
( 1929) <strong>the</strong>re is an active center <strong>of</strong> yellow fever in West Africa.<br />
Since <strong>the</strong> yellow fever mosquito occurs throughout much <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> tropical and sub-tropical regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire world, <strong>the</strong><br />
possible spread <strong>of</strong> this disease to such countries as Asia should<br />
fill us with <strong>the</strong> utmost alarm. It is <strong>the</strong>refore highly desirable<br />
that every possible effort should be made to eliminate <strong>the</strong> breed-<br />
ing <strong>of</strong> this mosquito in North America. Without <strong>the</strong> mosquito,<br />
<strong>the</strong> introduction <strong>of</strong> “carriers,” if <strong>the</strong>y exist, would not bring<br />
about any outbreak <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disease.<br />
Unfortunately, recent researches in West Africa demonstrate<br />
that yellow fever (<strong>the</strong> type <strong>of</strong> this disease now prevalent <strong>the</strong>re)<br />
is transmitted by o<strong>the</strong>r species <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. Bauer (1928)”<br />
’ A “carrier,” in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> malaria, is one who has recovered<br />
from <strong>the</strong> disease and has <strong>the</strong> micro- and macro-gametocytes in his<br />
blood capable <strong>of</strong> infecting <strong>mosquitoes</strong>; or he may be one who has<br />
never shown symptoms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disease and still have <strong>the</strong> sexual stages<br />
in <strong>the</strong> blood. Whe<strong>the</strong>r such occur in yellow fever is not known since<br />
we know scarcely anything about <strong>the</strong> organism which causes <strong>the</strong><br />
disease.<br />
’ Bauer, Amer. JZ. Trap. Med., 8, p. 261, July, 1928.
RELATION TO WELFARE 55<br />
has demonstrated experimentally that A&s luteocephalus<br />
Newst., Aedes aficoawaclatus Edw., and Eretmopodites chryso-<br />
gaster Graham, can transmit <strong>the</strong> disease from monkey to mon-<br />
key. Three o<strong>the</strong>r species <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> were found to be nega-<br />
tive. As yet but a comparatively small number <strong>of</strong> West Afri-<br />
can species have been tested. The future spread <strong>of</strong> this disease<br />
becomes a very serious problem. The work <strong>of</strong> mosquito con-<br />
trol and eradication should be urged by every intelligent per-<br />
son.<br />
Dengue<br />
Dengue is a non-infectious disease <strong>of</strong> low mortality. It is<br />
frequently known as break-bone fever. Its onset is character-<br />
ized by headache, aching eyes, and severe body and limb pains.<br />
The causative agent is unknown, but it is a filter-passing or-<br />
ganism and is transmitted by <strong>the</strong> agency <strong>of</strong> a mosquito-<strong>the</strong><br />
yellow fever mosquito (Aedes cFgypti).<br />
This disease is widespread throughout many tropical and<br />
sub-tropical regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world. It frequently appears in<br />
epidemic or pandemic waves when <strong>the</strong> great majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
population may suffer. Its appearance in more nor<strong>the</strong>rn areas<br />
occurs in <strong>the</strong> summer or autumn when <strong>the</strong> mosquito host is<br />
prevalent but it always dies out when cold wea<strong>the</strong>r intervenes-<br />
killing <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> mosquito. In North America, it is confined<br />
largely south <strong>of</strong> 38” N. latitude and great outbreaks have oc-<br />
curred in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn states.<br />
Recent work has shown that probably only one species <strong>of</strong><br />
mosquito, Aedes cpgypti, is <strong>the</strong> vector. In order to become<br />
infected, <strong>the</strong> mosquito must bite a dengue patient during <strong>the</strong><br />
first three days <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disease. It requires-at least eleven days<br />
before <strong>the</strong> mosquito can transmit <strong>the</strong> virus. Once infected <strong>the</strong><br />
mosquito remains infective throughout life.<br />
As many people suffering from this disease may have it<br />
in mCld form <strong>the</strong>y remain at <strong>the</strong>ir daily tasks and are excellent<br />
subjects from which large numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> become in-<br />
fected. The yellow fever mosquito is <strong>the</strong> most domesticated
56 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
<strong>of</strong> all our species and it is present in great numbers in houses.<br />
It bites at all times during <strong>the</strong> day and even at night. It will<br />
thus be seen that a small outbreak may soon become an epi-<br />
demic and spread with great rapidity. The most efficient<br />
method <strong>of</strong> preventing and controlling <strong>the</strong> disease is by <strong>the</strong> elim-<br />
ination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mosquito. The general spread <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disease<br />
may be greatly reduced by carefully screening <strong>the</strong> patients<br />
during <strong>the</strong> first five days after its onset. As <strong>the</strong> disease is<br />
difficult to diagnose, <strong>the</strong> screening <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> patients usually be-<br />
gins too late.<br />
Filariasis<br />
Filariasis. is due to an infection <strong>of</strong> Filaria bavm<strong>of</strong>ti Cobbold,<br />
a round worm found in <strong>the</strong> adult state in man. The males and<br />
females are usually found in some part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lymphatic gland-<br />
ular tissue. The females discharge <strong>the</strong>ir embryos which reach<br />
<strong>the</strong> blood stream. In <strong>the</strong> blood, <strong>the</strong>y appear as very small<br />
embryos (micr<strong>of</strong>ilariae) , about l/5 mm. in length. These<br />
micr<strong>of</strong>ilariae are incapable <strong>of</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r development unless taken<br />
up by a mosquito. Those <strong>mosquitoes</strong> known to be vectors (ex-<br />
perimentally) are C&ex qui9zquefasciatuls (fatigam), C. pipiem,<br />
Anopheles rossi, Anopheles costalis and Aedcs (Stegomyia)<br />
zrariega tau.<br />
When blood containing micr<strong>of</strong>ilariae is obtained by a sus-<br />
ceptible mosquito, <strong>the</strong> embryos escape from <strong>the</strong>ir sheaths and<br />
bore through <strong>the</strong> intestinal wall. In about 24 hours, <strong>the</strong>y have<br />
all migrated to <strong>the</strong> thoracic muscles. Here each worm under-<br />
goes development but <strong>the</strong>re is no increase in numbers. In from<br />
12 to 20 days, <strong>the</strong> larval development is complete and <strong>the</strong> para-<br />
sites migrate forward to <strong>the</strong> proboscis. Finally <strong>the</strong>y come to<br />
lie, generally in pairs, in <strong>the</strong> labium. They are now ready to<br />
pass to a new host. At <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> taking blood, <strong>the</strong> worms<br />
escape from <strong>the</strong> labium and are said to bore directly through <strong>the</strong><br />
skin. In due time <strong>the</strong>se larvae reach <strong>the</strong> lymphatics where <strong>the</strong>y<br />
become sexually mature; eventually new generations <strong>of</strong> micro-<br />
filariae reach <strong>the</strong> blood stream. The mosquito is an essential<br />
link in <strong>the</strong> chain in <strong>the</strong> development and transfer <strong>of</strong> this parasite.
RELATION TO WELFARE 57<br />
The presence <strong>of</strong> mature filarial worms in man does not neces-<br />
sarily mean a diseased condition. It is frequently, however,<br />
associated with marked changes in <strong>the</strong> lymphatic system and is<br />
believed to be responsible for a great variety <strong>of</strong> organic dis-<br />
turbances, as lymphangitis, adenitis, elephantiasis, etc.<br />
Filariasis exists in almost every country throughout <strong>the</strong><br />
tropical and sub-tropical world. In North America, it un-<br />
doubtedly occurs in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn United States and is known to<br />
occur around Charleston, South Carolina. As nei<strong>the</strong>r age, sex<br />
nor race is immune, <strong>the</strong> prevention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> spread <strong>of</strong> this para-<br />
site is highly desirable. The only effective method is <strong>the</strong> con-<br />
trol <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mosquito. Unfortunately, we do not know all <strong>the</strong><br />
species <strong>of</strong> mosquito that may act as vectors so that we should<br />
endeavor to prevent all mosquito breeding.<br />
MOSQUITOES IN RELATION TO ANIMAL DISEASES<br />
A numiber <strong>of</strong> animal diseases is known to be transmitted<br />
by <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. Dir<strong>of</strong>iFaria iwzmihs <strong>of</strong> dogs is transmitted by<br />
Czllex species. ; malaria <strong>of</strong> birds by CzdZex species; o<strong>the</strong>rs are<br />
undoubtedly associated with mosquito transmission but <strong>the</strong> in-<br />
formation concerning <strong>the</strong>m is scanty or very incomplete. Fur-<br />
<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>mosquitoes</strong> are terrible pests <strong>of</strong> many animals and<br />
cause severe annoyance.<br />
REDUCTION IN LAND VALUES<br />
It is common knowledge that <strong>the</strong> abundance <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong><br />
causes a marked reduction <strong>of</strong> land values. This is particularly<br />
true in summer, seaside and lake resorts; in urban areas subject<br />
to mosquito invasion ; manufacturing and industrial districts<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten feel <strong>the</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> mosquito abundance. Some <strong>of</strong> our<br />
most valuable land as in New Jersey, Mississippi bottom lands,<br />
etc., have had and continue to have <strong>the</strong>ir development retarded<br />
owing to hordes <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> which frequently render life,<br />
except to <strong>the</strong> most hardened, unendurable. When this is ac-<br />
companied by diseases, <strong>the</strong> development is almost stopped.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>the</strong> outbreaks <strong>of</strong> malaria and dengue throws an-
58 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r heavy burden on such communities due to sickness, <strong>the</strong><br />
consequent loss <strong>of</strong> income and <strong>the</strong> expense attendant <strong>the</strong>reto.<br />
The remarkable results due to mosquito control and <strong>the</strong> conse-<br />
quent increase in real estate values, health and vigor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
peoples, etc., are so numerous that only a few may be cited-<br />
as in Havana, Panama Canal Zone, Port Said, Singapore, et<br />
al. Where diseases are not present, but only noxious <strong>mosquitoes</strong>,<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir reduction brings about a marked increase in land values.<br />
No finer example can be cited than <strong>the</strong> work done in New<br />
Jersey. Dr. Headlee ( 1926)) after presenting a detailed sum-<br />
mary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tax valuations’ <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Atlantic and Bay Coast area<br />
<strong>of</strong> New Jersey for <strong>the</strong> past twenty-five years, concludes with<br />
this remarkable statement. “Thus it appears, under New Jer-<br />
sey coastal conditions, that, where salt marsh <strong>mosquitoes</strong> are<br />
naturally absent, <strong>the</strong>re has’ occurred an average increase in tax-<br />
able values during <strong>the</strong> last ten years <strong>of</strong> fifty-five per cent more<br />
than where <strong>the</strong>y are still present or only very recently reduced<br />
and that, where salt marsh <strong>mosquitoes</strong> have been largely elim-<br />
inated during <strong>the</strong> last ten years, <strong>the</strong>re has occurred an average<br />
annual increase <strong>of</strong> seventy-five per cent more than where <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are still present or very recently reduced.”
CHAPTER IV<br />
THE PROBLEM OF MOSQUITO REDUCTION<br />
TYPES OF CONTROL OPERATIONS; NATURAL ENEMIES OF MOS-<br />
QTJITOES ; OTHER METHODS OF MOSQUITO REDUCTION ;<br />
PROTECTION FROM MOSQUITO BITES ; ORGANI-<br />
ZATION FOR CARRYING ON CONTROL WORK<br />
The preceding chapter has indicated briefly <strong>the</strong> important re-<br />
lations that <strong>mosquitoes</strong> bear to man. It is strange, that, know-<br />
ing <strong>the</strong>se conditions, man has not made greater efforts to con-<br />
trol <strong>the</strong>m. Only where great outbreaks <strong>of</strong> diseases have<br />
occurred or where important national developments are under-<br />
taken, or due to devastating sickness in time <strong>of</strong> war or where<br />
public sentiment has been sufficiently aroused, have peoples<br />
organized great anti-mo,squito campaigns. The results have<br />
been <strong>of</strong> unprecedented success. Witness <strong>the</strong> work in Havana,<br />
New Orleans, <strong>the</strong> Panama Canal Zone, New Jersey, Ishmailia,<br />
Italy, parts <strong>of</strong> Greece, Palestine, <strong>the</strong> work at Singapore, etc.<br />
All <strong>the</strong>se campaigns were led by able men supported by govern-<br />
ments and various o<strong>the</strong>r agencies and <strong>the</strong>ir main object was <strong>the</strong><br />
reduction <strong>of</strong> mosquito-borne disease. Yet despite this, vast<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most fertile regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world suffer from<br />
mosquito-borne diseases. H<strong>of</strong>fman in 1916 made a plea and<br />
presented a tentative plan for <strong>the</strong> eradication <strong>of</strong> malaria<br />
throughout <strong>the</strong> western hemisphere. This plea is based on <strong>the</strong><br />
knowledge “that malaria is perhaps <strong>the</strong> most important <strong>of</strong><br />
human diseases, and though it is not <strong>of</strong>ten directly fatal, its<br />
wide prevalence in almost all warm climates produce an enor-<br />
mous amount ol sickness, and mortality.”<br />
The problem <strong>of</strong> mosquito reduction involves two distinct<br />
points <strong>of</strong> view; ( 1) that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> public health <strong>of</strong>ficial who has<br />
been and still is largely concerned with <strong>the</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> mos-<br />
59
60 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
quito-borne diseases ; (2) that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entomologist who urges<br />
that all species <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> be included in any plan <strong>of</strong> con-<br />
trol. In <strong>the</strong> former case, money can be obtained and relief<br />
measures are directed primarily to <strong>the</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dis-<br />
eases, as malaria, yellow fever, etc. When such diseases dis-<br />
appear, <strong>the</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> may breed at will and <strong>the</strong>re will be no<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r outbreak provided <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dis,ease produc-<br />
ing organisms-such as human “carriers,” persons ill <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
diseases or infected <strong>mosquitoes</strong>, do not reach such an area. If<br />
<strong>the</strong>y do, ano<strong>the</strong>r outbreak may occur and much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> work<br />
will have to be done over again. Too <strong>of</strong>ten mosquito campaigns<br />
can be organized only when disease outbreaks occur. Then<br />
when time and money are <strong>the</strong> limiting factors all possible ef-<br />
forts must be directed to <strong>the</strong> elimination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disease-carrying<br />
mosquito or <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. When <strong>the</strong> disease disappears, fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
efforts are abandoned or carried on in a half hearted fashion.<br />
When extensive outbreaks <strong>of</strong> mosquito-borne diseases occur,<br />
<strong>the</strong> control <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> v#ectors must be undertaken at all costs. How-<br />
ever, in many sections <strong>of</strong> North America, a wise and well or-<br />
ganized plan <strong>of</strong> mosquito control by cities, towns, counties or<br />
larger areas would bring about a gradual mosquito reduction,<br />
prevent outbreaks <strong>of</strong> disease, reduce malaria, allow <strong>the</strong> people<br />
to enjoy <strong>the</strong>ir gardens, playgrounds, parks, etc., and so in-<br />
crease land and real estate values that <strong>the</strong> actual cost would be<br />
more than repaid by <strong>the</strong> increased taxable values. No particu-<br />
lar plan can be <strong>of</strong>fered which will apply to all regions or even<br />
to more than a few regions but <strong>the</strong> general underlying princi-<br />
ples <strong>of</strong> mosquito reduction are <strong>the</strong> same for all sections <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
country. These fundamental principles should be ever in <strong>the</strong><br />
foreground when organized work is planned. They may be<br />
simply stated :<br />
(1) The species <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> in <strong>the</strong> area in which con-<br />
trol work is planned should be determined.<br />
(2) The <strong>mosquitoes</strong> that are liable -to migrate into <strong>the</strong><br />
control district should be determined by a definite survey around<br />
<strong>the</strong> control area. This survey should be sufficiently extensive
MOSQUITO REDUCTION 61<br />
and careful so as to avoid serious experiences later when con-<br />
trol measures are under way.<br />
(3) A topographical map <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> control area should be<br />
carefully prepared.<br />
The three propositions above stated are essential to <strong>the</strong> out-<br />
lining o,f control activities. How can <strong>the</strong>y be carried out? Suc-<br />
cessful control depends on scientific knowledge. Mosquitoes,<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r in <strong>the</strong> adult or larval stages, can be determined only by<br />
those who know <strong>the</strong>m-not by those who think <strong>the</strong>y know <strong>the</strong>m<br />
or believe that all <strong>mosquitoes</strong> have <strong>the</strong> same habits. In carry-<br />
ing out <strong>the</strong> first proposition, much data may be obtained on<br />
breeding areas which can be located on <strong>the</strong> topographical map.<br />
But omitting all factors but <strong>the</strong> first one for <strong>the</strong> present, let<br />
us see <strong>the</strong> problem in its true relation to <strong>the</strong> problem <strong>of</strong> con-<br />
trol. The species that are mainly responsible can usually be<br />
collected during an outbreak. If it proves to be <strong>the</strong> common<br />
house mosquito (C&x pipiens), <strong>the</strong> types <strong>of</strong> breeding grounds<br />
are well known and control measures are indicated. If it proves<br />
to be Aedes z~exa.xs, a different breeding ground is assured and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r control measures must be applied. If <strong>the</strong> main outbreaks<br />
are due to <strong>the</strong> early sprin, u species, as Aedcs stimulam, A. ex-<br />
cmciam, A. fitchii, etc., ano<strong>the</strong>r type or types <strong>of</strong> breeding places<br />
must occur in or near <strong>the</strong> area. If anophelines are present in<br />
numbers, <strong>the</strong>n still o<strong>the</strong>r types <strong>of</strong> breeding grounds prevail and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r methods <strong>of</strong> control are indicated. If <strong>the</strong> main outbreaks<br />
are due to such migratory forms as TmGorhyzclzzw pertzwbam,<br />
Aedes znexans, Aedes sollicitans, A. canhtor, or A. tavziorlzyz-<br />
clzzts, <strong>the</strong> problem becomes more complicated.<br />
The second step is necessary in order that <strong>the</strong> species breed-<br />
ing in <strong>the</strong> area surrounding <strong>the</strong> district under control may be<br />
known. If migratory species breed here steps will have to be<br />
taken to reduce <strong>the</strong> breeding areas as much as possible.<br />
The third step may be combined to a great degree with <strong>the</strong><br />
first if determinations are made from <strong>the</strong> larvae. Every part<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> area should be carefully mapped, all standing water,<br />
streams, ponds, cisterns, wells, catch basins, etc., should be
62 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
accurately located on a large scale rnap.l All such places, par-<br />
ticularly <strong>the</strong> ponds, streams, bayous, swamps, etc., should be<br />
carefully described so that changes <strong>of</strong> personnel will not delay<br />
<strong>the</strong> work.<br />
When <strong>the</strong> above information is at hand a definite plan for<br />
<strong>the</strong> ultimate reduction and elimination <strong>of</strong> breeding grounds<br />
may be undertaken. Any plan will depend largely on local<br />
conditions, <strong>the</strong> extent and character <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> breeding grounds<br />
and <strong>the</strong> species <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> involved. The only known<br />
methods now available are drainage operations, filling and grad-<br />
ing, keeping <strong>the</strong> banks <strong>of</strong> streams and large ponds clear <strong>of</strong><br />
marginal and floating vegetation, employment <strong>of</strong> surface feed-<br />
ing fishes, oiling operations, and <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> poisons. Any plans<br />
evolved should be in co-operation with all <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r agencies<br />
which have to do with s&anitation, city or rural planning com-<br />
missions, departments df public works, etc., and such work<br />
should be under <strong>the</strong> immediate direction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> agency dealing<br />
with public health. It is too early yet to hope for <strong>the</strong> States<br />
or provinces to undertake large scale operations unless it is in<br />
particularly malarious regions and <strong>the</strong>n only in co-operation<br />
with <strong>the</strong> national governments. When <strong>the</strong> co-operation <strong>of</strong> all<br />
public bodies and <strong>the</strong> citizens <strong>of</strong> a given area can be obtained,<br />
plans should be carefully prepared and continuity <strong>of</strong> activity is<br />
essential from year to year.<br />
TYPES OF CONTROL OPERATIONS<br />
When a plan for mosquito reduction has been evolved, suit-<br />
able for <strong>the</strong> area under consideration, particular attention<br />
should be paid to <strong>the</strong> various methods <strong>of</strong> control. A few <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se may be briefly outlined here.<br />
in<br />
Drainage<br />
When <strong>the</strong> known breeding areas are fairly well determined<br />
a given district, those that can be drained or greatly reduced<br />
‘Such maps can be obtained by enlarging <strong>the</strong> topographical maps<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Geological Survey.
MOSQUITO REDUCTION 63<br />
by drainage should receive <strong>the</strong> most careful consideration.<br />
Plans for drainage should be made by expert sanitary or drain-<br />
age engineers. Careful attention should be paid to <strong>the</strong> type<br />
<strong>of</strong> drainage, as open or closed drains, <strong>the</strong> discharge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flow,<br />
etc. Where water has to be discharged from a dyked tidal<br />
area, gates must be provided to prevent all back flow (Fig. 18).<br />
This is true only if <strong>the</strong> land is to be reclaimed for agricultural<br />
or o<strong>the</strong>r developmental purposes. O<strong>the</strong>rwise open ditches with<br />
(Courtesy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> CaZifornia Corrugated Culvert Co., West Berkeley, Calif.)<br />
FIGURE 18. A type <strong>of</strong> drainage gate to prevent back flow.<br />
clean margins will permit <strong>the</strong> flushing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se areas at each<br />
high tide. If <strong>the</strong> drainage is well done, all water will be car-<br />
ried away within a few days and thus prevent a brood <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>mosquitoes</strong> reaching maturity. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>the</strong> inflow <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> tides will bring an abundance <strong>of</strong> fishes which will aid in<br />
devouring any mosquito larvae present along <strong>the</strong> drains, or that<br />
hatch with <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> water. The problems <strong>of</strong> salt marsh<br />
drainage, dyking, pumping, etc., are all very difficult but ex-<br />
ceptional progress has been made in New Jersey and Cali-<br />
f ornia. In <strong>the</strong> interior, where discharge into rivers, bayous,
64 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
lakes, etc., subject to rise in levels, takes place, drainage gates<br />
should be installed. Various types are on <strong>the</strong> market and full<br />
information can be obtained f ram engineering firms. Figure<br />
18 shows one type <strong>of</strong> drainage gate in operation.<br />
The problem <strong>of</strong> drainage is one that should be carried out<br />
only by experts. If well and carefully clone, <strong>the</strong> value <strong>of</strong> re-<br />
claimed lands, ei<strong>the</strong>r for agricultural, developmental or indus-<br />
trial purposes, will <strong>of</strong>ten more than repay <strong>the</strong> original cost. All<br />
drainage work must be carefully inspected from time to time<br />
in order that it be kept functioning properly.<br />
Fillitlg and Grad&g<br />
Filling and grading operations should be developed as a con-<br />
tinuous procedure. Plans for this work can be made only when<br />
<strong>the</strong> mosquito breeding areas are ra<strong>the</strong>r definitely located and<br />
<strong>the</strong> work should be done in co-operation with whatever organi-<br />
zations have supervision <strong>of</strong> public works, park commissions,<br />
town or city planning commissions, building commissions, etc.<br />
In this way, all temporary pools, stagnant and unsightly ponds,<br />
borrow pits, pools formed along railway embankments, by road<br />
or street construction, by building operations <strong>of</strong> all kinds, by<br />
impounding <strong>of</strong> water for city water supplies, and all operations<br />
<strong>of</strong> whatever kind which may bring about standing or stagnant<br />
water will be brought under <strong>the</strong> supervision <strong>of</strong> those in charge<br />
<strong>of</strong> mosquito control work. By careful co-ordination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
various activities, new ponds or pools may be avoided and many<br />
old ones can be filled with <strong>the</strong> minimum amount <strong>of</strong> labor and<br />
cost. This feature <strong>of</strong> mosquito control operations is one <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> most important in cities, villages and towns. Full authority<br />
by law should be provided for carrying out effectively <strong>the</strong> sani-<br />
tary regulations involving any or all such operations.<br />
Streams and Ptvwtane~zt Ponds<br />
The problem <strong>of</strong> local streams, rivers, permanent and im-<br />
pounded bodies <strong>of</strong> water presents many difficulties. Where <strong>the</strong>
9<br />
MOSQUITO REDUCTION 6.5<br />
streams are sluggish, <strong>the</strong> banks with marginal vegetation, with<br />
little side pools, bayous, bottom lands subject to overflow, etc.,<br />
<strong>the</strong> problem becomes complicated. As far as possible, <strong>the</strong><br />
stream should be diverted in a direct course with <strong>the</strong> maximum<br />
amount <strong>of</strong> fall. The vegetation and shrubbery should be re-<br />
moved but not so as to give an unsightly appearance. All rocks<br />
and debris which prevent a free flow or may provide stagnant<br />
pools during drought should be removed. Bottom lands sub-<br />
ject to flood may be drained by sub-soil drains. The control<br />
work along streams and rivers should be made as permanent<br />
as possible.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> large ponds, reservoirs, etc., that must not<br />
be drained, it is possible to reduce and even prevent mosquito<br />
breeding. Such bodies <strong>of</strong> water should have clear margins,<br />
<strong>the</strong> trees and shrubbery removed for some distance from <strong>the</strong><br />
banks, flotage and <strong>the</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> all types <strong>of</strong> floating vegeta-<br />
tion prevented. This will allow free wind action which will<br />
largely prevent oviposition ; <strong>the</strong> removal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> shrubbery<br />
destroys <strong>the</strong> resting and hiding places for <strong>the</strong> adults. This<br />
method <strong>of</strong> procedure has been found quite successful in some<br />
sections <strong>of</strong> Louisiana where stagnant water in bayous has been<br />
impounded by damming, raising <strong>the</strong> water-level, clearing out<br />
<strong>of</strong> debris, and removing <strong>the</strong> shrubbery. Here, it was not pos-<br />
sible to drain as <strong>the</strong> river level was higher than that<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bayous, pumping was not advisable, so <strong>the</strong> experi-<br />
ment <strong>of</strong> impounding <strong>the</strong>se waters was tried and proved suc-<br />
cessful. This type <strong>of</strong> water storage should be attempted in<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r sections <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country.<br />
Local conditions create special problems but as our knowl-<br />
edge <strong>of</strong> mosquito biology increases, methods, may be devised to<br />
prevent or control breeding. In many parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tropics, <strong>the</strong><br />
most hopeless situations have been valiantly attacked and <strong>the</strong><br />
results have been successful beyond <strong>the</strong> fondest hopes. It would<br />
<strong>the</strong>refore appear that even <strong>the</strong> most difficult situation in Amer-<br />
ica can be successfully attacked if we have <strong>the</strong> courage and<br />
perseverance to push on to <strong>the</strong> end.
66 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
O&g Operations<br />
Dr. L. 0. Howard was <strong>the</strong> first to suggest and use kerosene<br />
oil to kill mosquito larvae. The employment <strong>of</strong> various grades<br />
<strong>of</strong> petroleum oils to destroy larvae has since extended to all<br />
parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world. The exact method by which <strong>the</strong>se oils<br />
kill is not known but is due in all probability to <strong>the</strong> penetration<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> oils or <strong>the</strong>ir volatile parts into <strong>the</strong> tissues, causing death.<br />
It has been generally stated that it is due to <strong>the</strong> cutting <strong>of</strong>f <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> air supply, but this is very doubtful. Where drainage,<br />
filling, or any o<strong>the</strong>r means cannot be employed, oiling is un-<br />
doubtedly <strong>the</strong> most successful, particularly in limited areas.<br />
In many nor<strong>the</strong>rn sections where <strong>the</strong>ir problem is mainly con-<br />
cerned with <strong>the</strong> early spring species as Aedes stiwutlam, A.<br />
excruciaw, A. cal/zademis, A. fitchii, etc., a single annual appli-<br />
cation <strong>of</strong> oil will be sufficient provided it is used at <strong>the</strong> right<br />
time. Too <strong>of</strong>ten, I have observed oiling operations, being con-<br />
ducted after all <strong>the</strong> larvae had transformed and <strong>the</strong> adults were<br />
on <strong>the</strong> wing, ready at <strong>the</strong> proper time to begin operations. Such<br />
failures have discouraged many people and <strong>the</strong>y resign <strong>the</strong>m-<br />
selves to <strong>the</strong> inevitable. If <strong>the</strong> employment <strong>of</strong> oils is to be suc-<br />
cessful, <strong>the</strong>ir use must be directed by those who are familiar<br />
with mosquito biology. This phase <strong>of</strong> mosquito control can-<br />
not be too urgently impressed upon those who plan or propose<br />
mosquito reduction.<br />
In sections <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country, where <strong>the</strong>re are several annual<br />
broods,, or where different species breed at different times, oil-<br />
ing operations must be carefully timed. Oil films disappear<br />
in a short time, lasting scarcely longer than a week to ten days.<br />
In certain types <strong>of</strong> water, as those heavily charged with sewage,<br />
<strong>the</strong> oil is broken down within a day or two. The oil is effec-<br />
tive longer in cooler areas than where <strong>the</strong> temperatures are high.<br />
Many o<strong>the</strong>r factors, such as <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> unsuitable oils, poor<br />
methods <strong>of</strong> application, failure to check all operations, etc.,<br />
have resulted in failures.<br />
As <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> continued investigation <strong>the</strong> New Jersey Ex-
MOSQUITO REDUCTION 67<br />
periment Station recommend an oil with <strong>the</strong> following spec<br />
fications :<br />
Specific gravity-32”-37” Baume<br />
Flash point-150” F.<br />
Cold test-O”F.-pour.<br />
Boiling range-350”-675” I;.<br />
Color-straw to yellow<br />
Viscosity-50-100 Sayb./lOO<br />
Surface tension-20 dynes per cm.<br />
This oil has proven very successful under <strong>the</strong> New Jersey con-<br />
ditions, and will, in all probability, be effective in most sections<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. Oils with definite specifications can be pur-<br />
chased from most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> large oil distributing firms. Ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
than await a special oil, operations should be started with any<br />
good petroleum oil or kerosene. Kerosene oil is ra<strong>the</strong>r volatile<br />
and it does not remain long as a film so that <strong>the</strong> operation has<br />
to be repeated at shorter intervals. Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ordinary crude<br />
petroleums are highly toxic to mosquito larvae and <strong>the</strong>ir use<br />
should prove efficient. Many attempts have been made with<br />
waste crank case oils from automobile garages. Such heavy<br />
oils are thinned or cut with kerosene oil. The results ei<strong>the</strong>r in<br />
reduced cost or control have not been very satisfactory.<br />
Though such waste oils can be secured simply for <strong>the</strong>ir re-<br />
moval, <strong>the</strong> cost <strong>of</strong> storage, <strong>the</strong> addition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> kerosene oil and<br />
<strong>the</strong> difficulties encountered in applying <strong>the</strong>m make it as ex-<br />
pensive as using a high grade toxic oil with definite specifica-<br />
tions. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore <strong>the</strong>se heavy oils are extremely unsightly<br />
even when employed on large marshes, ponds and streams.<br />
The residue collects on <strong>the</strong> margins, on all floating debris, on<br />
plants, and renders aquatic areas, anything but pleasing.<br />
The method <strong>of</strong> applying <strong>the</strong> oils will depend largely on <strong>the</strong><br />
area to be covered, its accessibility to roadways, and <strong>the</strong> diffi-<br />
culties <strong>of</strong> actually reaching <strong>the</strong> water. On small ponds, streams,<br />
in wooded areas, in marshes, swamps, etc., <strong>the</strong> ordinary<br />
shoulder spray tank is most satisfactory (Fig. 19). Here <strong>the</strong><br />
pressure is obtained by compressed air, and any size <strong>of</strong> nozzle
68 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
may be used but preferably one that gives a fine mist-like spray.<br />
In areas accessible to trucks, as along roadways, extensive nar-<br />
row marshes, or swamps, <strong>the</strong> oil may be applied from an auto<br />
truck having a tank and a pump driven by <strong>the</strong> engine <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
truck (Fig. 20). Such power driven spray outfits are in ex-<br />
tensive use in orchards, parks, and woodland areas, to control<br />
insect pests. They can easily be employed in anti-mosquito<br />
campaigns. By <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> several leads <strong>of</strong> hose, and leng<strong>the</strong>n-<br />
(Cowte;yj <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> E. C. Brown Co., Roclacstcr,<br />
. .<br />
FIGURE Ig. A simple spray tank for<br />
oiling operations. It holds three gal-<br />
lons and can be carried with ease.<br />
ing <strong>the</strong>m, extensive areas can be covered in <strong>the</strong> minimum time.<br />
Their use will depend entirely on local conditions.<br />
Many o<strong>the</strong>r methods <strong>of</strong> applying oil have been tried and<br />
some are in use. Streams, ditches and ponds have been treated<br />
by placing barrels filled with oil and so constructed that a con-<br />
stant drip reaches <strong>the</strong> surface. The oil is gradually carried on-<br />
ward by <strong>the</strong> stream or spreads slowly over <strong>the</strong> surface. This is<br />
not very satisfactory owing to <strong>the</strong> failure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> oil film to<br />
penetrate <strong>the</strong> grassy margins, drift or flotage. Waste soaked
MOSQUITO REDUCTION 69<br />
in oil and anchored in ponds has <strong>the</strong> same drawbacks. Fine<br />
sand soaked in oil and sowed broadcast over ponds has given<br />
satisfactory results. As <strong>the</strong> sand falls on <strong>the</strong> water or sinks<br />
through <strong>the</strong> vegetation to <strong>the</strong> water surface <strong>the</strong> oil is given <strong>of</strong>f<br />
and leaves a good film.<br />
In large lakes, ponds, etc., where <strong>the</strong> margin and flotage is<br />
not easily accessible except by small boats a large tank fitted<br />
(Courtesy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hudson County, IV. J., Mosquito Commission.)<br />
FIGURE 20. A power outfit used in oiling large areas accessible to road-<br />
ways.<br />
with a pump to give <strong>the</strong> necessary pressure may be employed.<br />
The pump may be used to force <strong>the</strong> oil out directly or it may<br />
be used to compress <strong>the</strong> air. If air compression is employed,<br />
pumping is not continuous and in general a better and more<br />
even spray may be obtained.<br />
In all oiling work, <strong>the</strong> most essential points are <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong><br />
a good, free running, toxic oil, good equipment, and extreme
70 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
care in covering all <strong>the</strong> water surface with a film <strong>of</strong> oil. The<br />
laborers should be carefully trained and <strong>the</strong>ir work constantly<br />
supervised by reliable inspectors.<br />
Poisons<br />
In recent years, poisons have been used extensively for <strong>the</strong><br />
control <strong>of</strong> anophelines. As <strong>the</strong> larvae are surface feeders, any<br />
poison that will remain at <strong>the</strong> surface or on <strong>the</strong> surface film<br />
for a short time will be eaten by <strong>the</strong>m. In tl$s work Paris<br />
Green has been found most efficient and has been employed<br />
extensively in areas where malaria is endemic. The Paris<br />
Green is diluted with some diluent as soapstone, hydrated lime,<br />
road dust, etc., and dusted on <strong>the</strong> surface by various means.<br />
When well done, <strong>the</strong> results are almost perfect, destroying prac-<br />
tically 100 per cent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Anopheline larvae. More recently<br />
airplanes have been employed and, carrying specially designed<br />
apparatus, have dusted large areas <strong>of</strong> marshes, swamps, densely<br />
wooded areas, etc., with <strong>the</strong> greatest success. Only a pound <strong>of</strong><br />
Paris Green need be used per acre. As yet no successful way<br />
has been found to destroy <strong>the</strong> larvae <strong>of</strong> Culicines by poisons,<br />
though much experimental work is directed to this end.<br />
Recently, I have shown that Iborax, in concentrations <strong>of</strong> 2 to<br />
2y2 ounces per gallon <strong>of</strong> water, is effective in preventing mos-<br />
quito’ breeding in rain water barrels, cisterns, and similar con-<br />
tainers. Borax treated water should not be used for drinking<br />
purposes. It is excellent for washing purposes. The advant-<br />
age <strong>of</strong> borax over oil is that it is permanent and needs only to be<br />
renewed when <strong>the</strong> cisterns, etc., are refilled by fresh water.<br />
Water barrels so treated have remained all summer without<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r treatment. It is only necessary to add more borax<br />
when <strong>the</strong> barrels are refilled by fresh rain water.<br />
Many o<strong>the</strong>r substances are under investigations, as Derris,<br />
Pyrethrum powder, o<strong>the</strong>r arsenicals, etc., and methods <strong>of</strong> em-<br />
ploying <strong>the</strong>m against <strong>the</strong> non-surface feeding culicines will<br />
undoubtedly develop.
MOSQUITO REDUCTION 71<br />
Destructiovl <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Adults<br />
Frequently <strong>the</strong> control <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> may be aided by <strong>the</strong><br />
destruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hibernating adults. The species <strong>of</strong> A120-<br />
pheles, Culex and most Thle,obaldia, pass <strong>the</strong> winter as adults<br />
hidden away in all sorts <strong>of</strong> shelters, particularly in houses, out-<br />
buildings, stables, etc. A close inspection in badly infested re-<br />
gions will locate <strong>the</strong> principal hiding places. The adults may be<br />
destroyed by fumigating with cyanide gas, dusting with calcium<br />
cyanide, or spraying <strong>the</strong> walls with kerosene. The use <strong>of</strong><br />
hydrocyanic gas in any form should be done only under <strong>the</strong><br />
supervision <strong>of</strong> some one familiar with its deadly properties.<br />
The kerosene should be employed with care, due to <strong>the</strong> fire<br />
hazards involved. The destruction <strong>of</strong> hibernating adults should<br />
be undertaken only when excessive breeding has produced such<br />
numbers that a systematic clean-up in restricted areas seems<br />
warranted. The most efficient method is an educational one-<br />
teach everyone <strong>the</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> destroying all adults during<br />
<strong>the</strong> winter.<br />
Mosquitoes have many natural enemies, both as predators<br />
and parasites. Certain species <strong>of</strong> birds, bats, and insects prey<br />
upon <strong>the</strong>m but <strong>the</strong>ir effectiveness in reducing <strong>the</strong> mosquito<br />
population does not appear very marked. Many species <strong>of</strong><br />
fish feed on <strong>the</strong> larvae and certain top-feeding minnows, par-<br />
ticularly <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genus Gambzrsia,2 have been extensively em-<br />
ployed in many parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world. Though undoubtedly fishes<br />
play an important part in mosquito reduction and <strong>the</strong> utiliza-<br />
tion <strong>of</strong> certain species is highly to be commended, yet adequate<br />
control cannot be obtained by <strong>the</strong>m alone unless <strong>the</strong> conditions<br />
are more or less ideal from <strong>the</strong> standpoint <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fishes em-<br />
ployed. In any plan to use fishes in a control area, <strong>the</strong> best pos-<br />
sible scientific advice should be obtained. The effectiveness <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> fishes depend on conditions which bring about <strong>the</strong>ir rapid<br />
2 For an extended and excellent account consult, Hildebrand, “A<br />
Study <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Top Minnow,” U. S. Pub. Health Bull. No. 153, 1925.<br />
_
72 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
breeding, maintenance, and furnish <strong>the</strong>m a continuing food<br />
suPPlY*<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r natural enemies occur. Recently a tadpole, Ham-<br />
mond’s Spade-foot (Scaphiopus hammon&i) has been shown to<br />
feed on larvae in New Mexico. I have shown that our ordinary<br />
spotted salamander, (Diemyctylus zGridescen.s) is a most vora-<br />
cious devourer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m .* This species is widespread through-<br />
out many sections <strong>of</strong> North America but we know scarcely any-<br />
thing about rearing it. Undoubtedly much information will be<br />
gained as <strong>the</strong> study <strong>of</strong> mosquito biology receives more atten-<br />
tion.<br />
0 <strong>the</strong>r Methods <strong>of</strong> Mosquito Reduction<br />
In recent years, much attention has been devoted to <strong>the</strong> study<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> aquatic conditions which favor or reduce mosquito breed-<br />
ing. It is a common observation that certain ponds, etc., are<br />
favorite breeding grounds while in o<strong>the</strong>r similar ponds or<br />
marshes no breeding occurs. Though much work has been<br />
done, no conclusions seem warranted. Certain aquatic plants<br />
as Churn species, Ph3111otria species, and o<strong>the</strong>rs appear to have<br />
a deterrent effect both on egg deposition and larval develop-<br />
ment. In general it may be said that <strong>the</strong> presence or absence <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> necessary larval food appears to be <strong>the</strong> deciding factor. But<br />
what is <strong>the</strong> necessary larval food ? Many examinations <strong>of</strong> larval<br />
gut contents have been made; some studies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plancton in<br />
typical breeding pools versus non-breeding pools have been<br />
carried out; from <strong>the</strong>se, however, no conclusions can be drawn.<br />
As <strong>the</strong> larvae sweep all available material into <strong>the</strong>ir intestinal<br />
tracts, <strong>the</strong>re are no means <strong>of</strong> deciding what is actually digested<br />
and what is passed out in <strong>the</strong> wastes. Only by <strong>the</strong> carefully<br />
planned rearing <strong>of</strong> larvae on specific foods or organisms can<br />
progress be made. Such work has been started and results<br />
ought to be forthcoming. If by <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> certain aquatic<br />
* Chandler (1918) has also shown that <strong>the</strong> western newt (Notoph-<br />
thahus torosus), a close relative <strong>of</strong> D. viridescem, is an efficient<br />
destroyer <strong>of</strong> mosquito larvae in Oregon.
MOSQUITO RJDUCTION 73<br />
plants, by <strong>the</strong> chemical treatment <strong>of</strong> water areas, etc., <strong>the</strong> neces-<br />
sary larval food can be destroyed, mosquito control operations<br />
may be greatly simplified, and rendered less expensive.<br />
PROTECTION FROM MOSQUITO BITES<br />
Many preparations have been recommended as efficient in<br />
preventing mosquito attack, In most cases, <strong>the</strong>se various pallia-<br />
tives are effective for a very short time and <strong>the</strong>n only if <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>mosquitoes</strong> are not abundant. I have tried a number <strong>of</strong> those<br />
most urgently advised but found <strong>the</strong>m entirely ineffective when<br />
our nor<strong>the</strong>rn spring species are out in force. Around gardens,<br />
parks, etc., some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se preparations are useful and may be<br />
employed. The most satisfactory is oil <strong>of</strong> citronella but its<br />
odor is objectionable to some people. It can be applied to <strong>the</strong><br />
face, hands and ankles and is not harmful to <strong>the</strong> skin. It is<br />
effective for only a few hours so that it must be applied fre-<br />
quently. A towel treated with a small amount and hung over<br />
<strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bed is said to be effective for most <strong>of</strong> -<strong>the</strong> night<br />
against <strong>the</strong> ordinary house mosquito. The oil <strong>of</strong> citronella is<br />
sometimes mixed with liquid petrolatum ( 1 oz. to 4 oz.) or<br />
cedar oil ( 1 oz. to s oz.) but ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se makes a greasy<br />
preparation which is not very pleasant. The effectiveness is<br />
not increased but <strong>the</strong> evaporation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> oil <strong>of</strong> citronella is re-<br />
tarded.<br />
When one goes into places, as in fishing, hunting, trapping,<br />
etc., where <strong>mosquitoes</strong> are very abundant, <strong>the</strong> only safe way<br />
is to use head nets and gloves. A very effective head net is<br />
manufactured by A. I. Root Co. <strong>of</strong> Medina, Ohio. It allows<br />
freedom <strong>of</strong> movement, does not interfere with seeing to any<br />
great extent and <strong>the</strong> air circulates freely. In countries where<br />
malaria is prevalent, a bed net is absolutely essential. This<br />
should be made <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> best possible material to allow freedom<br />
<strong>of</strong> air circulation as well as prevent mosquito attack. Numer-<br />
ous types are on <strong>the</strong> market. Great care and constant attention<br />
to <strong>the</strong> mending <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fabric and its use should be exercised by<br />
all those traveling or living in malarious regions.
74 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
In houses, <strong>the</strong> only effective method <strong>of</strong> keeping out mosqui-<br />
toes is screening. All windows and porches should be tightly<br />
screened. The smallest breaks in screens will be found by<br />
<strong>mosquitoes</strong> so that <strong>the</strong>y should be kept in perfect repair. The<br />
size <strong>of</strong> mesh for screens should be 16 to <strong>the</strong> inch; if smaller,<br />
air circulation is retarded, and if larger, some species can get<br />
through. The best type <strong>of</strong> screen cloth is copper or bronze,<br />
though more expensive than <strong>the</strong> black or metal coated. As<br />
copper cloth is. very durable, lasting many years (in many cases<br />
over 20 years) <strong>the</strong> initial expense is more than <strong>of</strong>fset by <strong>the</strong><br />
length <strong>of</strong> service.<br />
PLAN OF ORGANIZATION<br />
In order to plan and carry out mosquito control, a well or-<br />
ganized unit is essential. Such an organized division should<br />
be in close association with or directly under <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer in<br />
charge <strong>of</strong> public health work. This work may be done under<br />
local regulations or, where several communities unite, under a<br />
specific state or provincial law3 empowering townships, districts<br />
or counties to organize mosquito abatement districts. In any<br />
such organized district, <strong>the</strong> work <strong>of</strong> mosquito control should be<br />
under a responsible, well trained entomologist or one familiar<br />
with <strong>the</strong> problems <strong>of</strong> mosquito biology. The success or failure<br />
will largely depend on his ability and freedom to plan and carry<br />
out effective measures. The budget for <strong>the</strong> proposed work<br />
should be independent and appropriated specifically for mos-<br />
quito control work. The <strong>of</strong>ficer in charge should be granted<br />
wide discretionary powers, and he should have authority to<br />
carry out well planned schemes which may involve ei<strong>the</strong>r private<br />
or public property rights.<br />
Such an <strong>of</strong>ficer should have authority to secure <strong>the</strong> co-opera-<br />
tion <strong>of</strong> all public and private planning commissions, private or<br />
public bodies engaged in any operations which involve or may<br />
3 Such laws are in effect in New Jersey, California, New York<br />
(for special districts), and probably o<strong>the</strong>r states. The New Jersey<br />
law seems <strong>the</strong> most far reaching and adequate for efficient work.
MOSQUITO REDUCTION 75<br />
involve <strong>the</strong> formation <strong>of</strong> ponds, reservoirs, impounded water;<br />
with building, street, road, real estate developments, drainage<br />
schemes, etc. Only in this way will <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficer have an oppor-<br />
tunity to inspect all plans which may involve or compel him to<br />
modify his scheme <strong>of</strong> mosquito control.<br />
The organized unit should include trained inspectors and<br />
laborers. The numbers and <strong>the</strong>ir equipment will be dependent<br />
on <strong>the</strong> extent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> abatement district. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>-<br />
ficer should have authority to engage sanitary engineers for<br />
drainage work, and experts when highly technical plans have<br />
to be prepared and carried out. In this way, one person will<br />
be held responsible and his success or failure can easily be<br />
judged by <strong>the</strong> mosquito density in his district. Every taxpayer<br />
can be his judge.<br />
Ano<strong>the</strong>r important duty will be to aid <strong>the</strong> health authorities,<br />
public works departments, etc., in drawing up careful sanitary,<br />
drainage and water storage regulations involving all conditions<br />
which may increase or decrease mosquito breeding areas.<br />
The expense <strong>of</strong> such an organization will depend on many<br />
factors. There is one consideration, however, which should<br />
outweigh <strong>the</strong> cost -any work done should be well done, a long<br />
time plan <strong>of</strong> operations is obtained and a continuing policy<br />
is assured. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>the</strong> cost <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> improvements to<br />
private and public property may be largely charged to such<br />
properties and <strong>the</strong> general increase in taxable values should<br />
far exceed <strong>the</strong> costs. A mosquito free area would become <strong>the</strong>.<br />
mecca <strong>of</strong> all those seeking rest and recreation.
CHAPTER V<br />
HOW TO STUDY, COLLECT, REAR AND PRESERVE<br />
MOSQUITOES<br />
The study <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>, though attended with some diffi-<br />
culties, is fascinating. The adults may be captured when bit-<br />
ing, resting during <strong>the</strong> day in various shelters, or <strong>the</strong>y may be<br />
taken with an ordinary collecting net. When taken in a net,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y are so liable to be injured or rubbed that <strong>the</strong>y can be identi-<br />
fied only with great difficulty. They are so fragile that <strong>the</strong>y<br />
must be handled with care. If collections are made while <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are biting ei<strong>the</strong>r on himself or on animals, careful notes should<br />
be made <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time and method <strong>of</strong> attack and <strong>the</strong> animal on<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y are feeding. There is very little exact data on <strong>the</strong><br />
feeding habits <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> our <strong>mosquitoes</strong>.<br />
COLLECTION OF ADULTS<br />
The adults may be collected while <strong>the</strong>y are feeding by invert-<br />
ing a cyanide or preferably a chor<strong>of</strong>orml bottle (Fig. 21) over<br />
’ The chlor<strong>of</strong>orm bottle should be prepared as follows: Select <strong>the</strong><br />
type <strong>of</strong> bottle most suitable to your needs. In <strong>the</strong> bottom <strong>of</strong> it place<br />
cut rubber bands or small pieces <strong>of</strong> rubber to <strong>the</strong> depth <strong>of</strong> an inch.<br />
These cut pieces should be about one-half inch in length. Fill <strong>the</strong><br />
bottle with chlor<strong>of</strong>orm to <strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rubber. Place over this a<br />
small wad <strong>of</strong> cotton. On top <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cotton, place several pieces <strong>of</strong><br />
blotting paper cut to fit <strong>the</strong> tube ra<strong>the</strong>r closely. In <strong>the</strong> tube place<br />
pieces <strong>of</strong> thin tissue paper cut in narrow strips. The bottle should<br />
have a close fitting cork. The rubber will absorb <strong>the</strong> chlor<strong>of</strong>orm<br />
and it is given up gradually so that such a bottle should last several<br />
days if used with care. When weakened by use, more chlor<strong>of</strong>orm<br />
may be added by removing <strong>the</strong> blotting paper sections. The thin paper<br />
strips will prevent too much rubbing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> specimens and also keep<br />
<strong>the</strong>m from getting moist.<br />
The cyanide bottle needs no description as full accounts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
preparation may be found in any book on entomology.<br />
76
<strong>the</strong>m. In <strong>the</strong> open, <strong>the</strong>y may be obtained by <strong>the</strong> careful use<br />
<strong>of</strong> a fine net. When in <strong>the</strong> net <strong>the</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> should be caught<br />
individually by placing a chlor<strong>of</strong>orm bottle<br />
FIGURE 21. A sim-<br />
ple chlor<strong>of</strong>orm bottle<br />
for collecting mosqui-<br />
toes.<br />
COLLECTIKG An-D REARIKG<br />
over <strong>the</strong>m while <strong>the</strong>y rest on <strong>the</strong> sides <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> net. In this way many will escape but<br />
mass collection should not be resorted to as<br />
<strong>the</strong> specimens will be rubbed and injured<br />
beyond identification. Efforts should be<br />
made to collect males whenever possible as<br />
<strong>the</strong>y can be identified although badly<br />
rubbed or injured. Collections can also be<br />
made while <strong>the</strong> adults are resting during<br />
<strong>the</strong> daytime, about old Ibuildings, on shrubs,<br />
bark <strong>of</strong> trees, flowers, etc. In <strong>the</strong> winter,<br />
hibernating individuals may be secured by<br />
searching aLbout attics, cellars, horse<br />
stables, cow barns, pig styes, and similar<br />
situations.<br />
As soon after collection as possible, pre-<br />
ferably within a few hours, <strong>the</strong> specimens<br />
should be pinned. Use only fine pins, Nos.<br />
1,O or 00, or Gnztten mzd&. They should<br />
be pinned d irectly through <strong>the</strong> thorax,<br />
dorso-ventrally (Fig. 22, c) and great<br />
care should be used to prevent rubbing or<br />
injury <strong>of</strong> any kind. If <strong>the</strong> specimens are<br />
fresh, <strong>the</strong>y can be pinned with ease. If<br />
<strong>the</strong>y are dry, <strong>the</strong>y may have to be placed in<br />
a relaxing jar* for a day or two. Dried<br />
“A relaxing jar may be made <strong>of</strong> any small jar with a wide mouth<br />
and a tight cover. Place in <strong>the</strong> bottom a small amount <strong>of</strong> moist sand<br />
and add a few drops <strong>of</strong> carbolic acid to prevent <strong>the</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> molds. i<br />
Over <strong>the</strong> sand fit a few layers <strong>of</strong> blotting paper. The jar is now<br />
ready for use. Carefully place your dried material on papers to<br />
prevent any undue moisture. Cover <strong>the</strong> jar and allow to stand in a<br />
I<br />
warm place. In a day or two <strong>the</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> will become s<strong>of</strong>tened<br />
and <strong>the</strong>y can be removed and pinned.<br />
77
78 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
specimens may be mounted on points using glue or shellac to<br />
make <strong>the</strong>m adhere (Fig. 22, a), or a small bit <strong>of</strong> shellac may<br />
be put on <strong>the</strong> pin about $& inch below <strong>the</strong> head and <strong>the</strong> shellac<br />
pressed against <strong>the</strong> side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> insect (Fig. 22, d). This latter<br />
method gives excellent mounts with <strong>the</strong> least possible injury.<br />
After pinning each individual should be carefully labeled as to<br />
time and place <strong>of</strong> capture. The pinned adults may be pre-<br />
served in any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> various types <strong>of</strong> museum boxes now on<br />
a b C d<br />
FIGURE 22. Various methods for mounting <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. a. A mosquito<br />
pinned on a card board point. b. Pinned on a minuten nadeln. c. Pinned<br />
directly through <strong>the</strong> thorax. d. Adhering to a drop <strong>of</strong> shellac on <strong>the</strong><br />
side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pin.<br />
<strong>the</strong> market. Old cigar boxes fitted with a thin cork bottom<br />
make excellent temporary storage places.<br />
The method <strong>of</strong> identification <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> adults is fully explained<br />
in ano<strong>the</strong>r chapter. A good hand lens is essential and a micro-<br />
scope should be available. The most ideal instrument is a bin-<br />
ocular microscope fitted so as to give magnifications from 16 to<br />
48 diameters.<br />
COLLECTION, PRESERVATION AND REARING OF LARVAE<br />
The larvae <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> are all aquatic. To obtain larvae,<br />
search all possible aquatic situations and do not depend on your<br />
sight to determine whe<strong>the</strong>r wrigglers are present or not. The
COLLECTING AND REARING 79<br />
simplest method <strong>of</strong> collection is by means <strong>of</strong> a tea strainer,<br />
about three inches across, and a zcflzitc e?zawZed cup. The tea<br />
strainer should fit into <strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cup. Dip with strainer<br />
in <strong>the</strong> water; <strong>the</strong>n by placing <strong>the</strong> strainer in <strong>the</strong> CUD nearlv full<br />
<strong>of</strong> water, any larvae secured can be seen with ease. The larvae<br />
can be freed in <strong>the</strong> cup and a new<br />
pools <strong>the</strong> strainer may be fastened<br />
collection made. For large<br />
to a long pole by means <strong>of</strong><br />
FIGURE 23. Details <strong>of</strong> a cane collecting outfit used by <strong>the</strong> author. I. The<br />
cane fitted with brass cap; <strong>the</strong> end screw removed. 2. The small water-net.<br />
3. The yarge folding air-net.<br />
fine wire. In this way collections may be made from <strong>the</strong> bot-<br />
toms <strong>of</strong> deep pools, far out in open water under distant logs,<br />
etc., without too much wading. When a collection is made, <strong>the</strong><br />
cup may be emptied into a pint or yuart preserving jar and<br />
sealed for carriage home. By taking a number <strong>of</strong> jars along,<br />
collections from different types <strong>of</strong> pools may be kept separate.<br />
For collection purposes, I use a stout cane fitted with a brass<br />
tip (Fig. 23). Into <strong>the</strong> brass tip is inserted a stout screw<br />
I<br />
i
80 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
which can be easily removed. When removed, nets fitted on<br />
brass rings <strong>of</strong> various sizes can be screwed in and co,llections<br />
<strong>of</strong> larvae or adults made whenever desired. The water nets are<br />
small and can be carried with ease. The air net is so made that<br />
it folds toge<strong>the</strong>r when removed from <strong>the</strong> cane. By inserting<br />
<strong>the</strong> permanent screw, <strong>the</strong> cane is very useful in tramping over<br />
hills, marshes, bogs, etc.<br />
Prcserz~ation ,o f Larvae<br />
The simplest method <strong>of</strong> preserving larvae is in 85 per cent<br />
alcohol. Kill directly in <strong>the</strong> alcohol and transfer to small vials.<br />
Do not atte’mpt to kill too many larvae at once as <strong>the</strong> larvae<br />
will wriggle so much that many hairs, spines, etc., will be lost.<br />
In order to prevent <strong>the</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> hairs, etc., which easily rub <strong>of</strong>f.<br />
place a small amount <strong>of</strong> loose cotton in <strong>the</strong> vials, to prevent<br />
shaking. The ideal method <strong>of</strong> securing larvae for future study<br />
is to bring carefully collected specimens to <strong>the</strong> laboratory.<br />
There <strong>the</strong>y should be killed a few at a time in water just at <strong>the</strong><br />
boiling point. Of course only fourth stage larvae should be<br />
selected. Do not leave in <strong>the</strong> hot water more than a few<br />
minutes. Transfer to 50 per cent alcohol for 24 hours, and <strong>the</strong>n<br />
to 70 per cent for <strong>the</strong> same time and store in 85 per cent alco-<br />
hol.<br />
The larvae should be mounted for study unless you are a<br />
specialist and can readily identify <strong>the</strong>m by examination in <strong>the</strong><br />
alcohol. The larvae should be dehydrated in 95 per cent alco-<br />
hol, in 100 per cent alcohol and <strong>the</strong>n mounted directly in<br />
Euparal, a substance that gives permanent mounts and also<br />
clears <strong>the</strong> specimens. If Euparal is not available clear in carbo-<br />
xylol, oil <strong>of</strong> cloves, etc., and <strong>the</strong>n mount in Canada balsam. In<br />
order to secure <strong>the</strong> best mounts so as to see all <strong>the</strong> characters<br />
used in descriptions <strong>the</strong> writer adopts <strong>the</strong> method <strong>of</strong> cutting <strong>the</strong><br />
larvae just in front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment. This is done ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
when <strong>the</strong> larva is in 100 per cent alcohol on <strong>the</strong> slide or after<br />
adding <strong>the</strong> Euparal. The cutting can be done with fine dissecting<br />
needles as <strong>the</strong> larva is <strong>the</strong>n very brittle. By this means one
COLLECTING AND REARING 81<br />
secures ei<strong>the</strong>r a dorsal or ventral view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire larva back<br />
to <strong>the</strong> eighth segment and a lateral view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth and ninth<br />
segments and <strong>the</strong> siphon. For Anopheline larvae this procedure<br />
is not necessary.<br />
Rearing <strong>the</strong> Lammae<br />
This is by all means <strong>the</strong> best method <strong>of</strong> securing perfect adult<br />
specimens. They can be reared in any type <strong>of</strong> aquarium pro-<br />
vided you furnish <strong>the</strong> larvae with proper food and ordinary<br />
rain water. The food should be secured, so far as possible,<br />
from <strong>the</strong> type <strong>of</strong> pools where <strong>the</strong> larvae were captured.<br />
The aquarium may be covered with a bell jar or o<strong>the</strong>r type<br />
<strong>of</strong> covering and <strong>the</strong> emerging adults may be collected or allowed<br />
to die and <strong>the</strong>n be pinned. However, in order to know from<br />
what larvae a certain adult came, it is necessary to do individual<br />
rearing. By this method, isolations are made <strong>of</strong> nearly ma-<br />
ture larvae into small 6 or 8 drachm vials. The mouths <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
vials are covered with cheese cloth held in place by a rubb,er<br />
band or plugged with cotton. Many such isolations should be<br />
made. The water should be changed every few days. When<br />
<strong>the</strong> larva pupates <strong>the</strong> last larval skin can be preserved and<br />
mounted. Some system should be used so that <strong>the</strong> shed larval<br />
skin, <strong>the</strong> pupal skin and <strong>the</strong> adult can be connected. By dili-<br />
gently following this isolation method one can obtain a good<br />
collection <strong>of</strong> all stages <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> found in any locality.
CHAPTER VI<br />
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF NORTH AMERICAN<br />
CULICIDAE<br />
The family Culicidae consists <strong>of</strong> two well defined sub-fami-<br />
lies. These are <strong>the</strong> C’jznobori~znc (Coretlzrinae <strong>of</strong> authors) and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Culicinae. The members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> former are readily separ-<br />
ated by <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong> mouthparts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> females are not<br />
fitted for piercing. This sub-family is not treated fur<strong>the</strong>r in<br />
this <strong>handbook</strong>. In <strong>the</strong> Culicinae, <strong>the</strong> mouthparts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> females<br />
are elongated and fitted for piercing and sucking.<br />
SUB-FAMILY CULICINAE<br />
The sub-family Culicinae contains all those species which<br />
possess an elongated proboscis fitted for piercing. Most <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m, especially our nor<strong>the</strong>rn species, are blood-sucking in habit.<br />
A few are not known to suck blood and some live on plant<br />
juices. The Culicinae are divided into two tribes--A#zopheZini<br />
and Culicini.<br />
TABLE OF TRIBES<br />
Adults<br />
A. Scutellum trilobed, <strong>the</strong> marginal setae on <strong>the</strong> lobes<br />
only; if trilobed <strong>the</strong>n a spurious vein behind <strong>the</strong><br />
fif t/z vein (Mcgarlzimts) . Palpi ( in <strong>the</strong> females)<br />
much shorter than <strong>the</strong> proboscis . . . . . . . . . . Czdicini . ’<br />
AA. Scutellum never trilobed, crescent-shaped with <strong>the</strong><br />
marginal setae evenly distributed. Palpi (males<br />
and females) as long or almost as long as <strong>the</strong><br />
proboscis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A~zo~hclini<br />
Larvae<br />
A. Eighth segment provided with a distinctly elongate<br />
dorsal siphon or respiratory tube . . . . . . . . . . Czdicini .<br />
82
CULI( IDAE 83<br />
AA. Eighth segment without a dorsal siphon or respira-<br />
tory tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Auophelini<br />
THE ANOPHELINI<br />
The tribe Anophelini has been divided into a large number<br />
<strong>of</strong> genera (about thirty-eight’). It is proposed to recognize<br />
only one genus, Amoplzeles. All our anophelines can be identi-<br />
fied by <strong>the</strong> palpi, which in both <strong>the</strong> females (Frontispiece) and<br />
males are as long as <strong>the</strong> proboscis. No o<strong>the</strong>r species <strong>of</strong> mos-<br />
quitoes has such long palpi in <strong>the</strong> female. The larvae, when<br />
feeding, float parallel to <strong>the</strong> surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water and do not<br />
possess a respiratory siphon (Fig. 15). Only eight species are<br />
known from North America and several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se are rare, local,<br />
or confined to <strong>the</strong> more sou<strong>the</strong>rn parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States.<br />
1.<br />
3<br />
L.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
5<br />
“.<br />
TABLE OF SPECIES<br />
Add ts<br />
Wings uniformly dark scaled, without spots; a small<br />
species ; breeds in tree holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . barberi<br />
Wings not uniformly dark scaled, <strong>the</strong> scales forming<br />
dark and lighter areas, thus producing more or less<br />
distinct spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2<br />
Wings with white or yellowish-white spots along <strong>the</strong><br />
costal margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3<br />
Wings without such markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4<br />
Wings with only one spot on costal margin, located<br />
at apex; sixth vein with three black spots. . . . crztciatzs<br />
Wings with at least two distinct costal spots; sixth<br />
vein not as described above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5<br />
A bronzy or coppery spot at apex <strong>of</strong> wing . . . ~naczdipezz~zis<br />
Apex <strong>of</strong> wing uniformly dark colored . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6<br />
Third vein largely pale scaled, darker only on proximal<br />
third ; palpi ringed with white . . . . . psezldopzlnctipetzlzis<br />
Third vein entirely dark scaled, palpi black . . pwctipennis<br />
’ I;or full synonymy see Dyar, The Mosquitoes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americas.<br />
1928.
84<br />
6. Segments <strong>of</strong><br />
Segments <strong>of</strong><br />
1. Abdomen<br />
ments ; head hairs simple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . barberi “<br />
Abdomen<br />
MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
1 walkeri<br />
palpi white scaled at apices a . . . . . .<br />
latropos<br />
palpi uniformly dark scaled quadrimaculatus -’<br />
Larvae<br />
with plumose lateral hairs on first six seg-<br />
7 with plumose lateral hairs on first three seg-<br />
ments only; head with plumose hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2<br />
2. Both inner and outer clypeal hairs simple, not branched<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . psez&o+nc tipeWi.s -I<br />
Outer clypeal hair branched, fan-like ; inner clypeal<br />
hairunbranched................................3<br />
3. Abdomen with six pairs <strong>of</strong> dorsal palmate tufts. . . . . . . . .4<br />
Abdomen with five pairs <strong>of</strong> dorsal palmate tufts. . . . . . . . S<br />
4. Mandibles with eleven terminal teeth; six branched<br />
hairs on mandible, arranged in an outward project-<br />
ing row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . quadrimaculatus<br />
Mandibles with nine terminal teeth ; ten branched hairs<br />
on mandible, arranged in a forward projecting<br />
row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .walkeri<br />
5. First and last pairs <strong>of</strong> dorsal palmate tufts smaller<br />
than <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .cruciam I<br />
All palmate tufts <strong>of</strong> nearly equal size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6<br />
6. Lateral plate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth abdominal segment with 22<br />
to 29 (8 to 9 long) teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . utzaculipemis<br />
Lateral plate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth abdominal segment with<br />
17 to 22 (usually 6 to 7 long) teeth . . . . . pumtipemis2<br />
Males<br />
1. Mesosome without leaflets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . barberi v‘+<br />
Mesosome with leaflets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2<br />
2. Leaflets <strong>of</strong> mesosome serrate, two pairs. pseudopzln.ctipenlzis ’<br />
Leaflets <strong>of</strong> mesosome not serrate ; more than two pairs . .3<br />
’ Pmctipenni.s generally has six dorsal palmate tufts but <strong>the</strong> first<br />
pair on <strong>the</strong> secotid segment i,s so minute that <strong>the</strong>y may be disregarded.
CULICIDAE 85<br />
3. Claspette not bilobed, triangular in outline; side piece<br />
with scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . crucians ’<br />
Claspette bilobed ; side piece without scales . . . . . . . . . . . .4<br />
4. Processes <strong>of</strong> ninth tergite long, sharply pointed ; dorsal<br />
lobe <strong>of</strong> claspette with two stout, blunt spines, fused<br />
at <strong>the</strong> base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .zclalkeri ’<br />
Processes <strong>of</strong> ninth tergite short or long, blunt or ex-<br />
panded at tip ; dorsal lobe <strong>of</strong> claspette not as in 4 . . . .5<br />
5. Dorsal lobe <strong>of</strong> claspette with two blunt, stout spines,<br />
fused at apex; processes <strong>of</strong> ninth tergite expanded<br />
at apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . quadrimacz~latzrs c ”<br />
Dorsal lobe <strong>of</strong> claspette with free, pointed spines ; pro-<br />
cesses <strong>of</strong> ninth tergite not expanded at apex . . . . . . . .6<br />
6. Dorsal lobe <strong>of</strong> claspette with three sharply pointed<br />
spines ; leaflets <strong>of</strong> mesosome three pairs; processes<br />
<strong>of</strong> ninth tergite very long and bluntly rounded at<br />
apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wmulipennis -’<br />
Dorsal lobe <strong>of</strong> claspette with two sharply pointed<br />
spines ; leaflets <strong>of</strong> mesosome four pairs; processes<br />
<strong>of</strong> ninth tergite short, curving outward . . .pu~~ctipewis<br />
ANOPHELES PUNCTIPENNIS Sav<br />
CzrCex pzuzcti/wwzis Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 3, 9. 1823.<br />
Atzopheles fierplexetzs Ludlow, Can. Ent., 39, 267. 1907.<br />
Fmde. Length about 5 mm.; wing 5-5.5 mm. Proboscis slender,<br />
densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with small appressed scales, black with a bluish<br />
lustre. Palpi nearly as long as <strong>the</strong> proboscis, slender, brownish-black.<br />
Antennae filiform, second joint long and thickened, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r joints<br />
shorter, sub-equal, brownish-black. Occiput clo<strong>the</strong>d with numerous<br />
erect, elongate triangular black scales on <strong>the</strong> sides and rear; creamy<br />
white scales on <strong>the</strong> vertex. Mesonotum elongate, blackish-brown on<br />
<strong>the</strong> sides, a broad grayish median stripe broken by a short median<br />
brown line on <strong>the</strong> posterior half. Vestiture <strong>of</strong> pale yellowish hairs,<br />
<strong>the</strong> anterior more scale-like. Pleurae variegated with blackish gray<br />
and white scales. Abdomen blackish with numerous pale and black<br />
hairs. Wings (PI. VIII, 4) clo<strong>the</strong>d with black and yellowish scales,<br />
<strong>the</strong> yellowish scales being arranged as follows :-a large patch at
86 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
outer third <strong>of</strong> costa involving first and second veins; a smaller patch<br />
on same veins close to apex <strong>of</strong> wings; fourth vein with two small<br />
spots on stem and usually one on each fork; sixth vein with a patch<br />
before <strong>the</strong> middle. Legs black, <strong>the</strong> tips <strong>of</strong> femora and tibiae narrowly<br />
yellowish-white.<br />
iWale hypopygizlm. (Pl. IX, 4.) Side-piece nearly twice as long as<br />
wide, conical. Internal spine prominent, arising one-third from apex<br />
<strong>of</strong> side-piece. A pair <strong>of</strong> stout basal spines present, each arising from<br />
a large chitinized tubercle. Claspers longer than side-piece, nar-<br />
rowed in <strong>the</strong> middle. Each claspette is a stout, bilobed organ reach-<br />
ing to near <strong>the</strong> apex <strong>of</strong> mesosome; dorsal lobe with two closely set,<br />
blunt spines ; ventral lobe with an outer large, broad, sharp-pointed<br />
spine and an inner smaller spine; midway between <strong>the</strong>se spines is a<br />
fine hair. Mesosome long and narrow with four pairs <strong>of</strong> slender<br />
leaflets at apex. Ninth tergite consists <strong>of</strong> a narrow chitinous band<br />
with two broad lateral processes.<br />
Lama. (Fig. g14.) Length 8 mm. Head longer than wide, front<br />
conically produced ; a pair <strong>of</strong> long setae on front margin; a pair<br />
<strong>of</strong> branching hairs on <strong>the</strong> clypeal margin dorsad <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mouth<br />
brushes. Dorsal head hairs six, plumose, arranged in an irregular line<br />
between <strong>the</strong> bases <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> antennae. At <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> each antenna is a<br />
single plumose hair. Four small plumose hairs lie in a curved line<br />
in front <strong>of</strong> and between <strong>the</strong> eyes. Antenna spinous with a small<br />
tuft on <strong>the</strong> basal third. Thorax longer than wide; hairs consist<br />
<strong>of</strong> tufts, branched hairs, single hairs and plumose hairs. Abdomen<br />
stout, <strong>the</strong> anterior segments shorter; first three segments with long<br />
plumose hairs, double on <strong>the</strong> first and second, single on <strong>the</strong> third. A<br />
dorsal series <strong>of</strong> fan-shaped tufts on <strong>the</strong> third to seventh segments.<br />
Each lateral plate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment broadly triangular, armed<br />
on <strong>the</strong> caudal margin with a series <strong>of</strong> long and short spines, varying<br />
in number from 17 to 22 (6 to 7 long). Anal segment longer than<br />
wide with a large dorsal plate. Dorsal brush consists <strong>of</strong> a long and<br />
shorter hair tuft on ei<strong>the</strong>r side; ventral brush <strong>of</strong> many, long, branched<br />
tufts. Anal gills as long as <strong>the</strong> segment, bluntly pointed.<br />
This is <strong>the</strong> most widespread species <strong>of</strong> Anopheles in North<br />
America, ranging through sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada south to <strong>the</strong> Mexi-<br />
can plateau. It breeds in almost any situaton where suitable<br />
water is present. I have found <strong>the</strong> larvae in rain-water bar-<br />
rels, roadside puddles, ruts in muddy roads, grassy bogs, all<br />
sorts and kinds <strong>of</strong> swamps, hog wallows reeking with filth,<br />
spring pools, margins <strong>of</strong> streams, lakes and open ponds. I have
CULICIDAE<br />
found <strong>the</strong>m in nearly all acquatic situations except leafy pools in<br />
densely wooded areas. The adults are present throughout <strong>the</strong><br />
season, <strong>the</strong>ir numbers largely dependent on <strong>the</strong> rainfall and<br />
available breeding grounds. They attack at twilight, beginning<br />
earlier on dark days, but do not cause much trouble after dark.<br />
In wooded and grassy areas <strong>the</strong>y will attack if disturbed dur-<br />
ing <strong>the</strong> daytime but do not pursue <strong>the</strong>ir victims with any vigor.<br />
ANOPHELES QUADRIMACULATUS Say<br />
Aszopdze1e.s quadrinmcuht~ts Say, in Keating Narr. Exp. St.<br />
Peters River, 2, 356.’ 1824.<br />
Fenzale. (Frontispiece). Length 5 to 5.5 mm.; wing 5 mm.<br />
Proboscis long, brown. Palpi as long as <strong>the</strong> proboscis, slender,<br />
dark brown. Antennae almost black. Occiput dark brown, clo<strong>the</strong>d<br />
with numerous narrowly triangular or notched black scales, a white<br />
patch on <strong>the</strong> vertex. Mesonotum brown, lighter on <strong>the</strong> sides, with<br />
many pale yellowish hairs, derisest on <strong>the</strong> median line and at <strong>the</strong><br />
sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disk. Abdomen as in punctipemis. Wing scales black<br />
and light brown, <strong>the</strong> black scales forming distinct spots (Fig. 2, Pl.<br />
VIII.) Apex <strong>of</strong> wing without a coppery spot. Legs slender, black,<br />
<strong>the</strong> apices <strong>of</strong> femora and tibiae tipped with yellowish-white.<br />
Male lzypopygitim. (Fig. 2, Pl. IX.) Side-piece as long as wide,<br />
slightly conical, with long and short hairs, scales absent. Internal<br />
spine well developed, arising one-third from apex. Claspers longer<br />
than side-piece, narrowed in <strong>the</strong> middle. Claspette bilobed, not reach-<br />
ing apex <strong>of</strong> mesosome; dorsal lobe with two stout spines, fused at<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir apices and extending closely approximated to <strong>the</strong>ir bases; ven-<br />
tral lobe with two spines, <strong>the</strong> outer one broader and longer. Meso-<br />
some very long and narrow; leaflets narrow, three pairs, <strong>the</strong> posterior<br />
pair <strong>the</strong> largest. Ninth tergite consists <strong>of</strong> a narrow band <strong>of</strong> chitin<br />
with two large, slightly clubbed, lateral processes.<br />
Larva. The larva <strong>of</strong> this species is almost identical with that <strong>of</strong><br />
walkeri and can be separated from that species by minute mandibular<br />
characters outlined in <strong>the</strong> key.<br />
This species occurs from Mexico <strong>north</strong> throughout <strong>the</strong><br />
Mississippi valley to Canada and east to <strong>the</strong> Atlantic seaboard.<br />
It is <strong>the</strong> most important carrier <strong>of</strong> malaria throughout <strong>the</strong><br />
eastern, central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn United States. In many nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
sections, like that <strong>of</strong> central New York, <strong>the</strong> species has almost<br />
87
88 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
disappeared during <strong>the</strong> past ten years and endemic malaria is<br />
now very rarely reported. I think that <strong>the</strong> very severe winter<br />
<strong>of</strong> 1917-1918 probably destroyed <strong>the</strong> hibernating adults for<br />
since that time I have collected but four adults.<br />
ANOPHELES MACULIPENNIS Meigen<br />
Aaophe1e.s ~ac&ipenni.s Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., 1,<br />
11. 1818.<br />
ANopheles occidentalis Dyar and Knab, Proc. Biol. Sot. Wash.,<br />
19, 159. 1906.<br />
Anopheles lewisii Ludlow, Psyche, 27, 74. 1920.<br />
Anopheles selengensis Ludlow, Psyche, 27, 77, 1920.<br />
Fernale. Length 5 to 6 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis slender, dark<br />
brown to black. Palpi as long as <strong>the</strong> proboscis, clo<strong>the</strong>d with ap-<br />
pressed brown to black scales. Occiput black; densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with<br />
erect, triangular, slightly-notched scales, black at <strong>the</strong> sides and be-<br />
hind, a white patch in <strong>the</strong> middle. Mesonotum with a broad grayish<br />
median stripe, <strong>the</strong> sides brown; vestiture <strong>of</strong> short yellowish-white<br />
hairs. Pleurae brownish intermingled with pale areas. Abdomen<br />
brown, <strong>the</strong> median area darker, clo<strong>the</strong>d with numerous short yellowish<br />
hairs. Wing scales black, forming distinct spots as shown in figure<br />
1, Pl. VIII. Fringe at apex <strong>of</strong> wing with a distinct light yellow<br />
to coppery spot. Legs black, with a slight bluish lustre; apices <strong>of</strong><br />
femora and tibiae narrowly yellowish white.<br />
Male hypopygiuna. (Fig. 1, Pl. IX.) Side-piece at least one<br />
and one-half times as long as wide, somewhat conical. Internal<br />
spine located slightly beyond <strong>the</strong> middle. Basal spines, two, large;<br />
outer spine longer and tapering to a fine point; inner spine broad,<br />
recurved to tip. Claspers longer than <strong>the</strong> side-piece, narrowed<br />
medianly. Claspette bilobed, almost reaching <strong>the</strong> apex <strong>of</strong> mesosome;<br />
dorsal lobe small with two or three equal, pointed spines, not fused;<br />
ventral lobe larger with three spiries. Mesosome long and narrow;<br />
leaflets three pairs, <strong>the</strong> dorsal pair much larger. Ninth tergite con-<br />
sists <strong>of</strong> a narrow band <strong>of</strong> chitin with two narrow, bluntly pointed,<br />
lateral processes, reaching nearly to apex <strong>of</strong> mesosome.<br />
Larva. The larva is almost identical with that <strong>of</strong> pzuzctipemzk.<br />
The characters indicated in <strong>the</strong> key have proved <strong>the</strong> most satisfactory<br />
for distinguishing <strong>the</strong> two species.<br />
This species is widely distributed throughout <strong>the</strong> western<br />
United States, British Columbia, Yukon, and eastward through
CULICIDAE<br />
Canada and <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn border <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States, Europe<br />
and Asia.<br />
ANOPHELES WALKERI Theobald<br />
fllzophe1e.s xlallzeri Theobald, Mon. Culicidae 1, 199. 1901.<br />
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis long, black. Palpi<br />
slightly shorter than <strong>the</strong> proboscis, slender, clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow,<br />
lanceolate scales, roughened on <strong>the</strong> first segment, appressed on <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs, black, with dull silvery-white narrow rings at articulations<br />
<strong>of</strong> first and second, second and third segments and at apex <strong>of</strong> last<br />
segment. Occiput brownish-black, whitish near <strong>the</strong> margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
eyes; vestiture <strong>of</strong> erect, narrowly triangular, slightly forked, black<br />
scales, a few recumbent slender white scales anteriorly in <strong>the</strong> middle<br />
line. Mesonotum brown, a narrow lighter, pruinose stripe on each<br />
side anteriorly ; clo<strong>the</strong>d with short, golden brown hairs; bristles at<br />
roots <strong>of</strong> wing stout, dark brown.<br />
Wing veins clo<strong>the</strong>d with black and brown, narrow, nearly linear<br />
scales, <strong>the</strong> black scales showing massing as in A. yuadriwzaculatz~s but<br />
never so dense (Fig. 3, PI. VIII). The marginal fringe is entirely<br />
black. Legs black, apices <strong>of</strong> femora and tibiae yellowish.<br />
iMale hypopygium. (Fig. 3, Pl. IX.) Side-piece at least one and<br />
one-half times as long as wide, slightly tapering to apex; apex broadly<br />
rounded; clo<strong>the</strong>d with hairs and setae, scales absent. Internal spine<br />
well developed, about one-third down <strong>the</strong> side-piece. Basal spines,<br />
two, large. Cl as p er longer than side-piece, broad at base, narrowed<br />
beyond but not expanded at apex. Claspette bilobed, nearly reaching<br />
apex <strong>of</strong> mesosome; dorsal lobe bears at apex two large club-shaped<br />
processes which are united at <strong>the</strong>ir bases; ventral lobe bears a stout,<br />
sharp pointed spine at apex; slightly mesad is a second sharp pointed<br />
spine. Mesosome long and narrow : leaflets four pairs, all narrow, <strong>the</strong><br />
posterior two pairs longer. Ninth tergite consists <strong>of</strong> a narrow band,<br />
slightly chitinized ; lateral processes long and pointed.<br />
Larva. The larva is almost identical with that <strong>of</strong> qzladriwzaczlla-<br />
tus. The characters indicated in <strong>the</strong> key may aid in identifying <strong>the</strong><br />
species.<br />
This species occurs sparingly throughout eastern North<br />
America west to Minnesota. It is very rare. Although <strong>the</strong><br />
female was described by Theobald ( 1901) from specimens col-<br />
lected at Lake Simcoe, Ontario, <strong>the</strong> males and larvae were first<br />
obtained and described by Ma<strong>the</strong>son and Shannon ( 1923).<br />
The larvae were obtained very sparingly in small pools in a<br />
89
90 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
large cat-tail marsh near North Fairhaven, New York. NO<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r observations have been made on larval habitats. The<br />
adults (July, 1922) proved to be vicious biters, rivaling<br />
Taelaiorhynchus perturbam in abundance and eagerness for<br />
blood. They attacked not only in <strong>the</strong> evening but continued<br />
long after dusk.<br />
ANOPHELES CRUCIANS Wiedemann<br />
Anopheles crztcians Wiedemann, Ausser. Zweifl. Ins., 1, 12.<br />
1828.<br />
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.<br />
Palpi nearly as long as <strong>the</strong> proboscis, black, <strong>the</strong> last segment white;<br />
a narrow white ring near middle <strong>of</strong> long joint and <strong>the</strong> extreme<br />
base and apex <strong>of</strong> penultimate segment white. Occiput black, densely<br />
clo<strong>the</strong>d with erect, narrowly triangular black scales, except on <strong>the</strong><br />
vertex where <strong>the</strong>y are white. Mesonotum gray, with two narrow<br />
bare lines on anterior half <strong>of</strong> disk, and a pair <strong>of</strong> much broader bare<br />
lateral lines on posterior half, brownish; vestiture <strong>of</strong> numerous short<br />
yellowish hairs. Wing scales white and black, <strong>the</strong> black scales pre-<br />
dominating; a white spot before middle <strong>of</strong> first vein, one on second<br />
vein at middle and ano<strong>the</strong>r before <strong>the</strong> fork, fourth vein white scaled<br />
at base <strong>of</strong> fork and on middle <strong>of</strong> both its branches, fifth vein broadly<br />
white scaled at middle <strong>of</strong> first branch and base <strong>of</strong> second, sixth vein<br />
white with three distinct black patches (Fig. 5, PI. VIII). Legs<br />
black, <strong>the</strong> tips <strong>of</strong> femora and tibiae pale.<br />
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 5, Pl. IX.) Side-piece more than one<br />
and one-half times as long as wide, with numerous scales near <strong>the</strong><br />
base and outer side. Internal spine about one-third down <strong>the</strong> side-<br />
piece. Basal spines two, large, both recurved at tips, <strong>the</strong> outer spine<br />
longer. Clasper longer than <strong>the</strong> side-piece, slightly expanded at base<br />
and apex. Claspette consists <strong>of</strong> a single triangular shaped lobe;<br />
a stout spine at apex and two spines on outer side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lobe. Meso-<br />
some long and narrow. Leaflets three pairs, <strong>the</strong> posterior pair much<br />
longer. Ninth tergite well developed with very long lateral processes<br />
reaching well beyond <strong>the</strong> apex <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mesosome.<br />
Larva. Very similar to that <strong>of</strong> punctipenks and quadrimaculatus.<br />
The first and last dorsal palmate tufts are usually much smaller than<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs. This is rarely <strong>the</strong> case in any o<strong>the</strong>r anopheline larva.<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r minute separating characters are frequently given but <strong>the</strong>se are<br />
as variable as <strong>the</strong> one mentioned above.
CULICIDAE<br />
This species ranges from sou<strong>the</strong>rn New York along <strong>the</strong><br />
coastal region to Florida, <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn States, Mexico and<br />
Cuba. It is considered an important vector <strong>of</strong> malaria in cer-<br />
tain areas <strong>of</strong> its range.<br />
ANOPHELES PSEUDOPUNCTIPENNIS Theobald<br />
Anophjeles psezldopzt’zctip”‘z”lis Theobald, Mon. Culic., 2, 305.<br />
1901.<br />
Auophelcs f?ratzciscauus McCracken, Ent. News, 15, 12. 1904.<br />
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.<br />
Palpi nearly as long as <strong>the</strong> proboscis, black; long segment with a<br />
median white ring, penultimate segment white ringed at <strong>the</strong> base,<br />
last segment entirely white. Occiput densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with erect, tri-<br />
angular scales, white on <strong>the</strong> vertex, black on <strong>the</strong> sides. Mesonotum<br />
with a broad grayish median stripe, black on <strong>the</strong> sides, clo<strong>the</strong>d with<br />
pale colored hairs, denser and almost scale-like on anterior portion<br />
centrally. Abdomen brownish-black with numerous pale brown hairs.<br />
Wing scales black and yellowish, <strong>the</strong> pale scales appearing in spots<br />
as follows,-four costal spots, <strong>the</strong> basal two not involving <strong>the</strong> costa;<br />
apical small spot; third vein largely pale scaled, a black spot on basal<br />
third and near apex; stem <strong>of</strong> fourth vein largely pale scaled; fifth vein<br />
pale scaled to fork except basal black spot, upper fork largely black<br />
scaled, lower fork with pale scales except apical spot black; sixth<br />
vein with basal half black, <strong>the</strong> apical half pale; tips <strong>of</strong> veins pale,<br />
with yellowish spots in <strong>the</strong> fringe opposite <strong>the</strong>m. Legs black, <strong>the</strong> tips<br />
<strong>of</strong> femora and tibiae with pale yellow scales.<br />
Male hypopygizmz. (Fig. 6, PI. IX.) Side-piece almost twice as<br />
long as wide. Internal spine prominent, slightly distad <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> middle.<br />
Two stout basal spines present. Clasper longer than <strong>the</strong> side-piece,<br />
somewhat constricted in <strong>the</strong> middle. Claspette bilobed,-<strong>the</strong> ventral<br />
lobe dome-shaped with two stout apical setae, <strong>the</strong> dorsal lobe narrowly<br />
elongate bearing three closely placed spines.<br />
Larva. The larva is almost identical with that <strong>of</strong> mactdipemis.<br />
The only distinguishing character is <strong>the</strong> long drawn out condition <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> leaves <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> palmate hair tufts.<br />
This anopheline has a wide distribution extending from Ar-<br />
gentina along <strong>the</strong> coast lines <strong>of</strong> South America, through Cen-<br />
tral America, <strong>the</strong> Southwestern United States and <strong>north</strong> in<br />
California in <strong>the</strong> Sacramento valley. It is an important vector<br />
91
92 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
<strong>of</strong> malaria in Argentina but no natural infections have been<br />
recorded in <strong>the</strong> United States.<br />
ANOPHELES BARBERI Coquillett<br />
Au<strong>of</strong>heles barberi Coquillett, Can. Ent., 35, 310. 1903.<br />
FemaZe. Length 3.5 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis black. Palpi<br />
as long as proboscis, brownish black. Occiput black, clo<strong>the</strong>d with<br />
numerous, erect, forked, white scales. Mesonotum brown, slightly<br />
grayish on <strong>the</strong> sides; vestiture <strong>of</strong> long golden brown hairs. Wing<br />
scales blackish, uniform, no indication <strong>of</strong> spots (Fig. 6, Pl. IX).<br />
Legs uniformly black to brownish-black.<br />
This species occurs in <strong>the</strong> eastern United States from New<br />
York southward. It is rare and breeds in tree holes usually in<br />
association with Aedes triseriatus. The most nor<strong>the</strong>rn record<br />
is Ithaca, New York.
CHAPTER VII<br />
THE TRIBE CULICINI<br />
The tribe Culicini includes <strong>the</strong> great majority <strong>of</strong> our species.<br />
All our Nor<strong>the</strong>rn species, in <strong>the</strong> adult stage, are readily separ-<br />
ated from <strong>the</strong> Anophelines by <strong>the</strong> trilobate scutellum and <strong>the</strong><br />
marginal setae arising only from <strong>the</strong> lobes. The females have<br />
also short palpi. The larvae all possess a siphon or breathing<br />
tube. The male hypopygial structures are all markedly differ-<br />
ent from those found in <strong>the</strong> Anophelini and show closer rela-<br />
tionship among <strong>the</strong>mselves than to Anopheles. This tribe con-<br />
tains a large number <strong>of</strong> genera and <strong>the</strong>se have again been<br />
divided into many sub-genera. The characters used in differ-<br />
entiating <strong>the</strong> sub-genera are based mainly on <strong>the</strong> hypopygial<br />
structures <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> males. Such sub-generic divisions based on<br />
secondary sexual characters are undoubtedly useful in <strong>the</strong> study<br />
<strong>of</strong> relationships but it does not seem helpful to maintain <strong>the</strong>m<br />
even as sub-genera. It only adds to <strong>the</strong> already over-burden-<br />
some, weary task <strong>of</strong> recognizing ano<strong>the</strong>r set <strong>of</strong> names. At <strong>the</strong><br />
present time and for <strong>the</strong> past ten or more years students <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Culicidae have been reducing <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> sub-families,<br />
tribes and genera until today each genus has a list <strong>of</strong> synonyms<br />
that is appalling.<br />
The sub-genera now recognized were practically all proposed<br />
as genera. The names are so interwoven into <strong>the</strong> classification<br />
that it would seem impossible to eliminate <strong>the</strong>m, and <strong>the</strong>ir elimi-<br />
nation might cause more trouble than to let <strong>the</strong>m stand. How-<br />
ever, <strong>the</strong> writer desires to protest against <strong>the</strong> formation <strong>of</strong> gen-<br />
era and sub-genera on such flimsy characters. It is not planned<br />
to use sub-genera in <strong>the</strong> present hand-book.<br />
93
94 MOSQUITOES OF RORTH AMERICA<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
6.<br />
7.<br />
8.<br />
9.<br />
KEY TO GENERA OF CULICINI<br />
Adults<br />
Postnotum with a tuft <strong>of</strong> setae ............. Wyeomyia -2, cm<br />
Postnotum without a tuft <strong>of</strong> setae ................. .2<br />
Wings with <strong>the</strong> second marginal cell not half as long<br />
as its petiole ................................. .3<br />
Wings with <strong>the</strong> second marginal cell more than half<br />
as long as its petiole .......................... .4<br />
Pronotal bristles absent ; spiracular bristles stout,<br />
forming a row ; proboscis strongly curved. . AJegarlzilzzls 23~;’<br />
Pronotal bristles only one ; spiracular bristles only one ;<br />
proboscis straight ..................... Urnno tmia -E* .<br />
Spiracular bristles present ........................ .5<br />
Spiracular bristles absent ......................... .6<br />
Post-spiracular bristles absent ............. Theobaldict I’ ;”<br />
Post-spiracular bristles present ............. Psorophora ’<br />
Pronotal bristles only two stout setae ..... Ortlz<strong>of</strong>odomyia<br />
Pronotal bristles more than two, generally a prominent<br />
row ......................................... .<br />
Post-spiracular bristles present .................. Aedes .<br />
Post-spiracular bristles absent ..................... .8<br />
Lower mesepimeral bristles absent ......... Deinocerites<br />
Lower mesepimeral bristles present ................ .9<br />
Lower mesepimeral bristles 1 rarely 2 ............ Cztlex ..<br />
Lower mesepimeral bristles three or four. . Tatziorhywhus j*<br />
Larvae<br />
1. Anal segment without ventral brush . . . . . . . . . Wyeonzia ’ *<br />
2. Anal segment with ventral brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3<br />
3. Air-tube without pecten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4<br />
Air-tube with pecten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6<br />
4. Mouth brushes <strong>of</strong> lamellate, prehensile plates Megarlzimrs 1<br />
Mouth brushes not as described above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5<br />
5. Distal half <strong>of</strong> air-tube sharply attenuated Tmziorlzynchs ’<br />
Air-tube cylindrical or fusiform . . . . . , . Ortlzopodomyia ‘-:
CULICINI 95<br />
6. Air-tube with a single pair <strong>of</strong> ventral tufts . . . . . . , , . . .7<br />
Air-tube with several pairs <strong>of</strong> ventral tufts . . . . . . . CuZex<br />
7. Head elongate, elliptical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uranotcmia =-<br />
Head nearly circular or transverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8<br />
8. Mandible angularly projecting laterally . . . . Deinocerites<br />
Mandible concealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9<br />
9. Air-tube with <strong>the</strong> tufts close to <strong>the</strong> base . . . . Tlzeobaldia ‘r_<br />
Air-tube with <strong>the</strong> tufts near <strong>the</strong> middle or beyond . . . . 10<br />
0. Anal segment ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate, with hair<br />
tufts piercing <strong>the</strong> ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Psorophora<br />
Anal segment not ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate, or if<br />
ringed <strong>the</strong> hair-tufts posterior tot <strong>the</strong> ring , . . . . Aedes 1<br />
GENUS AEDES<br />
AEDES Meigen<br />
Aede.9 Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Bek. Eur. Zweifl. Ins., 1, 13.<br />
1818.<br />
This genus contains more than half (65) <strong>of</strong> all North Ameri-<br />
can species <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. It is world wide in distribution<br />
and all <strong>the</strong> species bite, attacking mainly during <strong>the</strong> evening<br />
though many are nocturnal and some primarily diurnal. When<br />
disturbed or in favored situations, <strong>the</strong> great majority will<br />
readily attack during <strong>the</strong> day. In North America, <strong>the</strong> majority<br />
<strong>of</strong> our species are nor<strong>the</strong>rn in distribution and <strong>the</strong> countless<br />
hordes <strong>of</strong> arctic <strong>mosquitoes</strong> belong in this genus. The nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
species are lovers <strong>of</strong> woodlands, marshes, prairies, and moun-<br />
tainous areas. O<strong>the</strong>r species are coastal forms breeding in salt<br />
marshes and such species become veritable plagues. Still o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
breed in water found in tree-holes, rock pools and some have<br />
become domesticated (A&es agypti) breeding only about hu-<br />
man habitations. Only one species (Aedes agypti) is known<br />
as a vector <strong>of</strong> disease (Yellow fever and dengue).<br />
* This genus has some fifty synonyms. For a list consult. Dyar,<br />
1928.<br />
’
96 nrosQu1~0~s 0~ NORTH A~~IERIcA<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
6.<br />
7.<br />
8.<br />
9.<br />
10.<br />
11.<br />
12.<br />
TABLE OF SPECIES OF AEDES<br />
Adults<br />
Tarsal joints ringed with white .................. .2<br />
Tarsal joints not ringed with white ......... I .... .18<br />
Tarsi with white rings on both ends <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> joints ... .3<br />
Tarsi with white rings on basal ends <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> joints<br />
only.. ...................................... .<br />
Wing scales black and white intermingled ......... .4<br />
Wing scales uniformly dark colored ............... .5<br />
Wing scales uniformly mottled, black and white . .<br />
..................................... campestris .<br />
Third vein entirely dark scaled ...............<br />
dorsaLis ..<br />
Mesonotum entirely reddish-yellow ......... canademis ..<br />
Mesonotum pale with broad, dark, median stripe. ..<br />
....................................<br />
Mesonotum without a dark, median stripe, variegated<br />
a tropalpus ....<br />
with pale and dark scales ................ zwipnlpzcs ..<br />
Proboscis <strong>of</strong> female ringed with white ........... .7<br />
Proboscis <strong>of</strong> female not ringed with white .......... 10<br />
Abdomen without a longitudinal dorsal, pale stripe<br />
.................................. tczniorhymhus<br />
Abdomen with a longitudinal dorsal pale stripe ..... .8<br />
Scales <strong>of</strong> wing wholly dark colored ........ tiktchellae<br />
Scales <strong>of</strong> wings black and white intermingled ....... .9<br />
Median stripe <strong>of</strong> abdomen and lateral spots conco-<br />
lorous .............................. fzigromacz&s<br />
Median stripe yellowish, lateral spots white . . sollicitam<br />
Mesonotum with lyre-shaped silvery markings. .. cegypti<br />
Mesonotum without such markings .............. 11<br />
Tarsal white rings broad, especially on <strong>the</strong> hind legs . .12<br />
Tarsal white rings very narrow ................. .17<br />
Wing scales broad, having an inflated appearance<br />
..................................... squamiger<br />
Wing scales narrow, not inflated ................. .13
13.<br />
14.<br />
15.<br />
16.<br />
17.<br />
18.<br />
19.<br />
20.<br />
21.<br />
22.<br />
23.<br />
CULICINI 97<br />
Large yellowish species ; abdomen covered with yel-<br />
lowish scales, not banded ................ fiavescem ‘_J<br />
Somewhat smaller species with little yellow; abdomen<br />
inore or less distinctly banded ................ .14<br />
Lower mesepimeral bristles absent ............... .15<br />
Lower mesepimeral bristles present ............... .16<br />
Mesonotum reddish-brown medianly, whitish or yel-<br />
lowish white on <strong>the</strong> sides .............. excrucians ’<br />
Mesonotum entirely reddish-brown ............ ri#mks ’ ?<br />
Lower mesepimeral bristles only two ......... .fitchii “L<br />
Lower mesepimeral bristles three to five ..... .stinzzdans /<br />
Terminal abdominal segments with normal pale<br />
bands ; breeds in fresh water .............. vexans ‘-J ’<br />
Terminal abdominal segments largely pale scaled ;<br />
breeds in salt marsh pools ............... cantntor ‘,?’<br />
Lower mesepimeral bristles absent ............... .19<br />
Lower mesepimeral bristles present ............... .25<br />
Mesonotum marked with silvery scales ........... .20<br />
Mesonotum not so marked ...................... .22<br />
Mesonotum with broad median silvery stripe, not<br />
reaching scutellum ..................... infirnm tus ...<br />
Mesonotum with narrow median silvery stripe, reach-<br />
ing scutellum ; or mesonotum entirely silvery ... .21<br />
Mesonotum dark brown centrally, silvery on <strong>the</strong><br />
sides ................................ triseriatus ’<br />
Female with narrow median silvery stripe; mesono-<br />
turn <strong>of</strong> male entirely silvery ................ dztpreei<br />
Mesonotal silvery stripe narrow in both sexes ....<br />
...................................<br />
I<br />
at<br />
1<br />
an ticw<br />
1 torweut tor<br />
Wing scales bicolored, black and white intermingled.<br />
...................................... spencerii<br />
Wing scales uniformly dark colored ............. .23<br />
Abdomen with continuous, or nearly so, lateral white<br />
line .............. , ............ , ....... cinerezts /d
98<br />
~IOSQUITOE~ OF NORTH ARIERIcA<br />
Abdomen with lateral white spots, never a continuous<br />
lateral line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24<br />
24. Mesonotum with narrow, dark, brown, median line<br />
and two broad, brassy stripes ; sides dark brown to<br />
black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trjcdittntus ‘-<br />
Mesonotum with broad, dark brown median stripe<br />
and two narrow, lateral ante-scutellar yellowish<br />
stripes; sides yellow or golden yellow . . . . . . . nzwifer .<br />
Mesonotum with golden-brown median stripe ; sides<br />
yellowish-white to white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hirsuteron ’<br />
Mesonotum with narrower dark brown median<br />
stripe ; no ante-scutellar yellow lines ; sides yellow<br />
except above base <strong>of</strong> wings . . . _ . . . . . . . . . tlzibaztlti ‘
31.<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
6.<br />
7.<br />
8.<br />
CULICISI<br />
Paired median lines separated by a narrow yellow<br />
line ; sides grayish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . commmis l’-<br />
Paired median lines separated by a broad golden-<br />
brown line ; sides white . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . impiger ‘A;<br />
Mesonotum with dark brown median stripe ; sides<br />
golden to reddish-brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
Median stripe very broad, <strong>the</strong> mesonotum <strong>of</strong>ten en-<br />
tirely grayish; sides gray to whitish . . . . . . triclzzwus ” ’<br />
Male Hypopygitlm<br />
Claspettes absent ...........................<br />
cgypfi .<br />
Claspettes present .............................. .2<br />
Claspers inserted before apex <strong>of</strong> side-piece, furcate at<br />
base ciuerczrs . 1- ,‘-<br />
..................................<br />
Claspers not inserted before apex <strong>of</strong> side-piece, not<br />
furcate at base .............................. .3<br />
Clasper furcate at apex. Claspette lacking a filament,<br />
ending in a setiferous knob .ZVXQIZS -J-2<br />
...............<br />
Clasper not furcate at apex. Claspette with a fila-<br />
ment ....................................... .<br />
Side-piece without a distinct apical lobe ............ .<br />
Side-piece with both apical and basal lobes .......... 11<br />
Side-piece with a small group <strong>of</strong> long setae on <strong>the</strong><br />
inner margin at or beyond <strong>the</strong> middle ...... triseriatz~s . h _<br />
Side-piece without such a group <strong>of</strong> setae ........... .6<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette with a median retrorse spine-<br />
like projection ..................... tcc~zior/z~~rzc/zz~s - ’ +’<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette without such a projection ..... .7<br />
Basal lobe narrowly elongate, clo<strong>the</strong>d with stout long<br />
hairs; a secondary area <strong>of</strong> short setae just beyond<br />
.................................... myipalfms I, . \’ -3<br />
Basal lobe consists <strong>of</strong> a small elevated area clo<strong>the</strong>d<br />
with fine hairs and setae ..................... .8<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette much shorter than <strong>the</strong> stem<br />
.................................... at~0paljm.s ‘; ... -=-<br />
99<br />
‘( ..
100 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
9.<br />
10.<br />
11.<br />
12.<br />
13.<br />
14.<br />
15.<br />
16.<br />
17.<br />
18.<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette as long as or longer than <strong>the</strong><br />
stem ..................................... .<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette longer than <strong>the</strong> stem .... mitchellae ...<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette no longer than <strong>the</strong> stem ...... 10<br />
Basal lobe with fine long setae .............. sollicitans .I. ’ ,Y’- 7A<br />
Basal lobe with short stout setae ......... Ggromacu,Zis ’ I’ -“‘-’<br />
Apical lobe a flattened setiferous area ...... canadensis ’ -‘- “- C-<br />
Apical lobe not as above ....................... .12<br />
Basal lobe a flattened setiferous area reaching almost<br />
to <strong>the</strong> apical lobe. Spines absent . . . . . . . . excrucians ’ : - “- ’<br />
Basal lobe not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13<br />
Side-piece with a dense hair tuft ei<strong>the</strong>r distad <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
apical lobe or along <strong>the</strong> basal margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> apical<br />
lobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...14<br />
Side-piece not as described above . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .16<br />
Side-piece with a dense tuft <strong>of</strong> hairs along <strong>the</strong> basal<br />
margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> apical lobe; filament <strong>of</strong> claspette<br />
greatly expanded and ending in a recurved hook-<br />
like tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .diantcx?us ” - 14-6<br />
Side-piece with a dense tuft <strong>of</strong> hairs. beyond <strong>the</strong> apical<br />
lobe ; filament <strong>of</strong> claspette not as above . . . . . . . . . ,15<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette with a large median retrorse<br />
hook; basal lobe nearly cylindrical and bears at its<br />
apex a single stout spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nurifer I~1 ' - ' -5<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette with a slight median tooth;<br />
basal lobe cylindrical and bears two stout apical .<br />
spines and ano<strong>the</strong>r spine at <strong>the</strong> base . . . . . . intmdcm ’ . -r -J’<br />
Apical lobe with short retrorse clinging setae . . . . . . . .17<br />
Apical lobe without short retrorse clinging setae;<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r nearly bare or with long hairs . . . . . . . . . . , .21<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette shorter than <strong>the</strong> stem . . . . . . . .18<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette as long as or longer than <strong>the</strong><br />
stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...20<br />
Basal lobe semi-detached, <strong>the</strong> apical portion expan-<br />
ded, clo<strong>the</strong>d with numerous short setae; spine
19.<br />
20.<br />
21.<br />
22.<br />
23.<br />
24.<br />
25.<br />
26.<br />
CULICINI 101<br />
stout and associated with a row <strong>of</strong> slender hairs<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spelzcerii ’ . ‘j<br />
Basal lobe broadly attached to <strong>the</strong> side-piece, not<br />
appically expanded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19<br />
Basal lobe large, quadrangular, extending nearly to<br />
<strong>the</strong> apical lobe ; spine slender, with a group <strong>of</strong> long<br />
hairs closely associated with it . . . . . . . . . . . .pwzctor - ’ _-<br />
Basal lobe conical, not reaching more than half-way<br />
to <strong>the</strong> apical lobe; spine stout, not associated with<br />
a group <strong>of</strong> long hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aldrichi<br />
Basal lobe conical, with a stout recurved spine at base<br />
and a row <strong>of</strong> long smaller spines around it. . abserratus . ’<br />
Basal lobe broadly triangular, densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with<br />
fine hairs and setae; a single delicate basal spine<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Izirsztteron ’ , ’<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette inserted before <strong>the</strong> apex <strong>of</strong><br />
stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tlzibadti ’ ’ ’ me<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette inserted at apex <strong>of</strong> stem . . . . . .22<br />
Stem <strong>of</strong> claspette broadly expanded in <strong>the</strong> middle ;<br />
densely hirsute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atlaazticz~s ‘*s - ’ -”<br />
Stem <strong>of</strong> claspette not broadly expanded in <strong>the</strong> middle,<br />
though it may be angulate or slightly expanded . . . .23<br />
Basal lobe uniformly long haired; no large distinct<br />
spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...24<br />
Basal lobe with one or more stout spines . . . . . . . . . .25<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette very short stout with transverse<br />
ridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichrus ’<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette almost as long as <strong>the</strong> stem,<br />
linear, pointed at apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alpinus ><br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette with long, median retrorse<br />
serrated spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hzfirmatus I - ,’ -<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette with long median retrorse non-<br />
serrated spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trivittntw<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette without retrorse median spine . .26<br />
Stem <strong>of</strong> claspette sharply angulate in <strong>the</strong> middle;<br />
basal lobe small with a single stout spine, two ad-
102 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
27.<br />
28.<br />
29.<br />
30.<br />
31.<br />
32.<br />
33.<br />
34.<br />
35.<br />
jacent smaller spines and a distinct detached por-<br />
tion bearing two stout spines at <strong>the</strong> apex . .pt~lZatz~~<br />
Stem <strong>of</strong> claspette not angulate; basal lobe not as de-<br />
scribed above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...27<br />
Basal lobe with a single stout spine on <strong>the</strong> margin. . . .28<br />
Basal lobe with two short spines on <strong>the</strong> outer mar-<br />
gin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dorsalis<br />
Basal lobe with several long hairs on <strong>the</strong> margin, all<br />
nearly <strong>the</strong> same length, one a little stouter. . ca@c.stris<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette nearly twice as long as <strong>the</strong><br />
stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ca&ator<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette shorter or barely as long as <strong>the</strong><br />
stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...29<br />
Apical lobe with few or no short setae on its dorsal<br />
face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...30<br />
Apical lobe with numerous long or short setae on its<br />
dorsal face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...33<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette narrowly ligulate . . . . . . . . . dzq’mei<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette expanded in <strong>the</strong> middle . . . . . . . .31<br />
Apical lobe long, finger like, with a group <strong>of</strong> long<br />
stout hairs arising near its base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32<br />
Apical lobe short, not finger like ; without a group <strong>of</strong><br />
long stout hairs near its base . . . . . . . . . . .xwarcticz~~<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette with a sharp tooth-like angula-<br />
tion near <strong>the</strong> base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .i~~zpiger<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette without such angulation, gradu-<br />
ally expanded at <strong>the</strong> middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . cataphyZla<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette shorter than <strong>the</strong> stem . . . . . . . .34<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette as lon g as or longer than <strong>the</strong> stem 36<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette sharply angulate at base . . . .fitchii<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette not sharply angulate at base . . . .35<br />
Basal lobe large, triangular, densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with<br />
short setae ; spine stout and short . . . . . . . . . ahoriginis<br />
Basal lobe small, semi-detached, expanded at apex,<br />
clo<strong>the</strong>d with long stout setae ; spine long, stout<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cokwmhnis<br />
/ c, * \’ I<br />
_ \’ _:<br />
_ ,
CU1~1,1N1 103<br />
36. Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette strongly angulate at middle;<br />
basal lobe long and narrow reaching to apical<br />
lobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fhzcsce32s ‘- ’ - ’<br />
Filament <strong>of</strong> claspette not angulate at middle; basal<br />
lobe not as described above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37<br />
37. Basal lobe broadly quadrangular; filament <strong>of</strong> clasp-<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
9.<br />
10.<br />
ette as long as <strong>the</strong> stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..stimz~kuz~ ’<br />
Basal lobe conical; filament <strong>of</strong> claspette longer than<br />
<strong>the</strong> stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rifarius “2 - \‘--’<br />
Basal lobe conical; filament only as long as <strong>the</strong> stem<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..a....* a... squamiger i a -: -<br />
Larme<br />
Air-tube with <strong>the</strong> hair tuft within <strong>the</strong> pecten ......... .2<br />
Air-tube with <strong>the</strong> hair tuft beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten ..... .6<br />
Air-tube with several dorsal hair tufts ........ trichws ’ ) - x”‘-~<br />
Air-tube without dorsal hair tufts ................ .3<br />
Anal segment ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate ............ .4<br />
Anal segment not ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate ....... .5<br />
Comb scales about 8 to 10 in a straight row . . tormentor II*-<br />
Comb scales 15 or more in a narrow triangular patch<br />
....................................... alpimts<br />
Air-tube less than twice as long as wide ...... ntr<strong>of</strong>vd~r~~ ..<br />
Air-tube two and one-half to three times as long as<br />
wide ................................ ca taphylla ‘.-’<br />
Pecten with detached teeth outwardly ............. .7<br />
Pecten without detached teeth outwardly ......... .15<br />
Anal segment ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate .... ~~ig~omaczdis -<br />
Anal segment not ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate ....... .8<br />
Air-tube at least three and one-half times as long as<br />
wide ....................................... .<br />
Air-tube three times as long as. wide or less ........ 10<br />
. -<br />
Both pairs <strong>of</strong> dorsal head hairs multiple ...... cimrcm ’ . - V’ /<br />
Both pairs <strong>of</strong> dorsal head hairs double ...... e_~crzkuzs / ; - k”y - 5<br />
Antenna large, enlarged basally ; tuft beyond <strong>the</strong><br />
middle ................................ .aztrifcr “’ -<br />
_ I
104 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
11.<br />
12.<br />
13.<br />
14.<br />
15.<br />
16.<br />
17.<br />
18.<br />
19.<br />
Antenna not enlarged basally ; tuft before <strong>the</strong> middle . . 11<br />
Antenna as long as <strong>the</strong> head ................ dia,&czus<br />
Antennanotaslongas<strong>the</strong>head.. ................ .12<br />
Upper and lower head hairs single ............ spegzcerii<br />
Upper and lower head hairs do&le ............ riparius<br />
Upper and lower head hairs not both double ....... .13<br />
Upper and lower head hairs multiple ; lateral abdomi-<br />
nal hairs single beyond <strong>the</strong> second segment . . itztmdem<br />
Upper head hairs multiple, lower double; lateral ab-<br />
dominal hairs not single beyond <strong>the</strong> second seg-<br />
ment .................................... ..14<br />
All lateral abdominal hairs double .......... flardescetis<br />
Lateral abdominal hairs on first and second segments<br />
multiple, third to fifth double ............. .vexan.s<br />
Comb scales few in a single or irregularly single row. .16<br />
Comb scales more numerous, arranged in a triangular<br />
patch.. .................................. ..2 0<br />
Anal segment ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate ........... .17<br />
Anal segment not ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate ....... .19<br />
Anal gills very long, each with a stout trachea . . dupreei<br />
Anal gills not very long; central trachea absent ..... .18<br />
Dorsal brush <strong>of</strong> anal segment <strong>of</strong> a pair <strong>of</strong> tufts and<br />
two long hairs ....................... .atZanticus<br />
Dorsal brush <strong>of</strong> anal segment <strong>of</strong> two pairs <strong>of</strong> long<br />
hairs ................................ abserratus<br />
Single scale <strong>of</strong> comb with a stout apical spine and<br />
several large lateral spines; both head hairs single<br />
......................................... qj’p ti<br />
Single scale <strong>of</strong> comb evenly fringed with fine, closely<br />
placed short spinlets, no stout apical spine; upper<br />
head hairs single, lower double ........... triseriatus<br />
Single scale <strong>of</strong> comb smooth with a stout apical spine,<br />
no lateral spines ..................... .ventrovittis<br />
20. * Anal segment ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate ........... .21<br />
Anal segment not ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate ....... .25<br />
‘_ . -)(/w--/<br />
/. ‘_<br />
‘, \/p-3<br />
- X,x/-’<br />
’ _fX-1<br />
’ -)()1-z
21.<br />
22.<br />
23.<br />
24.<br />
25.<br />
26.<br />
27.<br />
28.<br />
29.<br />
30.<br />
31.<br />
CULICINI 105<br />
Upper and lower head hairs double ........... .pumt.or<br />
Upper and lower head hairs single ................ .22<br />
Air-tube four times as long as wide .......... mitchellae<br />
Air-tube three times as long as wide or less ......... .23<br />
Anal gills as long as or longer than <strong>the</strong> anal segment.<br />
5<br />
in<br />
fi<br />
rmatus<br />
....................................<br />
1 trivittatus<br />
Anal gills shorter than <strong>the</strong> anal segment, bud-like or<br />
almost vestigial ............................. .24<br />
Lateral abdominal hairs double on segments three to<br />
six .................................. sollicitam<br />
Lateral abdominal hairs triple on segments three to<br />
five, single on six. .................. tcFniorhy2chu.s<br />
Air-tube at least four times as long as wide ..... .fitchii<br />
Air-tube never four times as long as wide, usually<br />
three times or less .......................... .26<br />
Ventral brush <strong>of</strong> only two three-haired tufts . . varipalpus<br />
Ventral brush <strong>of</strong> many multiple tufts ........... .27<br />
Both pairs <strong>of</strong> dorsal head hairs single ........... .28<br />
Both pairs <strong>of</strong> dorsal head hairs never single ....... .30<br />
Anal gills three to four times as long as anal seg-<br />
ment ................................ near&us<br />
Anal gills as long as or slightly longer than anal seg-<br />
ment .................................... ..2 9<br />
Anal gills bud-like, much shorter than anal segment<br />
....................................... dorsalis<br />
Single scale <strong>of</strong> comb with a broad apex bearing four<br />
to seven stout spines, all about same size and<br />
length .............................. .cowamunis<br />
Single scale <strong>of</strong> comb with a pointed apex bearing a<br />
single stout spine and numerous shorter lateral<br />
spines ................................ .inzpiger<br />
Both pairs <strong>of</strong> dorsal head hairs multiple ........... -31<br />
Both pairs <strong>of</strong> dorsal head hairs not multiple ....... .33<br />
Anal gills bud-like, much shorter than anal segment<br />
...................................... cantator<br />
_- ’<br />
; .-<br />
136 -<br />
. a_ y,, ‘-3<br />
‘,$_I --<br />
, ’<br />
’ _<br />
. :<br />
/- F _<br />
sit-6<br />
, ’ b )‘_ :_<br />
/- ’<br />
, . . -
106 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
Anal gills well developed, longer than anal segment . .32<br />
32. Lateral abdominal hairs double on <strong>the</strong> first to fifth<br />
segments, single on sixth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ca~~adewsis ’ ‘1, -\ j’ ‘;i<br />
Lateral ahdo,minal hai.rs double on first and second,<br />
single on third to sixth segments . . . . . . . . . .puClatus ’ --<br />
Lateral abdominal hairs multiple on first and second,<br />
double on third to sixth segments . . . . . . . . . . thibazdti ‘;” --<br />
33. Lower head hairs single, upper multiple . . . . campestris ‘* ’ - ~_<br />
Lower and upper head hairs double . . . . . . . . spanzigcr ‘: _ -<br />
Lower head hairs double, upper three or more . Czirsztterolz ‘,I” -J#:-~<br />
Lower head hairs single, upper double . . . . . . . . . . . . .34<br />
34. Lateral abdominal hairs multiple on <strong>the</strong> first, double<br />
on <strong>the</strong> second to <strong>the</strong> fifth, single on <strong>the</strong> sixth segments<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stiwmlam ,’ -<br />
I$? 2 /<br />
Lateral abdominal hairs multiple on <strong>the</strong> first to third,<br />
double on <strong>the</strong> fourth to sixth segments . . . .aldriclzi ‘:. -<br />
AEDES CINEREUS Meigen<br />
Aedes celzeyczts Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Eur. Zweifl. Ins. 1, 13,<br />
1818.<br />
Cfilex zzigrifzrlzls Zetterstedt, Dipt. Stand. 9, 34.5. 1850.<br />
Aed’es fztsczts Osten Sacken, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 3, 191.<br />
1877.<br />
C?Jex pallidolzirfa Grossbeck, Can. Ent. 37, 359. 1905.<br />
Aedcs cijze?pezfs fwmts Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 12, 179. 1924.<br />
‘4etJc.s cincrezts Jzemitclcm Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 12, 179. 1924.<br />
Fcnznle. Length about 4 mm. ; wing 3-3.5 mm. Proboscis long,<br />
bronzy-brown ; occiput yellowish-brown, clo<strong>the</strong>d with bright yellow,<br />
narrow, curved scales, a black patch each side; many erect, narrow<br />
dark scales on <strong>the</strong> nape; cheeks with many broad, flat, yellow scales.<br />
Mesonotum reddish-brown, uniformly clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow, curved,<br />
golden brown scales, paler about antescutellar space. Abdomen bronzy-<br />
brown, each segment with a narrow basal band <strong>of</strong> white scales ; at<br />
<strong>the</strong> sides <strong>the</strong>se bands join a continuous lateral yellowish-white stripe;<br />
venter entirely yellowish-white scaled. Wing veins dark scaled. Legs<br />
blackish-brown.
CULICINI 107<br />
Male hypopygizm. (Fig. 1, PI. X.) . Side-pieces twice as long as<br />
wide, broad, tapered to a sharp, densely haired, conical apex; apical<br />
lobe absent; basal lobe large, rugose, densely setose, strongly conical<br />
on inner half. Clasper inserted before <strong>the</strong> apex, double, <strong>the</strong> distal<br />
arm, long, curved, furcate at <strong>the</strong> tip; proximal branch short, conical,<br />
rounded at <strong>the</strong> apex and bears several setae on <strong>the</strong> distal half. Clas-<br />
pette greatly modified; at level <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> caudal margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> basal<br />
lobes each claspette divides into two slender branches, <strong>the</strong> outer<br />
bra:ich extending along <strong>the</strong> side-piece and bears two spines at apex<br />
and one subapically ; <strong>the</strong> inner branch is shorter, somewhat conical<br />
and terminates in a stout spine with two smaller spines before <strong>the</strong><br />
apex. Mesosome heavily chitinized, consisting <strong>of</strong> two distinct halves,<br />
expanded on <strong>the</strong> distal portion; at <strong>the</strong> base <strong>the</strong> two halves are united<br />
on <strong>the</strong> ventral side and very closely approximated on <strong>the</strong> dorsum. The<br />
parameres form at <strong>the</strong>ir base a kind <strong>of</strong> pocket into which <strong>the</strong> meso-<br />
some fits; <strong>the</strong> basal plates are very large. The lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth<br />
tergite are widely separated, narrow, short and clo<strong>the</strong>d with numer-<br />
ous setae.<br />
Larzfa. (Fig. 1, Pl. XXI.) Length 5-6 mm. Head rounded, dis-<br />
tinctly broader than long ; antennae with a prominent hair tuft dis-<br />
tinctly before <strong>the</strong> middle. Both pairs <strong>of</strong> head hairs multiple, long and<br />
set close to each o<strong>the</strong>r. Ante-antenna1 hair tuft multiple, long. Ab-<br />
domen with lateral hairs <strong>of</strong> first and second segments double, those<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> third to sixth single and ra<strong>the</strong>r long. Eighth segment with a<br />
lateral comb <strong>of</strong> scales arranged in a partly double row. Anal seg-<br />
ment longer than wide; <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate large, reaching near to <strong>the</strong><br />
ventral median line; dorsal brush a long hair and a large multiple<br />
tuft on each side; ventral brush well developed, with small tufts<br />
preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area nearly to <strong>the</strong> base. The anal gills are long<br />
gradually tapering to a sharp point. The air-tube is long, slender,<br />
tapering beyond <strong>the</strong> middle, three and one-half to four times as long<br />
as wide; pecten reached beyond <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube ; last three<br />
teeth are stouter and detached. The hair tuft is small and situated at<br />
<strong>the</strong> outer third <strong>of</strong> tube.<br />
This species is widely distributed throughout <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
United States, Canada, Europe and Siberia. I have found <strong>the</strong><br />
larvae only in shallow woodland pools during May (Central<br />
New York). The pools had a dense floor <strong>of</strong> decaying leaves<br />
and <strong>the</strong> larvae preferred <strong>the</strong> margins and shallower parts. These<br />
pools were great breeders <strong>of</strong> Aedcs stimdaxs but that species<br />
had nearly all pupated before A. cinerezu had begun to develop.
108 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
Though <strong>the</strong>se pools dried up in June, <strong>the</strong>y were frequently<br />
flooded by rains in July and August but no larvae <strong>of</strong> this species<br />
were found. It is apparently single brooded. The larvae ap-<br />
pear early in May, <strong>the</strong> adults emerging from <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
month till June. The females are vigorous biters, not hesitat-<br />
ing to attack during <strong>the</strong> daytime. They are not known to<br />
enter houses.<br />
AEDES VEXANS Meigen<br />
Culex vexavls Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Eur. Zweifl. Ins. 6, 241.<br />
1820.<br />
C&ex sylvestris Theobald, Mon. Culic. 1, 406. 1901.<br />
Aedes euochrous Howard, Dyar and Knab, NIosq. N. and Cent.<br />
Amer. and W.I. 4, 716. 1917.<br />
Fe?nale. Length 5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.<br />
Occiput black with narrow, curved yellow and brown scales, a nar-<br />
row black scaled area on <strong>the</strong> sides followed by a patch <strong>of</strong> flat white<br />
scales; erect, forked scales numerous, black and pale brown inter-<br />
mixed. Mesonotum clo<strong>the</strong>d with bronzy-brown scales, those around<br />
<strong>the</strong> antescutellar space and over <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wings, paler. Ab-<br />
domen black, each segment with a broad basal band <strong>of</strong> whitish scales<br />
which widens laterally into a triangular patch; apical portion <strong>of</strong> last<br />
three segments largely white scaled; venter with whitish scales ; each<br />
segment medianly with a basal black spot or stripe which may be<br />
joined to lateral black spots forming a Y. These latter may at times<br />
be lacking. Wing veins with brownish scales. Legs black; tarsi <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> hind legs with narrow basal bands <strong>of</strong> white scales; mid tarsi with<br />
basal bands on all except <strong>the</strong> last; front tarsi on <strong>the</strong> first three only.<br />
The first tarsal joint <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> legs with a narrow line <strong>of</strong> white scales<br />
along <strong>the</strong> inner surface.<br />
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 2, Pl. X.) Side-pieces twice as long as<br />
wide; apical and basal lobes absent. Clasper stout, gradually widen-<br />
ing to apex which is divided, one arm bearing a stout articulate spine;<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r arm larger with a few small setae. Claspette short, apex<br />
capitate and bears a dense crown <strong>of</strong> short spines; basal portion <strong>of</strong><br />
claspette detisely setose. Filament absent. Mesosome small heavily<br />
chitinized, <strong>the</strong> apex broader and gnarled. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite<br />
are widely separated and appear as ra<strong>the</strong>r large somewhat triangular<br />
plates clo<strong>the</strong>d with a few, short setae.
CULICINI 109<br />
Larva. (Fig. 3, Pl. XX.) Length 9-10 mm. Head broad,<br />
slightly wider than long; antenna tapering, spined all over, a mul-<br />
tiple tuft before <strong>the</strong> middle. Upper head hairs in threes or fours,<br />
lower double; ante-antenna1 tuft multiple. Abdomen stout, with but<br />
few hairs; lateral tufts multiple on <strong>the</strong> first and second segments,<br />
double on <strong>the</strong> third to <strong>the</strong> fifth and single on <strong>the</strong> sixth. Comb <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> eighth segment consists <strong>of</strong> usually ten to twelve scales arranged<br />
in an irregular double row. Anal segment longer than wide, not<br />
enclosed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate; dorsal brush consists <strong>of</strong> a long hair<br />
and a tuft on ei<strong>the</strong>r side; ventral brush large with smaller tufts pre-<br />
ceding <strong>the</strong> barred area. Anal gills longer than <strong>the</strong> segment, ensi-<br />
form. Air-tube long, tapering beyond <strong>the</strong> middle, three times as long<br />
as wide; pecten reaching beyond <strong>the</strong> middle, <strong>the</strong> last two teeth larger<br />
and detached; tuft small, beyond <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> air-tube.<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most widely distributed species <strong>of</strong> mosqui-<br />
toes. It occurs throughout <strong>the</strong> Palaearctic, Nearctic and Ori-<br />
ental regions. It is widespread throughout <strong>the</strong> United States<br />
and Canada. It is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most troublesome and abundant<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. The favorite breeding areas are rain filled<br />
pools in meadows and open marshes, foul roadside puddles,<br />
filthy pools around city dumps and hog wallows fouled with<br />
excrement. It is rarely found breeding in clear woodland pools<br />
and <strong>the</strong>n in very small numbers. Though thousands <strong>of</strong> larvae<br />
have been taken, this species rarely appeared in collections from<br />
wooded marshes or permanent swamp pools. Its abundance<br />
in filthy pools is extraordinary. In a filthy puddle containing<br />
a half pint <strong>of</strong> water 1,089 larvae were counted. In ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
similar puddle six inches long by four inches wide and not<br />
over four inches deep some 4,000 larvae were counted. Basing<br />
estimates on <strong>the</strong>se and similar counts it was concluded that<br />
from a series <strong>of</strong> foul roadside pools and a nearby hog wallow<br />
over 100,000,000 adults emerged in one small area near <strong>the</strong><br />
city <strong>of</strong> Ithaca in <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> 1922. This estimate seemed fully<br />
justified by <strong>the</strong> abundance <strong>of</strong> this species in <strong>the</strong> city and subura<br />
ban areas.<br />
The breeding habits <strong>of</strong> this species are not yet fully under-<br />
stood. Smith states that in New Jersey that brood follows
110 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
brood from late May till <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> October provided <strong>the</strong>re<br />
is sufficient rain to keep <strong>the</strong> pools filled. Dyar believes this<br />
species. was originally single brooded, breeding during <strong>the</strong> early<br />
spring in pools filled by <strong>the</strong> melting snows and spring rains<br />
but that now <strong>the</strong> species breeds whenever water fills <strong>the</strong> pools<br />
in which <strong>the</strong>ir eggs have been laid. Freeborn states that “Gn-<br />
like <strong>the</strong> eggs <strong>of</strong> many Aedes, those <strong>of</strong> vexans hatch if moisture<br />
is supplied during <strong>the</strong> same season. This facilitates, in favored<br />
locations, <strong>the</strong> production <strong>of</strong> many broods during <strong>the</strong> season.”<br />
He finds, in California, that along rivers that overflow <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
banks whenever <strong>the</strong>re is excessive rainfall in <strong>the</strong> mountains or<br />
melting snows, a new brood <strong>of</strong> v-dcxam appears in <strong>the</strong> lo8w-<br />
lying depressions filled by <strong>the</strong> water. In o<strong>the</strong>r sections, as <strong>the</strong><br />
Sacramento Valley, <strong>the</strong>re is only a single brood, <strong>the</strong> spring<br />
brood, since <strong>the</strong>re are no summer rains.<br />
Our observations indicate two distinct breeding periods in<br />
Central New York. The spring brood develops in May if<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is sufficient rainfall but if not, it develops in June or<br />
July should rains occur <strong>the</strong>n. The second breeding period oc-<br />
curs in late August and early September and this brood rarely<br />
fails since sufficient rainfall generally occurs at that time.<br />
Migration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Adults. The adults migrate considerable<br />
distances from <strong>the</strong>ir breeding grounds. Smith states that <strong>the</strong>y<br />
travel a mile or two with ease and a five mile migration is<br />
possible. Beckwith concludes that <strong>the</strong> species has an extreme<br />
migratory range <strong>of</strong> ten miles and tends to move to <strong>the</strong> nearest<br />
center <strong>of</strong> population. At Ithaca I found <strong>the</strong> species to migrate<br />
ra<strong>the</strong>r slowly and gradually. The disappearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> adults<br />
at <strong>the</strong> breeding grounds was indicated by <strong>the</strong>ir presence in <strong>the</strong><br />
city about one-half mile distant. It took about a week to cover<br />
a three mile radius to <strong>the</strong> outlying districts. The adults later<br />
return to <strong>the</strong>ir breeding grounds and <strong>the</strong> females deposit <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
eggs on <strong>the</strong> dry hard ground. They have not been seen to ovi-<br />
posit on water or where water was present. Aedes vexam<br />
bites readily and is a very annoying pest in rural districts,<br />
villages, cities and suburban areas. Its maximum abundance
CULICINI 111<br />
usually occurs in late August and September and frequently<br />
makes life in our recreation parks, playgrounds, gardens, etc.,<br />
almost unendurable. It not infrequently invades houses even<br />
though screened, and is extremely annoying on unscreened<br />
porches biting during <strong>the</strong> early morning, late afternoon and<br />
well into <strong>the</strong> night. Its migratory habit renders this species a<br />
difficult one to deal with in areas where <strong>the</strong> breeding grounds<br />
are not known or when <strong>the</strong>y are at some distance from <strong>the</strong> cen-<br />
ters <strong>of</strong> population.<br />
AEDES STIMULANS Walker<br />
Culex stimulaalzs Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus. 1, 4. 1848.<br />
Culicada sztbcantam Felt, Bull. 97, N.Y. State Mus., 448. 1905.<br />
Aedcs classiczts Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 62, 77. 1922.<br />
Aedes wzercurator Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 8, 13. 1920.<br />
Acdes nzi.s.si.ssippii Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 62, 77. 1922.<br />
Aedes albertce Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 62, 76. 1922.<br />
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis black. Palpi<br />
short, brownish-black. Occiput black, with numerous yellowish-white<br />
appressed scales and many slender, erect, blunt, scales intermixed;<br />
cheeks with broad whitish scales. Mesonotum dark brown, densely<br />
clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow curved scales, bronzy-brown on <strong>the</strong> disk, <strong>the</strong><br />
scales <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> antescutelar space, lateral margins and a sub-dorsal<br />
line each side <strong>of</strong> disk whitish. Abdomen black; each segment with<br />
broad basal bands <strong>of</strong> white scales; venter densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with white<br />
scales. Wing scales black to brown intermixed with dull white ones,<br />
<strong>the</strong> black scales predominating. Legs black, femora and tibiae with<br />
white and black scales intermixed; tarsi black, each hind tarsal seg-<br />
ment broadly ringed with white scales; rings <strong>of</strong> white scales on<br />
middle and front tarsi narrow, <strong>the</strong> last two segments <strong>of</strong> front tarsi<br />
and <strong>the</strong> last one <strong>of</strong> middle usually wholly back.<br />
IVale hypopygiuvz. (Fig. 6.) Side-pieces nearly three times as<br />
long as wide, slender; apical lobe large, rounded with ra<strong>the</strong>r long<br />
setae directed outwardly ; basal lobe quadrately expanded bearing<br />
numerous short setae and a stout curved marginal spine. Claspers<br />
lorig, medianly expanded. Claspette with slender, hirsute cylindrical<br />
stem ; filament sickle-shaped, slightly expanded at middle. Mesosome<br />
stout, cylindrical, widely open along <strong>the</strong> ventral surface, closed on
112 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
<strong>the</strong> dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite short, ap-<br />
proximate, and each is crowned with a group <strong>of</strong> short, stout spines.<br />
Lamfa. (Fig. 9.) Length 9-10 mm. Head wider than long; an-<br />
tentla cylindrical ; tuft small, situated at middle; upper pair <strong>of</strong> dor-<br />
sal head hairs double, lower pair single; anteantennal tuft multiple<br />
and short. Abdomen with <strong>the</strong> lateral hairs on <strong>the</strong> first segment mul-<br />
tiple or double, double on <strong>the</strong> second to <strong>the</strong> fifth and single on <strong>the</strong><br />
sixth; o<strong>the</strong>r hairs short, multiple or single. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> eighth<br />
segment <strong>of</strong> many scales in a triangular patch. Anal segment nearly<br />
twice as long as wide; dorsal plate large, reaching two-thirds <strong>the</strong><br />
way down <strong>the</strong> sides; dorsal brush a long hair and multiple tuft on<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r side; ventral brush well developed, preceded by small tufts<br />
to near <strong>the</strong> base. Anal gills short, slightly longer than <strong>the</strong> anal seg-<br />
ment. Air-tube three to three and one half times as long as wide;<br />
pecten <strong>of</strong> many closely set teeth on <strong>the</strong> basal third <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube; tuft<br />
<strong>of</strong> three to four hairs just beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten.<br />
Aedcs stinzzdans is. distributed throughout <strong>the</strong> eastern United<br />
States, Canada and <strong>the</strong> Yukon. It is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most abun-<br />
dant and annoying woodland species <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>astern States<br />
and eastern Canada. It breeds in woodland pools, flood-pools<br />
<strong>of</strong> rivers and in swamps and marshes. The winter is passed<br />
in <strong>the</strong> egg stage. The eggs hatch with <strong>the</strong> melting <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ice<br />
and snow in woodland pools, and <strong>the</strong> adults appear on <strong>the</strong><br />
wing in late April, May or June depending on <strong>the</strong> locality.<br />
The adults are long lived and survive till late July and August.<br />
I have taken <strong>the</strong>m as late as <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> September at Ithaca.<br />
This species rarely invades houses, and it is not known how<br />
far it may travel though I have taken it at least two miles<br />
from any known breeding place. It it a vicious biter and oc-<br />
curs in enormous numbers, rendering life almost unendurable.<br />
It is a common invader <strong>of</strong> urban communities, villages, parks,<br />
etc.<br />
AEDES EXCRUCIANS Walker<br />
C&x excrucians Walker, Ins. Saund. Dipt., 429. 1856.<br />
C&x abfitchii Felt, Bull. 79, N.Y. State Mus. 381. 1904.<br />
C&x siplzonalis Grossbeck, Can. Ent. 36, 332. 1904.<br />
Aedes sansoni Dyar and Knab, Can. Ent. 41, 102. 1909.
CULICINI 113<br />
Aedes eudes Howard, Dyar and Knab, Mosq. North and Cent.<br />
Amer. and W.I. 4, 714. 1917.<br />
Aedes aloponotzm Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 5, 98. 1917.<br />
Fe~~ale. Length 5.5-6 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis slender,<br />
black. Occiput blackish, clo<strong>the</strong>d with appressed, narrow, curved<br />
white scales in <strong>the</strong> middle and diffused brownish scales laterally;<br />
many slender, erect, slightly forked, black scales on <strong>the</strong> nape; cheeks<br />
with many flat scales and a small quadrate patch <strong>of</strong> black ones be-<br />
hind <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eye. Mesonotum brown, densely clo<strong>the</strong>d<br />
with narrow curved scales, a broad median stripe <strong>of</strong> bronzy-brown<br />
ones, <strong>the</strong> anterior margin, sides and antescutellar space with yellowish-<br />
white ones. Abdomen black with broad basal segmental bands <strong>of</strong> yel-<br />
lowish-white scales; venter white scaled, <strong>the</strong> median area with some<br />
black scales. Wing scales black, intermixed with pale ones, <strong>the</strong><br />
black ones predominating. Legs black; femora and tibiae with whit-<br />
ish and black scales intermixed; tarsi black, each joint <strong>of</strong> hind legs<br />
with a broad basal band <strong>of</strong> yellowish-white scales; on <strong>the</strong> front and<br />
middle legs <strong>the</strong> basal white bands are narrow and nearly obsolete on<br />
<strong>the</strong> last segment.<br />
Male hyp<strong>of</strong>ygiunz. (Fig. 3, PI. X.) Side-pieces over twice as long<br />
as wide; apical lobe broadly rounded, prominent and clo<strong>the</strong>d with<br />
short, anteriorly curved setae ; basal lobe extends from <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong><br />
apical lobe to apex <strong>of</strong> tenth sternite as a ra<strong>the</strong>r broad roughened<br />
area, clo<strong>the</strong>d with numerous small setae arising from tubercular<br />
bases. Clasper long, slender, slightly enlarged near <strong>the</strong> middle.<br />
Claspette long, slender cylindrical and bears at its apex an articu-<br />
ated filament, angularly expanded near its base. Mesosome consists<br />
<strong>of</strong> a hollow chitinous cylinder, <strong>the</strong> chitin forming a complete ring<br />
at <strong>the</strong> base, open along <strong>the</strong> ventral median line but closed on <strong>the</strong> dor-<br />
sal face. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergites prominent, each bearing a num-<br />
ber <strong>of</strong> stout spines.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 5, pl. XIX.) Length 8-9 mm. Head wider than<br />
long. Antenna cylindrical, tapered beyond <strong>the</strong> tuft, spined all over<br />
with ra<strong>the</strong>r coarse spines; tuft before <strong>the</strong> middle. Both pairs <strong>of</strong><br />
dorsal head hairs double. Anteantennal tuft multiple. Abdomen<br />
stout, <strong>the</strong> lateral hairs on <strong>the</strong> first and second segments usually dou-<br />
ble, single on <strong>the</strong> third to <strong>the</strong> sixth; a pair <strong>of</strong> long sub-dorsal hairs<br />
on <strong>the</strong> third, fourth and fifth segments; a pair <strong>of</strong> long sub-ventral<br />
hairs on <strong>the</strong> third to fifth segments. Eighth segment with a lateral<br />
comb <strong>of</strong> many scales in a triangular patch. Anal segment about<br />
twice as long as wide; dorsal plate extends well to <strong>the</strong> mid-ventral
114 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
line, a single, ra<strong>the</strong>r long hair on ventral-posterior angle; dorsal<br />
brush consists <strong>of</strong> a long hair and a tuft on ei<strong>the</strong>r side; ventral brush<br />
well developed with small tufts preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area to near <strong>the</strong><br />
base. The air-tube slender, four times as long as wide; pecten not<br />
reaching <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube, <strong>the</strong> last two or three teeth larger<br />
and detached; tuft large, beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten.<br />
This is a very widely distributed species. It occurs through-<br />
out <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn United States extending southward along <strong>the</strong><br />
mountain ranges, Canada, North Europe and North Asia. It<br />
breeds in situations quite similar to those <strong>of</strong> A. stiwzulans<br />
though its preference seems to be swamps and grassy marshes<br />
flooded during <strong>the</strong> early spring. The adults appear usually<br />
somewhat earlier than A. stiwm~aans and have similar habits,<br />
living till late in <strong>the</strong> season and attacking at all times during<br />
<strong>the</strong> day in <strong>the</strong> shade and wooded areas. There is but one<br />
brood a season. The eggs are laid during <strong>the</strong> summer, hatching<br />
<strong>the</strong> following spring. I have reared a single adult from a lar-<br />
vae on September 29. This is <strong>the</strong> only known record <strong>of</strong> this<br />
species breeding late in <strong>the</strong> season.<br />
AEDES FITCHII Felt and Young<br />
CuCex @c/G Felt and Young. Science, N.S. 20, 312. 1904.<br />
Aedes jvh&is Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 4, 89. 1916.<br />
Aedes fialustris var. pricei Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 5, 16. 1917.<br />
Aedes nzivttesis Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 5, 116. 1917.<br />
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis slender, brown-<br />
ish-black. Occiput brownish-black, clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow, curving, ap-<br />
pressed whitish scales, somewhat brownish laterally, and many slen-<br />
der, erect, forked black scales on <strong>the</strong> nape; cheeks with broad, flat<br />
white scales and a small squarish patch <strong>of</strong> black ones behind <strong>the</strong> mid-<br />
dle <strong>of</strong> eye. Mesonotum dark brown, densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow,<br />
curving scales-a broad median band <strong>of</strong> yellowish brown ones, <strong>the</strong><br />
anterior edge, <strong>the</strong> sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disk and <strong>the</strong> antescutellar area with<br />
yellowish-white to white ones ; sides <strong>of</strong> disks with many brown<br />
scales mixed with <strong>the</strong> white ones. Abdomen black; each segment<br />
with a broad basal band <strong>of</strong> white scales and a few white ones at<br />
apex; venter entirely pale scaled. Wings with black and white<br />
scales, about evenly mixed. Legs black; femora and tibiae with
CULICINI 115<br />
black and yellowish scales about evenly mixed; tarsi black, each<br />
segment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hind tarsi broadly banded with white scales at <strong>the</strong> base;<br />
on <strong>the</strong> front and middle tarsi <strong>the</strong> bands are narrow, <strong>the</strong> last two<br />
segments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> front and <strong>the</strong> last one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> middle tarsi wholly<br />
black.<br />
Male hypopygiuwk (Fig. 4, Pl. X.) Side-pieces nearly three times<br />
as long as wide; apical lobe prominent, rounded and bears short<br />
and long stout setae almost appearing as spines: basal lobe triangu-<br />
lar clo<strong>the</strong>d with numerous curving setae; on <strong>the</strong> outer basal side is<br />
a smaller elevation clo<strong>the</strong>d with longer setae and one stout spine.<br />
Clasper stout, expanded at <strong>the</strong> middle, slightly tapering on apical<br />
half. Claspette stem long; filament short, slightly angularly expanded<br />
near base, and ends in a recurved point. Mesosome a ra<strong>the</strong>r short,<br />
stout cyinder, open along <strong>the</strong> median ventral line, closed on <strong>the</strong><br />
dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergites short and each<br />
bears a number <strong>of</strong> long stout spines.<br />
LWZRZ. (Fig. 6, PI. XIX.) Length S-10 mm. Head as wide as<br />
long. Antenna spinose all over with large and small spines; tuft<br />
prominent inserted before <strong>the</strong> middle. Both pairs <strong>of</strong> dorsal head<br />
hairs multiple. Anteantennal tuft multiple. Abdomen stout, with long<br />
hairs; lateral hairs on <strong>the</strong> first to sixth segments double, those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
first and second segments may be frequently in threes; a series <strong>of</strong><br />
long single or double sub-median dorsal hairs on <strong>the</strong> third to <strong>the</strong><br />
seventh segments ; a similar series on <strong>the</strong> venter. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong><br />
eighth segment <strong>of</strong> numerous scales in a triangular patch. Anal seg-<br />
ment distinctly longer than wide; <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate large and ex-<br />
tending well down to <strong>the</strong> mid-ventral line; dorsal brush consists <strong>of</strong><br />
a long hair and multiple tuft on ei<strong>the</strong>r side; ventral brush well de-<br />
veloped with smaller tufts preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area to near <strong>the</strong> base.<br />
Gills ensiform, pointed and longer than <strong>the</strong> anal segment. Air-tube<br />
four times as long as wide, tapering gradually from near <strong>the</strong> base;<br />
pecten evenly and closely set, reaching to near <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
tube; hair tuft is large and situated at <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube.<br />
The larva <strong>of</strong> this species occurs during <strong>the</strong> early spring in<br />
pools filled from melting snows, in wooded swamps and open<br />
marshes, generally associated with A. excrucians and A. sti~~u-<br />
Cans. The larvae develop about ten days to two weeks later<br />
than <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two species. It has been interesting to study<br />
pools where <strong>the</strong>se species breed and note <strong>the</strong> early abundance<br />
<strong>of</strong> A. s’timdauts and Al. excrmia~ns soon after <strong>the</strong> ice has dis-
116 hrosc~x~o~s OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
appeared. When <strong>the</strong>se larvae are nearly mature, <strong>the</strong>re appears<br />
a crop <strong>of</strong> minute larvae which later prove to be A. fitchii. Fre-<br />
quently this species is found almost in pure cultures, immense<br />
numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m in shallow pools with dense leaf covered<br />
bottoms.<br />
The habits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> adults are similar to those <strong>of</strong> A. excrztcia~zs<br />
and A. stimulans. It is widely distributed throughout <strong>the</strong> Nor-<br />
<strong>the</strong>rn United States and Canada.<br />
AEDES CANADENSIS Theobald<br />
Czdex ca~zadensis Theobald, Mon. Culic. 2, 3. 1901.<br />
Czllex &itarsis Coquillett, Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash. 6, 168. 1904.<br />
Fenzale. Length 4.5 mm. ; wing 4 mm. Proboscis slender, black<br />
to brownish-black. Occiput brown, clo<strong>the</strong>d with many, curved, yel-<br />
lowish-white scales; nape with narrow, erect, forked, brown and<br />
yellowish scales intermixed; cheeks with flat, appressed white scales.<br />
Mesonotum reddish-brown, densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow scales, gol-<br />
den brown dorsally, yellowish-white on <strong>the</strong> lateral and anterior mar-<br />
gins and around <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space; narrow yellowish line each<br />
side on posterior half outside antescutellar space. Abdomen black,<br />
with narrow basal segmental bands <strong>of</strong> white scales, widening later-<br />
ally; <strong>the</strong>se bands are frequently almost lacking especially on <strong>the</strong> sixth<br />
and seventh segments ; venter amost entirely pale scaled. Wing<br />
scales black or brown. Legs black ; tarsi black; each segment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
hind tarsi narrowly banded with white at apex and base, last segment<br />
entirely white ; rings on mid-tarsal segments much reduced and ab-<br />
sent on <strong>the</strong> fore tarsi except on <strong>the</strong> first and second segments.<br />
Male hypopygiwa. (Fig. 5, Pl. X.) Side-pieces a little more than<br />
twice as long as wide; apical lobe quadrate, flattened with numerous<br />
short setae; basal lobe large, quadrate in outline, densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with<br />
short setae. Claspers long, somewhat expanded at <strong>the</strong> middle. Clasp-<br />
ette with a short cylindrical stem, setose, with a stouter seta just<br />
before <strong>the</strong> apex; filament slender, pointed, about as long as <strong>the</strong> stem.<br />
Mesosome slender, cylindrical ; widely open along <strong>the</strong> mid-ventral<br />
line, closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth ter-<br />
gite short, and each bears a varying number <strong>of</strong> short, stout spines.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 4, PI. XIX.) Length 8 mm. Head wider than long.<br />
Antennae curved, prominently spined all over; a large tuft just be-<br />
fore <strong>the</strong> middle; both pairs <strong>of</strong> dorsal head hairs large and multiple;
CULICINI 117<br />
anteantennal tuft long and multiple. The abdomen stout ; lateral<br />
hairs on <strong>the</strong> first to fifth segments double, on <strong>the</strong> sixth, single. Eighth<br />
segment bears a lateral comb <strong>of</strong> many scales in a triangular patch.<br />
Anal segment longer than wide; dorsal plate reaching fully two-thirds<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> way down <strong>the</strong> sides; dorsal tuft consists <strong>of</strong> a long hair and a<br />
brush on ei<strong>the</strong>r side; ventral brush well developed with short tufts<br />
preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area to near <strong>the</strong> base. Anal gills ensiform, as<br />
long as or sometimes much longer than <strong>the</strong> segment. -Air-tube taper-<br />
ing, three times as long as wide; pecten reaching just beyond <strong>the</strong><br />
first third <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube; tuft large, situated beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten.<br />
This species is widely distributed over <strong>the</strong> United States<br />
from <strong>the</strong> Gulf <strong>of</strong> Mexico to Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada and west to <strong>the</strong><br />
Pacific Coast in its nor<strong>the</strong>rn range.<br />
It is one <strong>of</strong> our most common Aedcs species. The larvae are<br />
found in early spring, breeding in woodland pools filled by<br />
melting snows or spring rains. In general <strong>the</strong>y prefer pools<br />
with a bottom <strong>of</strong> dead and decaying leaves though <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
found in roadside puddles, spring fed pools, cranberry bogs,<br />
pools in open sphagnum bogs, wooded swamps and open meacl-<br />
ows. The species hibernates in <strong>the</strong> egg stage and <strong>the</strong> young<br />
larvae are found when <strong>the</strong> ponds are still ice covered. 1Vhe<strong>the</strong>r<br />
this species is single brooded or has a second brood in a season<br />
is still doubtful. Undoubtedly <strong>the</strong> great majority <strong>of</strong> eggs hatch<br />
in early spring, <strong>the</strong> adults appearing in maximum abunclance<br />
in late h!lay and early June.<br />
At Ithaca I have obtained <strong>the</strong> larvae in considerable numbers<br />
in mid-summer from artificial pools made in dry surfaced<br />
sphagnum bogs. Whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>se late appearing larvae are from<br />
eggs laid <strong>the</strong> previous season or from recently deposited eggs<br />
is not known. The adults do not wander far from <strong>the</strong>ir larval<br />
habitat. They readily attack especially towards <strong>the</strong> evening and<br />
dften prove a serious pest in woodlancls and forests. The)<br />
have not been taken in houses.<br />
AEDES COMMUNIS DeGeer<br />
Czzlex comnzz~tzis DeGeer, Mem. des Ins., 6, 3 16. 1776.<br />
Czflex P~EP~ZO~OSZLS Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins. 1, 4. 1818
118 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
AecFes obscums Me&en, Abbild. Zweifl. Ins. pl. II, fig. 2. 1830.<br />
Culex laxarezzsis Felt and Young, Science N. S. 20, 3 12. 1904.<br />
C&x borealis Ludlow, Can. Ent. 43, 178. 1911.<br />
Aedes tahoewsis Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 4, 82. 1916.<br />
Aedes altiusczhs Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 5, 100. 1917.<br />
Aedes wzasanm Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 8, 166. 1920.<br />
Ochlerotatus palme& Edwards, Ent. Tidskr. 52. 1921.<br />
Female. Length 5-6 mm .; wing 5 mm. Proboscis slender, black, Oc-<br />
ciput black, clo<strong>the</strong>d with pale yellow, curved scales; nape with many<br />
narrow, erect, slightly forked pale yellow scales; cheeks with broad<br />
flat, yellowish-white scales. Mesonotum black, densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with<br />
scales, a dark brown narrow longitudinal stripe <strong>of</strong> fine scales each side<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> median line; medianly a stripe <strong>of</strong> stouter, pale scales divided by<br />
a very narrow bare line; a short brown stripe each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> an-<br />
tescutellar space ; <strong>the</strong> sides and antescutellar space with light brown-<br />
ish-yellow scales. Abdomen brownish-black; each segment with a<br />
broad basal band <strong>of</strong> white scales; venter yellowish-white scaled ex-<br />
cept apices <strong>of</strong> segments which are black scaled. Wing scales brown-<br />
ish-black to black. Legs long, black.<br />
iklale hypopygium. (Fig. 6, Pl. X.) Side-pieces three times as<br />
long as wide; apical lobe large, rounded and bears numerous ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
long stout spines and shorter setae; basal lobe small, quadrilateral<br />
in outline, somewhat detached at base; margin with a row <strong>of</strong> promi-<br />
nent recurved spines ; smaller setae scattered over <strong>the</strong> lobe; a single<br />
stout spine arises from near <strong>the</strong> base. Clasper short, expanded near<br />
<strong>the</strong> middle. Claspette with stout, long cylindrical stem, somewhat<br />
tapering to <strong>the</strong> apex, pilose; filament short, broadly expanded near<br />
<strong>the</strong> base, and terminating in a ra<strong>the</strong>r long recurved point. Mesosome<br />
cylindrical, stout, short, closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsal surface, open along <strong>the</strong><br />
median ventral line and closed at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth ter-<br />
gite prominent, long and each bears five or more stout short spines.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 2, Pl. XIX.) Length 10 mm. Head rounded, wider<br />
than long; antenna cylindrical, curved, small spines present, larger<br />
ones on <strong>the</strong> outer margin; tuft large, situated before <strong>the</strong> middle. Up-<br />
per and lower dorsal head hairs single; anteantennal tuft large and<br />
multiple. Abdominal lateral hairs double on <strong>the</strong> first to fifth seg-<br />
ments, single on <strong>the</strong> sixth. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> eighth segment consists<br />
<strong>of</strong> 40-50 scales arranged in a large, triangular patch. Anal segment<br />
about as wide as long; dorsal plate reaching two-thirds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> way<br />
down <strong>the</strong> sides. Anal gills much longer than <strong>the</strong> segment, ensiform,<br />
pointed. Air-tube stout, tapered, slightly more than twice as long as
wide ; pecten reaching<br />
ple, situated at middle<br />
CULICINI 119<br />
nearly to <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> tube; tuft large, multi-<br />
<strong>of</strong> tube.<br />
Aedes col?zmu,Gs is widely distributed throughout <strong>the</strong> North-<br />
ern forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States, Canada, Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Europe,<br />
Siberia and Alaska. It is said to remain in <strong>the</strong> shade and bites<br />
whenever opportunity <strong>of</strong>fers, though it attacks most fiercely<br />
just after dark. The species is, single brooded, <strong>the</strong> adults liv-<br />
ing till late in <strong>the</strong> season (August). The larval habitat is<br />
normally early spring pools filled with melting snows, though<br />
I have taken <strong>the</strong>m in swamps and marshes. The adults appear<br />
very early, <strong>the</strong> latter part <strong>of</strong> April (Central New York).<br />
AEDES TRICHURUS Dyar<br />
C&X trichurus Dyar, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Sot., 12, 170. 1904.<br />
CZ&X cinereoborealis Felt and Young, Science, N. S. 20, 312.<br />
1904.<br />
Aedes pugetonotutiz Dyar and Knab, Smith. Misc. Colls. Quart.<br />
Iss. 52, 253, 1909.<br />
Aedes poliochros Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 7, 35, 1906.<br />
Female. Lerigth 6-6.5 mm. ; wing 5-5.5 mm. Probiscis long, black.<br />
Palpi short, black, with a few white scales intermixed. Occiput<br />
black clo<strong>the</strong>d with numerous, curved, white to yellowish scales; nape<br />
with many, erect, narrow, forked black scales and a few paler ones;<br />
cheeks with broader, flat whitish scales. Mesonotum black, a broad<br />
median stripe, laterally expanded near middle, <strong>of</strong> narrow yellowish-<br />
brown scales, sides <strong>of</strong> disk, anterior margin and antescutellar space<br />
with broader, grayish-white scales ; a short brownish stripe at each<br />
side <strong>of</strong> antescutellar space. Abdomen black, each segment with a<br />
broad, white, basal band, somewhat widened at <strong>the</strong> sides; venter white<br />
scaled. Wing scales black or brownish-black. Legs black; femora<br />
yellowish-white scaled beneath, black above, with a black ring be-<br />
fore <strong>the</strong> apex ; tibiae black scaled except some whitish scales beneath;<br />
tarsi black.<br />
Male hypopygiwn. (Fig. 1, Pl. XI.) Side-pieces three times as<br />
long as wide; apical lobe appears as a slight expansion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> apex<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dorsal surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> side-piece, and bears a few short setae<br />
on <strong>the</strong> lower side, <strong>the</strong> upper surface with longer ones; basal lobe<br />
large, conical with numerous long hairs; near <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cone
120 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is a short elevation which bears two ra<strong>the</strong>r long slender spines.<br />
Clasper short, slender, slightly expanded medianly. Claspette with<br />
a long, curving cylindrical stem, slightly expanded before <strong>the</strong> apex;<br />
filament very short, stout and bears a series <strong>of</strong> parallel, transverse,<br />
elevated ridges. Mesosome long, cylindrical, pointed at <strong>the</strong> apex,<br />
heavily chitinized, with a small slit along <strong>the</strong> ventral median line,<br />
closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base; <strong>the</strong> sides are fur<strong>the</strong>r supported<br />
by longitudinal, lateral chitinized ridges. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite<br />
prominent, clo<strong>the</strong>d with numerous closely set spines.<br />
Lana. (Fig. 3, Pl. XIX.) Length 9-10 mm. Head somewhat<br />
broader than long; antenna gradually tapering to <strong>the</strong> tip, <strong>the</strong> outer<br />
side covered with large and small spines; tuft distinctly before <strong>the</strong><br />
middle; upper dorsal head hairs double, lower single ; anteantelinal<br />
tuft multiple. Abdominal lateral hairs on first segment triple, double<br />
on second and third, single on fourth to sixth; o<strong>the</strong>r hairs few and<br />
minute. Eighth segment bears a lateral comb <strong>of</strong> scales arranged in<br />
a double row. Anal segment as wide as long; <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate large<br />
and nearly reachitig <strong>the</strong> midventral line; dorsal tuft a long hair and<br />
a tuft on each side; ventral brush well developed, extending beyond<br />
barred area to near <strong>the</strong> base. Anal gills ensiform, slightly longer<br />
than <strong>the</strong> segment. Air-tube stout, about three times as long as wide;<br />
pecten reaching outer fourth <strong>of</strong> tube, <strong>the</strong> outer 4-5 teeth detached and<br />
more widely separated; hair tuft multiple, long and situated within<br />
<strong>the</strong> pecten, just beyond basal third; three or four minute hair tufts<br />
along ventral side just above pecten row; eight or ten ra<strong>the</strong>r promi-<br />
ment dorsal hair tufts arranged in two approximate rows <strong>of</strong> four or<br />
five each.<br />
Aedes triclzz~ms occurs throughout sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada and <strong>the</strong><br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn United States west to <strong>the</strong> Rocky Mountains. It<br />
breeds in early spring pools filled by melting snows and spring<br />
rains. It is generally associated with Aedcs emm~imzs, fitclzii<br />
and stiwzulans. Very little is known <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> habits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> adults<br />
though <strong>the</strong>y bite freely in wooded and marsh areas where <strong>the</strong>y<br />
breed.<br />
AEDES FLAVESCENS Miiller<br />
Cztlex fiavescens Miller, Fauna Ins. Fried., 87. 1764.<br />
CztCex Zzttescem Fabricius, Syst. Ent., 800. 1775.<br />
CzzTex variegatzu Schrank, Enum. Ins. Austria, 482. 1781.<br />
Cz,lZex amaws Blanchard, Les Moustiques, 303. 1905.
CULICINI 121<br />
CuCex fletcheri Coyuillett, U.S. Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser. 11, 20.<br />
1906.<br />
C&x cyp~iz~s Ludlow, Ins. Ins. Mens. 7, 112. 1920.<br />
Female. Length 6-7 mm.; wing 6.5 mm. Proboscis long, brown,<br />
with a mixture <strong>of</strong> yellowish scales on basal half. Occiput brown,<br />
with narrow yellowish scales on vertex, broad flat brownish scales<br />
on cheeks, and numerous erect, forked, brownish-yellow scales on <strong>the</strong><br />
nape. Mesonotum dark brown, with a broad median stripe <strong>of</strong> bronzy-<br />
brown scales, <strong>the</strong> sides, and around <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space, yellow-<br />
ish scaled, or <strong>the</strong>re may be a blending <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brown and yellow<br />
scales. Abdomen entirely covered with dull yellow scales. Wing<br />
predominatingly yellow scaled with a sprinkling <strong>of</strong> black scales. Legs<br />
brown scaled, intermixed with yellowish scales; broad white bands<br />
at <strong>the</strong> bases <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> tarsal joints.<br />
Male hypopygium (Fig. 2, Pl. XI.) Side-pieces more than twice<br />
as long as wide; apical lobe prominent, rounded, with numerous<br />
setae, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m retrorse; basal lobe a large elongate area, slightly<br />
elevated at <strong>the</strong> cephalic border, clo<strong>the</strong>d with numerous setae and a<br />
stout recurved spine at <strong>the</strong> outer cephalic edge accompanied by sev-<br />
tral fine long spines. Clasper long, swollen medianly. Claspette<br />
with stout, cylindrical stem, setose and with three stout setae on <strong>the</strong><br />
inner margin near <strong>the</strong> base; filament long, angularly expanded at <strong>the</strong><br />
middle. Mesosome long, cylindrical, widely open along <strong>the</strong> mid-ven-<br />
tral line, closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth<br />
tergite short, narrow, widely separated, and each bears four or five<br />
stout spines.<br />
Larva. Head wider than long; antenna spined, multiple tuft near<br />
<strong>the</strong> middle ; upper and lower head hairs multiple (upper may be some-<br />
times double) ; anteantennal tuft multiple. Lateral abdominal hairs<br />
double on <strong>the</strong> first to sixth segments. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> eighth seg-<br />
ment <strong>of</strong> maliy scales in a triangular patch. Anal segment longer<br />
than broad, not ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate; dorsal brush a long hair<br />
and a multiple tuft each side; ventral brush large, with small tufts<br />
preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area to <strong>the</strong> base. Anal gills as long as <strong>the</strong> seg-<br />
ment, pointed. Air-tube over three times as long as wide, tapering;<br />
pecten reaches <strong>the</strong> middle, <strong>the</strong> last two teeth detached, followed by a<br />
multiple tuft.<br />
Cedes flacdcscens is distributed from Ontario westward<br />
through <strong>the</strong> great American prairies, south to <strong>the</strong> Dakotas and<br />
<strong>north</strong> to Hudson Bay. It also occurs in Alaska, Asia and
122 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
Europe. It breeds in early spring pools and flooded meadows<br />
o,f <strong>the</strong> prairies. There is but one brood a season, <strong>the</strong> adults liv-<br />
ing till late in <strong>the</strong> season. Wesenberg-Lund records <strong>the</strong>m as<br />
vicious pests <strong>of</strong> horses and cattle in Denmark, though man is<br />
not exempt.<br />
AEDES RIPARIUS Dyar and Knab<br />
Aedes riparizts Dyar and Knab, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Sot., 15, 213.<br />
1907.<br />
Female. Length 6 mm. ; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis black, with<br />
brownish scales in <strong>the</strong> middle. Occiput with brown scales, yellow<br />
scales on <strong>the</strong> median area; erect black scales on <strong>the</strong> nape; sides and<br />
cheeks whitish scaled. Mesonotum with very small golden brown<br />
scales, whitish at <strong>the</strong> sides and on antescutellar space. Abdomen<br />
black with basal white bands, <strong>the</strong> whole more or less intermingled<br />
with white scales. Wing scales narrow, dark brown. Femora, tibiae<br />
and first tarsal joint largely white scaled; tarsal joints with broad<br />
white bands at <strong>the</strong>ir bases, <strong>the</strong> bands broadest on <strong>the</strong> hind legs; <strong>the</strong><br />
apical portions black scaled.<br />
Male hypopygiwt. (Fig. 6, Pl. XV.) Side-pieces more than<br />
twice as long as wide; apical lobe prominent, rounded, with many re-<br />
curved setae; basal lobe conical, with numerous stout setae, and a<br />
stout basal spine surrounded by a tuft <strong>of</strong> long setae. Claspette stem<br />
cylindrical; filament <strong>of</strong> claspette sickle-shaped, longer than <strong>the</strong> stem.<br />
Clasper long, slightly swollen in <strong>the</strong> midde. Mesosome cyindrical,<br />
not heavily chitinized; tenth sternites prominent with stout recurved<br />
tips. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite short, with about six to eight long<br />
setae.<br />
This species occurs from Ontario west to Alberta and south<br />
to Colorado and Wisconsin. It breeds in <strong>the</strong> early spring pools<br />
on <strong>the</strong> prairie particularly those near or in small wooded areas.<br />
AEDES ABSERRATUS FeltandYoung<br />
Cztlex absermtus Felt and Young, Science N. S. 20, 312. 1904.<br />
AecCes centrotus Howard, Dyar and Knab. Moq. N. and Cen-<br />
tral Amer. and W.I. 4, 747. 1917.<br />
Aedes dysanor Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 9, 70. 1921.<br />
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis black. Occiput<br />
black, clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow, curved, yellowish-white scales and many
CULICINI 123<br />
yellowish, narrow, erect, slightly forked scales behind; cheeks with<br />
broad, flat, whitish scales. Mesonotum densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with scales,<br />
a broad median stripe <strong>of</strong> brilliant bronzy-brown small scales, <strong>the</strong> sides<br />
and antescutellar area with larger, yellowish-brown scales ; bristles<br />
over <strong>the</strong> roots <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wing are yellow. Abdomen black, each seg-<br />
ment with a basal band <strong>of</strong> white scales, narrowed medianly and some-<br />
what widened at <strong>the</strong> sides; venter white scaled, <strong>the</strong> apices <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> last<br />
two or three segments with a median triangular black patch. Wing<br />
scales brown to blackish-brown. Legs black; tips <strong>of</strong> femora pale;<br />
tarsi all black.<br />
Male Hypopygium. (Fig. 3, PI. XI.) Side-pieces nearly three<br />
times as long as wide; apical lobe prominent, rounded apically, with<br />
short, retrorse setae; basal lobe large, rounded at apex and bears num-<br />
erous hairs, a single stout hooked spine with an attendant group <strong>of</strong><br />
smaller spines. Claspette with long stem; filament long, slightly ex-<br />
panded in <strong>the</strong> middle. Mesosome long, cylindrical; widely open on<br />
<strong>the</strong> ventral surface, closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite long, narrow, and each bears five or six short,<br />
stout spines.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 6, Pl. XX.) Length 8-9 mm. Head distinctly<br />
wider than long; antennae spined all over; tuft situated before <strong>the</strong><br />
middle. Dorsal head hairs single, stout; anteantennal tuft in twos<br />
or threes. Abdomen stout; lateral hairs single on <strong>the</strong> first to sixth<br />
segments ; o<strong>the</strong>r hairs minute. Eighth segment with a lateral comb<br />
<strong>of</strong> 5-8 scales arranged in a row. Anal segment as wide as long,<br />
ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate; dorsal brush consists <strong>of</strong> two long hairs<br />
on each side; ventral brush well developed, confined by <strong>the</strong> plate.<br />
The anal gills are long and gradually tapered. The air-tube is stout,<br />
three times as long as wide; pecten evenly spaced, <strong>the</strong> last three teeth<br />
larger and frequently somewhat detached, not reaching <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> tube; tuft <strong>of</strong> two or three hairs situated just before <strong>the</strong> middle.<br />
The distribution <strong>of</strong> this species is not well known because<br />
all <strong>the</strong> records refer to at least two species+u,nctor’ and ab-<br />
serrates. It is known to occur in <strong>the</strong> Eastern United States<br />
south to New Jersey. Very little can b,e said <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> habits<br />
<strong>of</strong> this species. It is found breeding in <strong>the</strong> same types <strong>of</strong> locali-<br />
ties as A. pz~ctor. As I have not been able to separate <strong>the</strong> fe-<br />
males <strong>of</strong> this species from fwzctor <strong>the</strong> habits, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> adults <strong>of</strong><br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r species cannot be stated with any certainty.
124 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
AEDES PUNCTOR Kirby<br />
Culex punctor Kirby, Richardson’s Fauna Bar.-Amer. 4, 309.<br />
1837.<br />
Cdex inplacabilis Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. 1, 7. 1848.<br />
C&x prozrocans Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus. 1, 7. 1848.<br />
CuZicelsa auroides Felt, Bull. 97, N.Y. State Mu., 449. 1905.<br />
Aedes nzeigenams Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 9, 72. 1921.<br />
Female. Length 5-6 mm. ; wing 4 mm. Proboscis long, black.<br />
Occiput black, with numerous narrow, curved, pale yellow scales and<br />
many, erect, slightly forked yellow scales on <strong>the</strong> nape; cheeks with<br />
flat, broader, pale scales. Mesonotum black, densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with<br />
narrow scales, a distinct median stripe <strong>of</strong> bright bronzy-brown scales<br />
with a middle line <strong>of</strong> slightly paler scales, sides and antescutellar<br />
space yellow with a brownish tint. Abdomen black, with narrow<br />
basal segmental bands <strong>of</strong> white scales; venter white scaled, <strong>the</strong> tips<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> segments medianly black scaled. Wing veins black scaled.<br />
Legs black ; femora white scaled at tips; tarsi black.<br />
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 4, PI. XI.) Side-pieces nearly three<br />
times as long as broad; apical lobe prominent, somewhat pointed at<br />
<strong>the</strong> apex bearing numerous short retrorse spines or stout setae; basal<br />
lobe nearly quadrate in shape with a conical apex, densely setose; a<br />
slightly semi-detached lobe bears ra<strong>the</strong>r stout spines with a long, curv-<br />
ing spine arising on its outer border. Clasper long, slightly en-<br />
larged in <strong>the</strong> middle portion. Claspette with stout short, pilose stem;<br />
filament short, slightly widened at middle and terminating in a<br />
curved blunt point. Mesosome a stout, heavily chitinized, elongate<br />
cylinder open along <strong>the</strong> ventral median line, closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum<br />
and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite stout, prominent and<br />
each bears six or more short stout spines.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 4, Pl. XX.) Length 5-6 mm. Head much wider<br />
than long. Antenna short, spined all over; tuft before <strong>the</strong> middle.<br />
Dorsal head hairs in twos, sometimes one and two and occasionally<br />
only one each; anteantennal tuft short. Abdomen stout ; lateral<br />
hairs in twos on <strong>the</strong> first segment, single on <strong>the</strong> second to <strong>the</strong> seventh;<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r hairs small. Eighth segment bears a comb <strong>of</strong> 8 to 17 scales<br />
arranged in a double row. Anal segment longer than wide, ringed<br />
by <strong>the</strong> plate; dorsal brush consists <strong>of</strong> a pair <strong>of</strong> long hairs and two<br />
shorter multiple tufts ; ventral brush well developed, extending well<br />
beyond <strong>the</strong> barred area and confined by <strong>the</strong> plate. The anal gills are<br />
long and tapering. Air-tube stout, gradually tapering, three times<br />
as long as wide; pecten evenly spaced, not reaching <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong>
<strong>the</strong> tube<br />
tube.<br />
CULICINI 125<br />
; tuft <strong>of</strong> three to four hairs, situated at <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
This species is widely distributed throughout Canada, <strong>the</strong><br />
Nor<strong>the</strong>rn United States, Europe and Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Asia. The lar-<br />
vae are found during <strong>the</strong> early spring months and are usually<br />
associated with A. fitchii, A. abserratus, A. intrztdens, etc. It<br />
breeds in wooded swamps, early spring filled pools which have<br />
a floor <strong>of</strong> decaying leaves and occasionally in grassy bogs. The<br />
adults are found late into July in wooded areas and bite fiercely<br />
when disturbed during <strong>the</strong> day.<br />
s4~~~~ INTRUDENS Dyar<br />
Aedes intrudens Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 7, 23. 1919.<br />
CziZex iflzpiger Felt (not Walker) Bull. 79, N.Y. State Mus.,<br />
316. 1904.<br />
Aedes inzpiger Howard, Dyar and Knab (not Walker) Mosy.<br />
N. and Cent. Amer. and W.I. 4, 755. 1917.<br />
Fenzale. Length 5-6 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis black. Occi-<br />
put black, densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with yellow, curved scales; nape with many<br />
yellowish, narrow, erect, slightly forked scales; cheeks with flat,<br />
broad, yellow scales. Mesonotum with brownish-yellow scales all<br />
over; <strong>of</strong>tentimes <strong>the</strong>re may be slight indications <strong>of</strong> two narrow median<br />
brown lines or <strong>the</strong> scales in old specimens may be almost yellowish<br />
white. Abdomen black; each segment with a broad basal band <strong>of</strong><br />
white scales; venter white scaled. Wing scales all blackish-brown.<br />
Legs slender, blackish-brown.<br />
Male hypopygiwz. (Fig. 5, Pl. XI.) Side-pieces nearly three<br />
times as long as wide; <strong>the</strong> apex just beneath and beyond <strong>the</strong> apical<br />
lobe bears a dense patch <strong>of</strong> stout hairs; apical lobe distinct, rounded<br />
apically and clo<strong>the</strong>d with ra<strong>the</strong>r large somewhat retrorse setae; basal<br />
lobe elongate and bears at its apex two close-set, stout spines; at base<br />
<strong>of</strong> this lobe <strong>the</strong>re is a prominent stout spine. Clasper short, swollen<br />
medianly. Claspette with long, stout stem; <strong>the</strong> proximal part large,<br />
setose, its apex sharply constricted and bearing a short, stout seta;<br />
apical-half slender; filament large, angularly expanded at <strong>the</strong> middle,<br />
<strong>the</strong> tip <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> angle slightly recurved. Mesosome a short, stout cylin-<br />
der, sharply constricted before <strong>the</strong> apex; narrowly open along its ven-<br />
tral median line and open at <strong>the</strong> base and along <strong>the</strong> median dorsal<br />
line. The chitinization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mesosome is pronounced on <strong>the</strong> sides
126 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
and over <strong>the</strong> ventral surface but <strong>the</strong> dorsal surface is open except<br />
for a very thin membrane which appears to form a closure. Lobes<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite approximate and each bears 4 or 5 short, stout<br />
spines.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 1, Pl. XIX.) Length 7 mm. Head broader than<br />
long; antennae spined all over with small and large spines; tuft small,<br />
arising before <strong>the</strong> middle. Upper dorsal head hairs in fours, lower<br />
in twos or threes; anteantennal tuft multiple. Abdomen with lateral<br />
hairs double on <strong>the</strong> first segment, single on <strong>the</strong> second to <strong>the</strong> sixth.<br />
Eighth segment with a comb <strong>of</strong> scales arranged in a double row; anal<br />
segment longer than wide; dorsal chitinous plate reaching near to <strong>the</strong><br />
mid-ventral line, <strong>the</strong> ventral margin deeply incised; dorsal brush con-<br />
sists <strong>of</strong> a long hair and a tuft on each side; ventral brush well de-<br />
veloped with tufts preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area near to <strong>the</strong> base. Anal<br />
gills ensiform, short and ra<strong>the</strong>r bluntly pointed. Air-tube about two<br />
and one-half times as long as wide; pecten reaching <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
tube, <strong>the</strong> last two or three teeth stouter and detached; a large mul-<br />
tiple tuft just at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> pecten.<br />
This species is widely distributed throughout <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
United States and Canada. There is but a single brood a sea-<br />
son. It hibernates in <strong>the</strong> egg stage. The larvae are found in<br />
woodland pools filled by <strong>the</strong> melting snows and early spring<br />
rains. It seems to prefer <strong>the</strong> shallow pools with a dense floor<br />
<strong>of</strong> rotting leaves. The larvae appear somewhat later than those<br />
<strong>of</strong> Aedes stinzztlaw, A. fitchii or A. excwcia~m. The adults are<br />
abundant throughout <strong>the</strong> season and attack with avidity even<br />
during <strong>the</strong> day. They are long lived for I have collected <strong>the</strong>m<br />
as late as September (September 9). Dyar states that this<br />
species readily invades houses but I have never taken <strong>the</strong>m<br />
in houses though I have found <strong>the</strong>m abundantly in wooded<br />
areas throughout <strong>the</strong> season.<br />
AEDES IMPIGER Walker<br />
Culex iwzfiger Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus. 1, 6. 1848.<br />
Aedes decticus Howard, Dyar and Knab, Mosq. N. and Cent.<br />
Amer. and W.I. 4, 737. 1917.<br />
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing about 4 mm. Proboscis slender,<br />
long, black. Occiput black, clo<strong>the</strong>d with white, curved scales medianly,<br />
a brown patch each side; nape with narrow, erect, black scales;
CULICIliI 127<br />
cheeks with broad, flat white scales. Mesonotum black; a broad, dark<br />
brown median stripe divided by a broad median line <strong>of</strong> yellowish-<br />
brown scales; sides, anterior margin, and antescutellar space white<br />
scaled. Some brown scales are frequently present on <strong>the</strong> sides, par-<br />
ticularly in front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space. Abdomen black, each<br />
segment with a broad basal band <strong>of</strong> white scales; venter clo<strong>the</strong>d with<br />
white scales. Wing scales black. Legs black.<br />
A!la.le hypopygiwa. (Fig. 6, Pl. XI.) Side-pieces nearly four<br />
times as long as wide; apical lobe long, slender, finger-shaped and<br />
bears a few short setae on its inner face; basal lobe, very short,<br />
slightly conical, with a row <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r stout spines crossing its apex<br />
and one large, stout spine at <strong>the</strong> outer end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> row. Clasper long,<br />
very slightly expanded in <strong>the</strong> middle. Claspette with long, stout,<br />
slightly pilose stem ; filament short, expanded, pointed at <strong>the</strong> apex<br />
and a prominent tooth-like projection near <strong>the</strong> base. Mesosome cylin-<br />
drical, tapering, open on <strong>the</strong> median ventral side, closed on <strong>the</strong> dor-<br />
sum and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite short, heavily chit-<br />
inized and bearing numerous spines.<br />
Larva. Length 8 to 9 mm. Head rounded, wider than long; an-<br />
tenna cylindrical, spined all over, a short multiple tuft at <strong>the</strong> middle;<br />
upper and lower head hairs single; anteantennal tuft multiple. Ab-<br />
domen stout without many long hairs or tufts. Lateral tufts double<br />
on <strong>the</strong> first to <strong>the</strong> fourth, single on <strong>the</strong> fifth and sixth segments.<br />
Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> 17 to 30 scales arranged in a<br />
triangular patch. Anal segment longer than wide, <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate<br />
extending half way down to <strong>the</strong> mid-ventral line. Dorsal brush con-<br />
sists <strong>of</strong> a long hair and a multiple tuft on each side; ventral brush<br />
well developed, long, with a few small tufts preceding <strong>the</strong> barred<br />
area. Anal gills short, as long as <strong>the</strong> segment, lanceolate. Air-tube<br />
about two and one-half times as long as wide. Pecten <strong>of</strong> closely set<br />
teeth; tuft <strong>of</strong> three hairs, situated just beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten at <strong>the</strong> mid-<br />
dle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube.<br />
Aedes impiger, according to Dyar, is distributed throughout<br />
<strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn edge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States, from <strong>the</strong> Atlantic to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Rocky Mountains, <strong>the</strong> forested Canadian region, and <strong>the</strong><br />
mountains <strong>of</strong> California. It is a ra<strong>the</strong>r rare species. The<br />
adults are found in wooded areas till June or July.<br />
AEDES DORSALIS Meigen<br />
Cztlex dorsalis Meigen, Syst. Besch. Bek. Eur. Zweifl. Ins. 6,<br />
242. 1830.
128 MOSQUITOES OF SORTH AMERICA<br />
C&x ~zacztlive~ztris Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 1, 7. 1846.<br />
C&x curriei Coquillett, Can. Ent. 33, 259. 1901.<br />
Czblex o~ondagensis Felt, Bull. 79, N.Y. State MU., 278. 1904.<br />
Aedes paylei Dyar and Knab, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot. 14, 191.<br />
1906.<br />
Cu.lex Zatititattus Coquillett, Ent. News. 17, 109. 1906.<br />
Grabhamia mediolineata. Ludlow, Can. Ent. 39, 129. 1907.<br />
Aedes grahawzi Ludlow, Ins. Ins. Mens. 7, 154. 1920.<br />
Aedes melaninzott Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 12, 126. 1924.<br />
Fern&e. Length 6 mm.; wing 4-S mm. Proboscis long, black,<br />
with a few white scales on basal half. Occiput brownish black,<br />
densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow, curving, white scales, a brown patch on<br />
each side; nape with many erect, narrow, pale, forked scales ; at <strong>the</strong><br />
sides a narrow band <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se, black; cheeks with broad, flat white<br />
scales. Mesonotum black, densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow, curved, scales;<br />
a narrow median stripe, brown; sides, anterior margin, and antescu-<br />
tellar space yellowish-white ; frequently <strong>the</strong>re is a marginal brown<br />
stripe from pronotal sclerite to near root <strong>of</strong> wing. (This stripe may<br />
be almost lacking, but is usually indicated at anterior end). Abdo-<br />
men black, with dense, broad, flat, white or yellowish-white scales,<br />
with two large patches <strong>of</strong> black ones on each segment, <strong>the</strong> patches<br />
becoming smaller posteriorly and absent on <strong>the</strong> last segment. (Fre-<br />
quently <strong>the</strong> last two segments are entirely white scaled). The median<br />
white scales <strong>of</strong>ten appear as a broad, longitudinal stripe. Venter<br />
entirely white scaled. Wing scales black and white; on <strong>the</strong> costa ;<br />
first vein, forks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second and fourth veins, and <strong>the</strong> fifth vein<br />
<strong>the</strong> black and white scales are more or less evenly intermingled; on<br />
<strong>the</strong> auxiliary vein, second and fourth veins to <strong>the</strong>ir forks and <strong>the</strong><br />
sixth vein <strong>the</strong> scales are nearly all white; third vein almost entirely<br />
black scaled. Legs long, slender; femora almost entirely pale scaled,<br />
a few black scales above especially towards <strong>the</strong> apices; tibiae largely<br />
white scaled; hind tarsi black with apical and basal rings white, <strong>the</strong><br />
first segment largely pale scaled beneath and <strong>the</strong> last segment largely<br />
white; mid tarsi black with apical and basal white rings on <strong>the</strong> first<br />
three segments ; front tarsi black with white bands at base and apex<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first and second and base <strong>of</strong> third.<br />
Male Jaypopygium. (Fig. 1, Pl. XII.) Side-pieces more than<br />
twice as long as wide; apical lobes very short, rounded apically with<br />
ra<strong>the</strong>r long setae; basal lobe prominent, constricted at base, broadened<br />
apically, closely set with short setae, a stout spine at <strong>the</strong> v-oximal
CULICINI 129<br />
margin and a smaller one more d&tad. Claspers long, expanded<br />
medianly. Claspette with short, setose, cylindrical stem; just before<br />
<strong>the</strong> apex a slight constriction bears two long setae and a shorter one;<br />
filament short, expanded beyond <strong>the</strong> middle and ends in recurved<br />
point. Mesosome cylindrical, somewhat pointed, only slightly chit-<br />
inized; widely open along <strong>the</strong> mid-ventral line, closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum<br />
and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergites narrow elongate and<br />
each bears 5 or 6 short spines.<br />
Larm. Head broader than long; antenna cylindrical, tapering,<br />
spinose, a small tuft at <strong>the</strong> middle. Anteantennal tuft multiple. Both<br />
pairs <strong>of</strong> dorsal head hairs single. Abdomen stout with ra<strong>the</strong>r few<br />
hairs. Lateral hairs triple on <strong>the</strong> first and second, double on <strong>the</strong><br />
third to <strong>the</strong> sixth segments. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment a<br />
triangular patch <strong>of</strong> about 25 to 30 scales. Anal segment longer than<br />
wide, <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate reaching to <strong>the</strong> middle. Dorsal brush a long<br />
hair and tuft on each side. Ventral brush long, well developed with<br />
three or four tufts preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area. Anal gills short, bud-<br />
shaped. Air-tube cylindrical, gradually tapering, nearly three times as<br />
long as wide. Pecten <strong>of</strong> evenly spaced teeth extending to near <strong>the</strong><br />
middle <strong>of</strong> tube; tuft multiple, just distad <strong>of</strong> pecten.<br />
This species. is widely distributed throughout <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States, Canada, Europe and nor<strong>the</strong>rn Asia,<br />
especially in dry, open country and plains <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> interior. It<br />
breeds’ in <strong>the</strong> salt marshes along <strong>the</strong> coasts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Atlantic and<br />
Pacific Oceans and Hudson Bay. Freeborn states that it breeds<br />
abundantly in fresh water in <strong>the</strong> Central valleys <strong>of</strong> California<br />
and is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most abundant species in <strong>the</strong> rice fields and<br />
irrigated areas. It is a fierce biter, especially just after dark<br />
but is not known to enter houses.<br />
AEDES SOLLICITANS Walker<br />
CuLex .roZlicitam Walker, Ins. Saud., 427. 1856.<br />
FewaLe. Length 5-5.5 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis slender black<br />
with a white ring near <strong>the</strong> middle. Palpi short, black. Occiput black,<br />
with pale scales medianly, a brown patch each side; nape with many<br />
pale, erect slightly forked scales, black on each side; cheeks with<br />
flat, broad, white scales. Mesonotum black, with narrow golden<br />
brown scales; a pair <strong>of</strong> narrow yellowish-brown to pale yellow longi-<br />
tudinal stripes ; scales <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> antescutellar spaces yellowish-brown to
130 MOSQUITOES OF SORTH AMERICA<br />
pale yellow. Abdomen black, with a median longitudinal stripe and<br />
segmental bands <strong>of</strong> yellowish scales, <strong>the</strong> apices narrowly white scaled.<br />
Venter predominatingly white scaled. Wings with black and white<br />
scales, <strong>the</strong> black predominating. Legs slender ; femora pale yellow<br />
beneath, black and yellowish scales blended above, extreme tips white;<br />
tibiae clo<strong>the</strong>d with black and yellowish white scales a narrow basal<br />
white ring and a broad apical black band; hind tarsi black, each seg-<br />
ment with a broad basal white ring, last joint pure white, first seg-<br />
ment with a broad median ring <strong>of</strong> yellowish-white scales; first three<br />
segments <strong>of</strong> front and mid tarsi white ringed at base, first segment<br />
with a sprinkling <strong>of</strong> pale scales near <strong>the</strong> middle; last two segments<br />
<strong>of</strong> front tarsi black; last segment <strong>of</strong> mid tarsi nearly all white.<br />
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 2, PI. XII.) Side-pieces more than<br />
twice as long as broad; apical lobe absent; basal lobe appears as a<br />
slight elevation bearing numerous setae. Clasper stout, expanded<br />
before <strong>the</strong> middle. Claspette with a short, setose, cylindrical stem;<br />
filament, long, slender, narrowly ligulate. Mesosome cylindrical,<br />
rounded at <strong>the</strong> apex, broadly open on <strong>the</strong> ventral side, closed on <strong>the</strong><br />
dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite very short, and<br />
each bears 5 or 6 short setae.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 3, Pl. XXI.) Head rounded, wider than long;<br />
antenna small, slightly curved, sparsely spined; tuft small, <strong>of</strong> few<br />
hairs, situated before <strong>the</strong> middle; both pairs <strong>of</strong> dorsal head hairs<br />
single. Anteantennal tuft short, multiple. Lateral hairs <strong>of</strong> abdo-<br />
men multiple on first and second segments, double on <strong>the</strong> third to<br />
sixth; secondary hairs short and not numerous. Eighth segment with<br />
a lateral comb <strong>of</strong> about 20 scales in a triangular patch. Anal seg-<br />
ment shorter than wide, completely ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate; dorsal brush<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> a single long hair and a tuft on ei<strong>the</strong>r side; ventral brush<br />
well developed, confined to <strong>the</strong> barred area. Anal gills very short<br />
and bud-like. Air-tube stout, short, not twice as long as wide; pec-<br />
ten <strong>of</strong> evenly and closely set teeth, reaching <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube;<br />
tuft small, situated beyond <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube.<br />
Aedes sdicitazzs is <strong>the</strong> famous salt marsh or “New Jersey”<br />
mosquito. It breeds in <strong>the</strong> great salt marshes from Maine to<br />
Florida and west to Texas along <strong>the</strong> gulf shore. It also occurs<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Bahamas and <strong>the</strong> Antilles. The species, breeds in count-<br />
less numbers in salt marshes when flooded by <strong>the</strong> tides or rains.<br />
The larval period is very short so that <strong>the</strong>re may be many<br />
broods a season or in <strong>the</strong> south breeding may be continuous
CULICINI 131<br />
where favorable water conditions prevail. The eggs are laid<br />
on <strong>the</strong> dry marshes and <strong>the</strong>se hatch when flooded by tides or<br />
rains. The adults are extremely troublesome and migrate long<br />
distances, sometimes over forty miles. It is, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most<br />
troublesome <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong> in <strong>the</strong> coastal cities and summer<br />
resorts. Large sums are being spent in New Jersey and else-<br />
where in ditching, drainage and oiling in order to reduce <strong>the</strong><br />
abundance <strong>of</strong> this pest.<br />
AEDES CANTATOR Coquillett<br />
C&X cantutor Coquillett, Can. Ent. 35, 255. 1903.<br />
Female. Length 5-6 mm.; wing 4-5 mm. Proboscis long, slender,<br />
black. Occiput black, with yellowish-white scales, some brown ones<br />
on <strong>the</strong> side; nape and occiput with numerous erect, forked, brown to<br />
black scales; cheeks whitish scaled with a small black patch behind<br />
<strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eye. Mesonotum with reddish-brown scales, lighter<br />
at <strong>the</strong> sides and yellowish on <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space; a lighter stripe<br />
<strong>of</strong> scales extending somewhat forward <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space. Ab-<br />
domen black; each segment with a ra<strong>the</strong>r broad basal band <strong>of</strong> white<br />
scales; <strong>the</strong> last two segments nearly wholly white scaled; apices <strong>of</strong><br />
segments with a narrow margin <strong>of</strong> whitish scales; venter entirely yel-<br />
lowish-white scaled. Wing scales brownish-black. Legs slender ;<br />
femora dark brown scaled above, yellowish-white beneath, <strong>the</strong> knees<br />
pale; tibiae mostly pale scaled beneath, dark brown above, Tarsi<br />
black; each joint <strong>of</strong> hind tarsi with a narrow yellowish white basal<br />
ring; joints <strong>of</strong> front and middle tarsi narrowly pale ringed at base<br />
except last two <strong>of</strong> first and last one <strong>of</strong> second tarsus.<br />
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 3, Pl. XII.) Side-pieces three times as<br />
long as wide, slender; apical lobe prominent, rounded, with a few<br />
small setae ; basal lobe small, rounded, bearing a stout marginal,<br />
hooked spine and a group <strong>of</strong> small setae. Clasper long, medianly ex-<br />
panded. Claspette with short, slender stem, setose, with a larger<br />
seta on <strong>the</strong> inner basal margin; filament long, narrow, expanded at<br />
<strong>the</strong> middle and ends in a sharp recurved point. Mesosome cylin-<br />
drical, long, slightly constricted on <strong>the</strong> apical half; widely open on<br />
<strong>the</strong> ventral side, closed along <strong>the</strong> dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> ninth tergite prominent, long, and each bears 5 or 6 stout, short,<br />
spines.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 5, Pl. XXI.) Head longer than wide; antenna with<br />
numerous small spines, <strong>the</strong> multiple tuft near <strong>the</strong> middle; upper and
132 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
lower head hairs multiple; anteantennal tuft multiple. Lateral comb<br />
<strong>of</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> many scales in a large triangular patch. Lat-<br />
eral abdominal hairs double on <strong>the</strong> first to fifth segments. Air-tube<br />
two and one-half times as long as wide, <strong>the</strong> pecten <strong>of</strong> closely set<br />
teeth, not reaching <strong>the</strong> middle; tuft multiple, at <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
tube. Anal segment longer than wide, not ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate;<br />
dorsal brush a long hair and a multiple tuft each side; ventral brush<br />
large, with small tufts preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area. Anal gills very<br />
short, bud-like.<br />
This species occurs along <strong>the</strong> Atlantic coast from Nova Sco-<br />
tia to Virginia. It breeds in <strong>the</strong> coastal pools. It is known to<br />
migrate considerable distances (over thirty miles) in search<br />
<strong>of</strong> food. It is a fierce biter, attacking during <strong>the</strong> day though<br />
it is primarily an evening feeder.<br />
AEDES TENORHYNCHUS WIEDEMAN<br />
Czilex t~~aiorh31~zchus Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot., 43. 182 1.<br />
Culex damzosus Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3, 11. 1823.<br />
C&.x portorice~is Ludlow, Can. Ent., 37, 386. 1905.<br />
Aedes ep:inolus Dyar and Knab, Ins. Ins. Mens. 2, 61. 1914.<br />
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing 3 mm. Proboscis slender, black,<br />
with a white ring at <strong>the</strong> middle. Occiput brown, <strong>the</strong> vertex with<br />
narrow, yellowish-brown scales, broad white scales on <strong>the</strong> cheeks<br />
<strong>the</strong> ocular margin white scaled; numerous erect, forked brown scales<br />
on <strong>the</strong> nape. Mesonotum dark brown, <strong>the</strong> disk golden brown scaled,<br />
darker brown on <strong>the</strong> humeri, almost silvery-white on <strong>the</strong> antescutel-<br />
lar space and over <strong>the</strong> roots <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wings. Abdomen black, each seg-<br />
ment with a narrow basal band <strong>of</strong> yellowish white scales and a small<br />
white patch each side near <strong>the</strong> middle. Venter clo<strong>the</strong>d with whitish<br />
scales <strong>the</strong> apical portion <strong>of</strong>ten black. Wing scales black. Legs black;<br />
hind tarsal segments each with a broad basal white band, <strong>the</strong> last<br />
joint usually entirely white; middle and fore tarsi with narrow basal<br />
bands, <strong>the</strong> last two segments entirely black.<br />
Male hypopygizm. (Fig. 4, Pl. XII.) Side-pieces over three times<br />
as long as wide; apical lobe absent; basal lobe ra<strong>the</strong>r sharply coni-<br />
cal bearing numerous setae. Clasper short, strongly swollen medianly.<br />
Claspette with long, curving, pilose, cylindrical stem; filament ligu-<br />
late, long and pointed, bearing at <strong>the</strong> middle a short retrorse branch.<br />
Mesosome short, cylindrical, open on <strong>the</strong> ventral side, closed on <strong>the</strong>
CULICINI<br />
dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base, only slightly chitinized. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth<br />
tergite short, each bearing four or five short spines.<br />
Larva. “Head rounded, slightly bulging on <strong>the</strong> sides; antennae<br />
moderate, spined, a tuft near <strong>the</strong> middle. Head-hairs single, an-<br />
teantennal tuft multiple. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong><br />
about twenty scales in a small triangular patch, single scales with <strong>the</strong><br />
terminal spinules alike. Air-tube less than twice as long as wide, <strong>the</strong><br />
pecten reaching <strong>the</strong> middle, followed by a hair-tuft. Anal segment<br />
wider than long, ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate; ventral brush posterior. Dor-<br />
sal tuft a hair and brush on each side; lateral hair single, small. Anal<br />
gills very short.” (Dyar).<br />
This species is distributed along <strong>the</strong> coastal areas <strong>of</strong> America<br />
extending <strong>north</strong>ward to Connecticut on <strong>the</strong> east and Santa<br />
Barbara on <strong>the</strong> west. It breeds typically in coastal marshes and<br />
is never found breeding far from such localities, though at<br />
times it breeds in fresh water pools.<br />
AEDES SQUAMIGER COQUILLETT<br />
C&n- sqzlakger Cocluillett, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 25, 85.<br />
1902.<br />
Grabhamia demYedmanii Ludlow, Can. Ent. 36, 234. 1904.<br />
Female. Proboscis slender, black, with a mixture <strong>of</strong> pale scales<br />
near <strong>the</strong> middle. Occiput black, with grayish scales medianly, brown<br />
at sides; <strong>the</strong> cheeks white scaled. Mesonotum black, <strong>the</strong> middle with<br />
pale brown scales, bordered by grayish scales; two indistinct median<br />
stripes <strong>of</strong> pale scales. Abdomen black, with broad, basal segmental<br />
bands <strong>of</strong> yellowish-white scales, triangularly expanded in <strong>the</strong> middle;<br />
venter white scaled. Femora and tibiae black and white scaled; tarsi<br />
with first segment spotted with white scales, <strong>the</strong> rest black with basal<br />
white rings, except last two segments <strong>of</strong> fore and last joint <strong>of</strong> mid-<br />
tarsi black. Wing scales black and white, evenly intermingled.<br />
Male hypopygiunz. Side-piece about three times as long as wide;<br />
apical lobe prominent with a few setae; basal lobe conical, setose, a<br />
group <strong>of</strong> long hairs on dorsal margin, one a little stouter and spine-<br />
like. Clasper shorter than side-piece. Claspette stem short, slender;<br />
filament as long as stem, angularly produced at middle to form a small<br />
tooth. Lobes <strong>of</strong> ninth tergite with long spines.<br />
Larva. Head longer than wide ; antenna sparsely spined; tuft at<br />
middle; upper and lower head-hairs double ; anteantennal tuft mul-<br />
133
134 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
tiple. Comb <strong>of</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> numerous scales in a triangular<br />
patch. Anal segment longer than wide, not ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal<br />
plate; dorsal brush a long hair and a tuft on each side ; ventral brush<br />
with small tufts in front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> barred area. Anal gills very short,<br />
globular. Air-tube about twice as long as wide; pecten <strong>of</strong> evenly<br />
spaced teeth followed by a mutiple tuft at <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> air-<br />
tube.<br />
This species is restricted to <strong>the</strong> Californian Coast, extending<br />
from San Francisco Bay south to San Diego. It breeds in <strong>the</strong><br />
brackish water <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> salt marshes and <strong>the</strong> adults frequently<br />
migrate considerable distances inland. It bites viciously, at-<br />
tacking all warm-blooded animals during <strong>the</strong> day, but it is most<br />
annoying before dusk.<br />
AEDES AURIFER COqUilktt<br />
Cdex aurifer Coquillett, Can. Ent., 35, 255. 1903.<br />
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis long, slender,<br />
black. Occiput black; a narrow, median line <strong>of</strong> yellowish scales, a<br />
black patch each side, <strong>the</strong> sides densely covered with broad, flat, yel-<br />
lowish-white scales; forked erect black scales numerous on <strong>the</strong> nape<br />
and on <strong>the</strong> sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vertex. Mesonotum black, a broad, bronzy-<br />
brown median stripe, widening posteriorly, <strong>the</strong> sides almost golden<br />
yellow; antescutellar spaces largely golden yellow with a short, nar-<br />
row line <strong>of</strong> yellow scales each side. Abdomen clo<strong>the</strong>d with broad,<br />
bluish-black scales; <strong>the</strong> apical margins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> segments with fine, long<br />
brownish hairs; each segment with small, lateral, basal whitish spots,<br />
Wing scales black or brownish-black. Legs black scaled, with a<br />
bronzy lustre.<br />
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 5, Pl. XII.) Side-piece over twice as<br />
long as wide; distal end, just beyond apical lobe, with a tuft <strong>of</strong> long<br />
stout hairs ; apical lobe prominent, broadly rounded, bearing short<br />
straight and retrorse setae; basal lobe a narrow, elongate projection<br />
bearing a long stout spine at its apex. Clasper long, expanded at <strong>the</strong><br />
middle. Claspette with slender, setose base; near outer end is a<br />
slight elevation which bears a short seta; filament large, with a<br />
slender stem and a broad, sharply pointed blade, <strong>the</strong> base with a<br />
large, retrorse branch. Mesosome cylindrical, <strong>the</strong> apical half be-<br />
coming somewhat conical ; narrowly open along <strong>the</strong> median ventral<br />
line, closed at <strong>the</strong> base and with a very thin chitinous covering on
CULICINI 13.5<br />
<strong>the</strong> dorsum. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite short, and each bears a row<br />
<strong>of</strong> stout, short spines.<br />
Larva. Head rounded, longer than wide; upper and lower head<br />
hairs double, anteantennal tuft multiple. Antenna longer than head,<br />
strongly arched, a large tuft beyond <strong>the</strong> middle. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong><br />
eighth segment <strong>of</strong> numerous scales in an irregular triangular patch.<br />
Air-tube ahout three times as long as wide; <strong>the</strong> pecten reaches <strong>the</strong><br />
middle, <strong>the</strong> outermost teeth detached; tuft large, beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten.<br />
Anal segment not ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate; dorsal brush a long<br />
hair and a multiple tuft on each side; ventral brush large with small<br />
tufts preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area. Anal gills short, slender.<br />
Aedes aurifer occurs throughout <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>astern United<br />
States west to Minnesota and Ontario. Its distribution and<br />
habits are not well known. The adults are abundant during <strong>the</strong><br />
summer in certain s,ections <strong>of</strong> New Jersey, New York and<br />
Michigan. They bite eagerly in <strong>the</strong> shade during <strong>the</strong> day and<br />
during early evening and morning hours. According to Smith,<br />
<strong>the</strong> species breeds in early spring pools especially those associ-<br />
ated with cranberry bogs. I have not taken <strong>the</strong> larva in Cen-<br />
tral New York though <strong>the</strong> adults are frequently abundant in<br />
certain areas.<br />
AEDES DIANTEUS Howard, Dyar and Knab<br />
Aedes CriaIztaxtS Howard, Dyar and Knab, <strong>the</strong> Mosq. <strong>of</strong> N.<br />
and Cent. America and W.I. 4, 758. 1917.<br />
Aedes serm Martini, Ueber Steckmucken, 96. 1920.<br />
Female. Length 5 mm. Proboscis black, with many intermixed<br />
grayish scales. Occiput black with narrow curved, pale ochraceous<br />
scales on vertex, and broader whitish ones on <strong>the</strong> sides. Mesoriotum<br />
black, with pale bronzy scales; a pair <strong>of</strong> broad median black lines,<br />
<strong>the</strong>se sometimes fused. Abdomen black with basal white bands, nar-<br />
row, almost disappearing in <strong>the</strong> middle line but laterally widening<br />
in white spots; <strong>the</strong> underside banded by bands <strong>of</strong> very broad, white<br />
scales ; posterior borders edged by yellowish-gray hairs. Wing scales<br />
yellowish-brown. Legs black with bluish and bronzy reflections.<br />
Male lay pop ygiunz. (Fig. 6, Pl. XII.) Side-pieces more than<br />
twice as long as wide; apical lobe short, broadly rounded, reaching<br />
almost to <strong>the</strong> basal lobe, its dorsal surface bears a few stout retrorse
136 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
setae, and at its base on <strong>the</strong> ventral side <strong>the</strong>re arises a dense group <strong>of</strong><br />
long hairs; basal lobe large, quadrangular, bearing at its inner caudal<br />
angle a short projection with two broad, stout spines, and at its outer<br />
cephalic basal angle a long, stout spine. Clasper medianly expanded,<br />
ra<strong>the</strong>r sharply constricted before <strong>the</strong> apex. Claspette with stout,<br />
sharply curving stems, constricted before <strong>the</strong> apex, setose; filament<br />
with a short, slender base and a greatly expanded terminal portion<br />
ending in a recurved tip. Mesosome cylindrical, not heavily chitin-<br />
ized, <strong>the</strong> ventral side almost closed, <strong>the</strong> dorsal closed for a very short<br />
distance, and <strong>the</strong> base forming a very thin ring. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth<br />
tergite approximate, small, and each bears 4-5 short, stout spines.<br />
Larva. Head rounded, wider than long. Antenna very long,<br />
longer than <strong>the</strong> head; antenna1 tuft with few hairs, inserted in <strong>the</strong><br />
middle; anteantennal tuft with five hairs ; lower head tuft with four<br />
or five hairs, upper triple. Abdominal lateral hairs on first two seg-<br />
ments triple, double on third to fifth, single on sixth. Lateral comb<br />
consisting <strong>of</strong> about twelve scales, each scale ending in a long, acute<br />
spine. Air-tube two and a half times as long as broad, pecten at<br />
basal third, <strong>the</strong> last two teeth single, and detached. Anal segment<br />
longer than wide, dorsal plate only reaching halfway down <strong>the</strong> sides;<br />
dorsal tuft a long hair and a tuft each side; ventral brush well de-<br />
veloped with small tufts preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area.<br />
The species is rare and local throughout <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>astern<br />
United States south to New York, west through Canada to<br />
British Columbia and south along <strong>the</strong> Rocky Mountains to<br />
Wyoming. It also occurs in Europe.<br />
AEDES TRIVITTATUS Coquillett<br />
Culex trivittatus Coquillett, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 10, 193.<br />
1902.<br />
C&x &zconspicuous Grossbeck, Ent. News, 15, 333. 1904.<br />
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.<br />
Occiput black, with broad, flat, whitish scales except along <strong>the</strong> median<br />
line where <strong>the</strong>re are narrow, curved white ones. Erect, pale, forked<br />
scales numerous on <strong>the</strong> nape. Mesonotum dark brown, densely clo<strong>the</strong>d<br />
with narrow, curved bronzy-brown scales, except a narrow anterior<br />
line and a ra<strong>the</strong>r broad sub-dorsal stripe on each side white or yel-<br />
lowish-white ; <strong>the</strong> lateral stripes broaden somewhat posteriorly and<br />
unite on <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space. Abdomen brownish-black, each seg-
CULICINI 137<br />
ment with a basal white triangular patch on each side. Venter whit-<br />
ish scaled. Wing scales brown. Legs black, except <strong>the</strong> femora which<br />
are yellowish scaled on <strong>the</strong> under sides.<br />
Lama. “Head rounded, bulging at <strong>the</strong> sides; head-hairs single,<br />
anteantennal tuft multiple. Antennae moderate, slender, a small tuft<br />
at <strong>the</strong> middle. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> many scales<br />
in a triangular patch. Air-tube two and a half times as long as wide,<br />
<strong>the</strong> pecten slightly exceeding <strong>the</strong> middle; followed by a hair-tuft.<br />
Anal segment ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate, <strong>the</strong> ventral brush posterior; dor-<br />
sal tuft a long hair and brush on each side. Anal gills long, tapered,<br />
pointed.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
This mosquito is distributed from Maine to Minnesota, south<br />
to Virginia and Texas. Very little is known <strong>of</strong> its breeding<br />
places or <strong>the</strong> habits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> adults.<br />
AEDES HIRSUTERON Theobald<br />
C&x hir.~zl~cro~z Theobald, Mon. Culic. 2, 98. 1901.<br />
Cz&x ~stivalis Dyar, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 12, 245. 1904.<br />
C&x pretans Grossbeck, Ent. News, 15, 332. 1904.<br />
Aedes vimtipegelzsis Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 7, 34. 1919.<br />
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 4 mm. Prosboscis slender, black.<br />
Occiput black, with pale yellowish-white, curved scales and numerous<br />
erect, forked, yellowish scales on <strong>the</strong> nape; cheeks with broad, flat,<br />
whitish scales and a small patch <strong>of</strong> black ones. Mesonotum black,<br />
a broad median band and posteriorly, sublateral stripes, golden brown;<br />
anterior edge, sides and antescutellar space white to yellowish-white.<br />
Abdomen black; each segment with a narrow basal white band, which<br />
widens at <strong>the</strong> sides to triangular patches; venter entirely white to<br />
yellowish-white scaled. Wing scales dark brown to black. Legs dark<br />
brown to black; tarsi bronzy-brown to black scaled, a few pale scales<br />
beneath on <strong>the</strong> first two segments forming a narrow line.<br />
Male hypopygiunz. (Fig. 1, PI. XIII.) Side-pieces nearly three<br />
times as long as wide; apical lobe long, broadly rounded at <strong>the</strong> apex<br />
and bears short, retrorse setae: basal lobe sharply conical bearing<br />
numerous short setae, a thin, broad spine near <strong>the</strong> base with a group<br />
<strong>of</strong> shorter spines close beside it. Clasper short, expanded medianly.<br />
Claspette with a stout stem, minutely setose, slightly constricted<br />
before apex and bears a strong seta on inner side at point <strong>of</strong> con-<br />
striction; filament short, slightly expanded at middle. Mesosome cy-
138 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
lindrical, short, open along <strong>the</strong> median ventral line, closed on <strong>the</strong><br />
dorsal face and at base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite short, and each<br />
bears 4 or 5 short, stout spines.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 2, Pl. XXI.) Length 8 to 9 mm. Head distinctly<br />
wider than long; antenna sparsely spined, a multiple tuft at <strong>the</strong> mid-<br />
dle. Upper head hairs multiple, lower head hairs usually single or in<br />
twos; anteantennal tuft multiple. Abdomen with ra<strong>the</strong>r few hairs<br />
and tufts. Lateral tufts double on <strong>the</strong> first to <strong>the</strong> fifth segments and<br />
single on <strong>the</strong> sixth. Comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> many scales ar-<br />
ranged in a triangular patch. Anal segment nearly as long as wide,<br />
<strong>the</strong> dorsal plate reaching almost to <strong>the</strong> mid-ventral line. Dorsal<br />
brush consists <strong>of</strong> a long hair and a tuft on each side; ventral brush<br />
well developed with a few short tufts preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area.<br />
Anal gills as long as segment, pointed. Air-tube slightly tapered,<br />
over two and one-half times as long as wide. Pecten <strong>of</strong> closely set<br />
teeth reaching to about <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube; tuft multiple, situated<br />
just beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten.<br />
This species is widely distributed over <strong>the</strong> eastern United<br />
States and Canada, west to <strong>the</strong> Rocky Mountains.<br />
AEDES ATROPALPUS Coquillett<br />
C&x atro@/ws Coquillett, Can. Ent. 34, 292. 1902.<br />
Aedes epactius Dyar and Knab, Proc, U.S. Mat. Mus., 35, 53.<br />
1908.<br />
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender, brown-<br />
ish-black. Occiput black, with broad, flat scales except those in <strong>the</strong><br />
middle which are narrow, curved and yellowish; nape with a few pale,<br />
erect, narrow, forked scales; cheeks with broad, white scales with a<br />
black patch near <strong>the</strong> middle. Mesonotum black, with narrow scales,<br />
a broad median dorsal stripe reaching almost to antescutellar space<br />
brown to dark brown, a short narrow brownish stripe each side <strong>of</strong><br />
antescutellar space ; rest <strong>of</strong> scales yellow to yellowish-white. Abdo-<br />
men black; a narrow basal band <strong>of</strong> broad, white scales on each seg-<br />
ment except <strong>the</strong> last. Venter white scaled with broad apical bands<br />
<strong>of</strong> dark scales on each segment except <strong>the</strong> first two. Wing scales<br />
black, except a white patch on costal edge at base. Legs black; hind<br />
tarsi black, each segment with a narrow apical and basal white ring,<br />
last joint entirely white; fore and mid tarsi with white rings absent<br />
on <strong>the</strong> last three joints.
CULICINI 139<br />
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 2, Pl. XIII.) Side-pieces over twice as<br />
long as wide; apical lobe absent; basal lobe represented by a dense<br />
group <strong>of</strong> stout setae. Clasper long, not expanded medianly. Claspette<br />
long, slender, setose, with a prominent sub-apical seta and ano<strong>the</strong>r at<br />
<strong>the</strong> base; filament slender, very slightly expanded in <strong>the</strong> middle. Meso-<br />
some short, cylindrical, apical half somewhat expanded; narrowly<br />
open on <strong>the</strong> ventral side, closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite minute and no setae are visible.<br />
Larva. “Head rounded, slightly bulging at <strong>the</strong> eyes; antennae<br />
moderate, slender with a tuft at <strong>the</strong> middle. Head-hairs single; an-<br />
teantennal tuft in four. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> many<br />
scales in a patch. Air-tube short, less than twice as long as wide,<br />
<strong>the</strong> pecten running nearly to tip, <strong>the</strong> last four teeth widely spaced<br />
and inclosing a six-haired tuft. Anal segment about as long as wide,<br />
<strong>the</strong> plate reaching <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> side; ventral brush with <strong>the</strong> an-<br />
terior tufts smaller but not separated. Dorsal tuft a hair and brush<br />
on each side; lateral hair single, small. Anal gills three times as<br />
long as <strong>the</strong> segment, inflated, tracheate.” (Dyar.)<br />
This species is locally distributed throughout <strong>the</strong> eastern<br />
United States, and is recorded from Arizona and New Mexico.<br />
The larvae are found in rock holes along streams and water-<br />
falls. The adults are sometimes annoying in such situations.<br />
AEDES VARIPALPUS Coquillett<br />
C&x varipalpus Coquillett, Can. Ent. 34, 292. 1902.<br />
Ta&orlzytichzls sicnwzm's Ludlow, Can. Ent. 37, 231. 1905.<br />
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.<br />
Occiput black, medianly with yellowish-white scales, black patches<br />
at <strong>the</strong> sides ; cheeks with flat white scales; nape with many pale, erect,<br />
forked scales. Mesonotum black, with golden-brown scales, a median<br />
anterior patch and a lateral line <strong>of</strong> pale yellow scales; margins pale<br />
scaled. Abdomen black, with median and lateral segmental triangular<br />
patches <strong>of</strong> white scales; venter white scaled with patches <strong>of</strong> black<br />
scales. Legs black, femora and tibiae white tipped; tarsi black, nar-<br />
rowly white ringed at both ends <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> joints except <strong>the</strong> last joint <strong>of</strong><br />
fore and mid-tarsi which is usually entirely black. Wing-scales nar-<br />
row, black.<br />
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 3, Pl. XIII.) Side-pieces three times<br />
as long as wide; apical lobe absent; basal lobe narrowly expanded
MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
and clo<strong>the</strong>d with dense, stout spines and short setae, <strong>the</strong> short setae<br />
extending as an irregular double row along <strong>the</strong> inner margin to <strong>the</strong><br />
outer fourth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> side piece. Clasper more than half as long as<br />
<strong>the</strong> side piece, slightly expanded at <strong>the</strong> middle. Claspette with a<br />
short, cylindrical somewhat pilose stem; filament ligulate, with a<br />
curved blunt apex, reaching to outer fourth <strong>of</strong> side piece, Mesosome<br />
a long, narrow cylinder, closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsal surface but open medi-<br />
anly on <strong>the</strong> ventral side except at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite<br />
short and each bears a row <strong>of</strong> short ra<strong>the</strong>r stout spines.<br />
Larva. Head wider than long, antenna slender, without spines, a<br />
single hair at <strong>the</strong> middle; upper and lower head-hairs single ; an-<br />
teantennal tuft multiple. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> about<br />
twelve scales in two irregular rows. Anal segment with dorsal plate<br />
reaching about half-way down <strong>the</strong> sides; dorsal brush <strong>of</strong> a small tuft<br />
and a single hair each side; ventral brush reduced to about three<br />
small tufts. Anal gills very large, four times as long as anal seg-<br />
ment, broad, square-tipped. Air-tube nearly three times as long as<br />
wide; pecten evenly spaced on basal third; hair-tuft multiple, at mid-<br />
dle <strong>of</strong> air-tube.<br />
This species occurs throughout <strong>the</strong> Pacific Coast region, from<br />
British Columbia to sou<strong>the</strong>rn California. It breeds in water-<br />
filled tree holes’, especially those found in oaks, though it has<br />
been found in artificial containers. The females are good biters<br />
and are troublesome in some sections <strong>of</strong> its range as it readily<br />
passes through <strong>the</strong> ordinary screen. The males are attracted<br />
to warm-brlooded animals where <strong>the</strong>y await <strong>the</strong> females in<br />
order to mate.<br />
AEDES EGYPTI Linnaeusl (Stegom3Ga fascia’ta <strong>of</strong> authors).<br />
Cztlex agyjti Linnaeus, Hass. Pal. Keise, 370. 1762.<br />
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.<br />
Palpus black, <strong>the</strong> apex broadly white scaled above. Occiput black,<br />
a narrow median stripe <strong>of</strong> flat, white scales continued forward between<br />
<strong>the</strong> eyes; lateral scales blackish brown ; two narrow patches <strong>of</strong> white<br />
scales on <strong>the</strong> side and a narrow line <strong>of</strong> white scales along <strong>the</strong> eye<br />
margin ; <strong>the</strong> nape with pale yellow erect narrow scales. Mesonotum<br />
black, bronzy brown scaled; a small white patch at <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
1 The synonymy and references to this species are so numerous<br />
that <strong>the</strong>y cannot be included here. The reader is referred to Dyar<br />
(192s).
CULICINI 141<br />
anterior margin followed by two narrow silvery white lines which<br />
extend to <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space; a broader silvery white line on<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r side, strongly curved outward on anterior two-thirds, narrowed<br />
and straight behind reaching <strong>the</strong> posterior margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mesonotum;<br />
antescutella space margined with white and a short, narrow, white<br />
line medianly in front. Abdomen black, each segment, except <strong>the</strong><br />
last, with a narrow basal band <strong>of</strong> white scales, and a row <strong>of</strong> small<br />
silvery white spots on each side. Venter yellowish-white scaled ex-<br />
cept <strong>the</strong> last two segments which are almost black. Wing scales<br />
brown. Legs black; femora with white tips ; hind tarsal segments<br />
broadly ringed at base with white, <strong>the</strong> last segment entirely white; <strong>the</strong><br />
first two segments <strong>of</strong> fore and mid-tarsi narrowly ringed with white at<br />
base.<br />
Male hypopygiuwz. (Fig. 4, PI. XIII.) Side-pieces one and one-<br />
half times as long as wide; a large sub-apical area on <strong>the</strong> inner side<br />
with numerous close set, stout setae and spines (this may represent <strong>the</strong><br />
apical lobe) ; ventral surface densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with large scales and<br />
a few sub-apical hairs; apical and basal lobes absent. Clasper short,<br />
medianly expanded, sharply constricted before <strong>the</strong> apex. Claspette<br />
absent though <strong>the</strong> inter-basal fold is present and setose. Mesosome<br />
heavily chitinized forming two distinct, closely approximate halves<br />
with strongly serrate tips. The parameres and basal plates are stout<br />
and ra<strong>the</strong>r strongly chitinized. The tenth segment is represented by<br />
<strong>the</strong> most bizarre, cleft and twisted pair <strong>of</strong> sternites. The tergites<br />
do not appear distinct in <strong>the</strong> ordinary mount. The lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth<br />
tergite are large, triangular shaped, and bear at <strong>the</strong>ir outer posterior<br />
angle a small tuft <strong>of</strong> setae; between <strong>the</strong> lobes appears a smaller lobe,<br />
very lightly chitinized.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 1, Pl. XX.) Length 8-9 mm. Head rounded, but<br />
slightly wider than long; antemla somewhat tapering, smooth, a<br />
single hair at middle. The head hairs and anteantennal tuft each<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> a short, single hair. Abdomen with <strong>the</strong> lateral hairs in<br />
fours on <strong>the</strong> first segment, threes on <strong>the</strong> second to <strong>the</strong> fourth, twos<br />
on <strong>the</strong> fifth and usually single on <strong>the</strong> sixth. Eighth segment with a<br />
lateral comb <strong>of</strong> eight to twelve scales, <strong>the</strong> single scale elongate with<br />
a narrow base, a long curved, apical spine and several stout sub-apical<br />
ones followed by slender short lateral spinules. Anal segment shorter<br />
than wide, almost ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate; dorsal brush consists <strong>of</strong> a<br />
single long hair and a tuft <strong>of</strong> three or four hairs on each side; ventral<br />
brush ra<strong>the</strong>r small. Anal gills long, broad and rounded at <strong>the</strong> tips.<br />
Air-tube about twice as long as wide; pecten closely crowded and<br />
reaching to middle <strong>of</strong> air-tube; hair tuft small and situated just be-<br />
yond <strong>the</strong> pecten.
142 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
Acdes ccgJ!Pti, <strong>the</strong> yellow fever mosquito, occurs throughout<br />
<strong>the</strong> tropical and subtropical regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wo,rld. In summer<br />
it is <strong>of</strong>ten carried to <strong>the</strong> temperate regions where it can breed<br />
till frost. The species is almost wholly domesticated and<br />
breeds in all sorts <strong>of</strong> artificial containers about human habita-<br />
tions where water may lodge. The adults fly by day, are fierce<br />
biters and attack quietly, though a sharp, high note can be rec-<br />
ognized by those who listen. They seem to prefer to attack<br />
from behind or beneath, crawling under clothing to reach a<br />
favorable spot for extracting blood.<br />
AEDES TRISERIATUS Say.<br />
C&x triseriatzz.~ Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 3, 12.<br />
1823.<br />
Aedes triserintus var. hendersoni Cockerell, Jour. Econ. Ent.<br />
11, 199. 1918.<br />
Female. Length 4-5 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis slender, black.<br />
Occiput black; <strong>the</strong> vertex clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow, curved whitish scales;<br />
sides with broad, flat, silvery white scales; nape with numerous nar-<br />
row, erect, forked, pale yellowish scales. Mesonotum black, densely<br />
clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow scales, dark brown on <strong>the</strong> dorsum, silvery white<br />
on <strong>the</strong> anterior margin and on <strong>the</strong> sides; <strong>the</strong> median brown area<br />
widens behind <strong>the</strong> middle and is divided by <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space<br />
which is margined by silvery white scales. Abdomen black and<br />
each segment bears latterally a large triangular patch <strong>of</strong> white scales.<br />
Venter white scaled, <strong>the</strong> apices <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sixth and seventh bluish-black.<br />
Wing scales brown. Legs black, tips <strong>of</strong> femora white.<br />
Male laypopygium. (Fig. 5, PI. XIII.) Side-pieces more than<br />
twice as long as wide; apical lobe absent as such but it is probably<br />
represented by a peculiar group <strong>of</strong> long setae at <strong>the</strong> distal third; basal<br />
lobe absent but a dense grouping <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r long setae indicates its po-<br />
sition. Clasper short, slightly more than one-half length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> side<br />
piece. Claspette with a short cylindrical stem; filament longer than<br />
<strong>the</strong> stem, ligulate and ending in a long point. Mesosome faintly<br />
chitinized, cylindrical, open along <strong>the</strong> median ventral line, closed on<br />
<strong>the</strong> dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite very short and<br />
each bears three or four short spines.<br />
La-ma. (Fig. 2, Pl. XX.) Length 8 mm. Head rounded, as wide<br />
as long; antenna smooth; tuft a single hair, situated at <strong>the</strong> middle ;
CUL1C1N1 143<br />
upper dorsal head hairs single, lower in threes, sometimes in twos; a<br />
pair <strong>of</strong> multiple hair tufts in front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lower head hairs and be-<br />
tween <strong>the</strong>m. Anteantennal hair tufts small and multiple. The ab-<br />
domen is not very stout, <strong>the</strong> anterior segments short and broad, <strong>the</strong><br />
posterior ones longer. Hairs are numerous, especially <strong>the</strong> short sec-<br />
ondary hair tufts. Lateral hairs <strong>of</strong> first and second segments in<br />
threes or not uncommonly in twos, those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> third to sixth double;<br />
numerous secondary hairs and tufts. Eighth segment with a comb<br />
<strong>of</strong> 9-15 scales in a partly double row. Anal segment as wide as long,<br />
<strong>the</strong> dorsal plate extending ventrad to slightly below <strong>the</strong> middle; a<br />
large mutiple tuft on <strong>the</strong> ventro-posterior angle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plate; dorsal<br />
brush consists <strong>of</strong> a long hair and a multiple tuft on each side; ven-<br />
tral brush well developed <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r small, long tufts, a few smaller<br />
ones preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area; anal gills small, bud-like, about as<br />
long as <strong>the</strong> anal segment. Air-tube stout, ra<strong>the</strong>r sharply tapering be-<br />
yond <strong>the</strong> basal two-thirds, about two and one-half times as long as<br />
wide; pecten <strong>of</strong> closely set teeth, reaching <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube ;<br />
tuft consists <strong>of</strong> one or two hairs arising beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten.<br />
Aedes tri.~erintus is a tree hole breeding mosquito. The eggs<br />
are deposited in holes in trees, stumps, etc., where water col-<br />
lects. The adults are rarely abundant except in woodlands<br />
where numerous breeding places may occur. The bite is pain-<br />
ful and annoying. The species occurs throughout <strong>the</strong> eastern<br />
United States, west to Montana and south to Texas.<br />
AEDES PULLATUS Coquillett<br />
Culex pullafzu Coquillett, Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash. 6, 168. 1904.<br />
Aedes acrophihs Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 5, 127. 1917.<br />
C&x j$lgorzt’Mz. Villeneuve, Bull. Sot. Ent. France, 58. 1919.<br />
Aedes wzetalepticzts Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 8, 51. 1920.<br />
Aedes galli Martini, Ueber Stechrnticken, 110. 1920.<br />
Female. Length 5.5 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis long, black.<br />
Occiput black, with yellowish-white scales on <strong>the</strong> vertex, broad, flat<br />
yellowish scales on <strong>the</strong> cheeks; numerous erect, yellowish forked<br />
scales on vertex and nape. Mesonotum black, with yellowish-brown<br />
scales, shading to yellowish on <strong>the</strong> sides and around <strong>the</strong> antescutel-<br />
lar space; a bare median line reaching to <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space,<br />
bordered each side by a narrow stripe <strong>of</strong> scales, each in turn<br />
bordered by a broader stripe with but few scales; a sublateral pair
144 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
<strong>of</strong> bare stripes confined to posterior half. Abdomen with bluish-<br />
black scales, each segment with a narrow basal white band; venter<br />
whitish scaled with apical black patches. Legs long, slender; femora<br />
largely white scaled, some black scales above and just before apex;<br />
tibiae black and white scaled, <strong>the</strong> white scales predominating on <strong>the</strong><br />
under side; tarsal segments clo<strong>the</strong>d with black and white scales, <strong>the</strong><br />
last joints wholly black. Wing scales brown, a patch at base <strong>of</strong><br />
costa white.<br />
Male hypopygitw. (Fig. 6, Pl. XIII.) Side-pieces more than<br />
three times as long as wide; apical lobe prominent, conical, <strong>the</strong> vent-<br />
ral surface <strong>of</strong> which is densely haired, <strong>the</strong> dorsal surface bare (In <strong>the</strong><br />
figure <strong>the</strong> hairs shown arise from <strong>the</strong> ventral surface and should<br />
not have been drawn by <strong>the</strong> artist) ; basal lobe small, with a promi-<br />
nent spine and two or three adjacent small ones and a few setae;<br />
<strong>the</strong> inner margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> basal lobe turns ventrad <strong>the</strong>n outward and<br />
caudad to end in a short, chitinous, stout stem which bears two api-<br />
cal, large curving spines. Clasper medianly swollen. Claspette with<br />
a long stout stem, angled in <strong>the</strong> middle; <strong>the</strong> portion distad <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
angle smaller ; <strong>the</strong> basal part stout and densely setose; filament<br />
broadly expanded before <strong>the</strong> middle, pointed at <strong>the</strong> apex. Mesosome<br />
short, strongly chitinized, narrowly open on <strong>the</strong> median ventral line,<br />
closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite<br />
prominent, heavily chitinized, short, and each bears 7-9 stout spines.<br />
Larva. “Head rounded, bulging at <strong>the</strong> sides; aritennae moderate,<br />
sparsely spined, with a tuft at <strong>the</strong> middle. Head-hairs upper in<br />
eight, lower in four or <strong>the</strong>reabout, anteantennal tuft multiple. Lat-<br />
eral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> many scales in a large triangular<br />
patch. Air-tube over three times as long as wide, <strong>the</strong> pecten reach-<br />
ing <strong>the</strong> basal third; a multiple hair-tuft about <strong>the</strong> middle. Anal seg-<br />
ment with a dorsal plate reaching well down <strong>the</strong> sides, excavate on<br />
<strong>the</strong> margin ; ventral brush posterior ; dorsal tuft a long hair and brush<br />
on each side; lateral hair single, small. Anal gills nearly twice as<br />
long as <strong>the</strong> segment, pointed.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
This species occurs in Alaska and <strong>the</strong> Yukon, south along<br />
<strong>the</strong> Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in <strong>the</strong> mountainous re-<br />
gions <strong>of</strong> Europe.<br />
AEDES NEARCTICUS Dyar<br />
Aedes Ytearcticus Dyar, Rept. Can. Arct. Exp. 3, pt. C, 32.<br />
1919.<br />
Aedes parvuh Edwards, Bul. Ent. Res. 12, 314. 1921.
CULICINI 145<br />
FernaLe. Length 4.5 mm. ; wing 4 mm. Proboscis long, black.<br />
Occiput black, a median line <strong>of</strong> pale scales, black scales at <strong>the</strong> sides;<br />
<strong>the</strong> cheeks with broad, flat pale scales; erect, narrow black scales and<br />
setae numerous. Mesonotum black, <strong>the</strong> scales bronzy-brown, except<br />
at <strong>the</strong> sides where <strong>the</strong>y are more or less yellowish; bristles numer-<br />
ous. Abdomen black, with broad basal segmental white bands; ven-<br />
ter white scaled, <strong>the</strong> apices <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> segments more or less black scaled.<br />
* Legs black, <strong>the</strong> femora and tibiae with numerous white scales.<br />
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 1, Pl. XIV.) Side-pieces three times<br />
as long as wide; apical lobe short, rounded, nearly bare; basal lobe<br />
small, narrowly conical, with a single long, marginal spine, numerous<br />
long and short setae. Clasper long, medianly expanded. Claspette<br />
with a long, cylindrical stem; filament long, angularly expanded at<br />
<strong>the</strong> base, and ends in a sharp point. Mesosome a narrow cylinder,<br />
widely open along its ventral face, closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum and at <strong>the</strong><br />
base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite short, strongly chitinized, and each<br />
bears a number <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r stout spines.<br />
Larva. Length 9-10 mm. Head wider than long; antenna faintly<br />
spined, a small tuft at <strong>the</strong> middle ; upper and lower head hairs single ;<br />
anteantennal tuft small, <strong>of</strong> two to four hairs. Lateral abdominal<br />
hairs multiple on <strong>the</strong> first, double on <strong>the</strong> second to <strong>the</strong> fifth segments<br />
and single on <strong>the</strong> sixth. Comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> few scales,<br />
10-14, in a single patch. Anal segment about as wide as long, dorsal<br />
plate reaching well down to <strong>the</strong> mid-ventral line; dorsal brush, a long<br />
hair and a tuft each side; ventral brush large, with smaller tufts in<br />
front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> barred area. Anal gills very long and stout, at least<br />
four times as long as anal segment. Air-tube two and one-half times<br />
as long as wide; pecten on basal third, followed by a tuft.<br />
Aedes warcticzu occurs in <strong>the</strong> arctic regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>north</strong>western<br />
Canada extending southward at high elevations along <strong>the</strong><br />
Rocky Mountains to Montana. Very little is known <strong>of</strong> its<br />
habits or biology.<br />
AEDES ABORIGINE Dyar<br />
Aedes aborigih Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 5, 99. 1917.<br />
Female. Length 5-6.5 mm.; wing 5.5 mm. Proboscis long, slender,<br />
brownish-black. Occiput black, with numerous curved brownish-yel-<br />
low scales; cheeks with broad, appressed, yellowish-white scales; nape<br />
with riumerous erect forked yellowish-brown scales. Mesonotum black,<br />
with numerous curved, narrow yellowish to brownish-yellow scales
146 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
with broad paired median lines <strong>of</strong> brown scales. Antescutellar space<br />
margined with yellow scales. Abdomen black, with narrow basal<br />
white bands, triangularly widened at <strong>the</strong> sides; vetiter clo<strong>the</strong>d with<br />
whitish scales,. Legs long, slender, black, femora white scaled be-<br />
neath to tip and tibiae with a sprinkling <strong>of</strong> whitish scales. Wings<br />
hyaline, <strong>the</strong> scales uniformly black.<br />
Male hypopygium (Fig. 2, Pl. XIV.) Side-pieces nearly three<br />
times as long as wide; apical lobe rounded and clo<strong>the</strong>d with short<br />
setae; basal lobe large, conical, and bears numerous setae, <strong>the</strong> ones<br />
near <strong>the</strong> base longer and larger, a single spine near <strong>the</strong> cephalic<br />
margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> base. Clasper long, stout, constricted on <strong>the</strong> apical<br />
fourth. Claspette with a stout cylindrical stem, pilose, with two<br />
small setae near <strong>the</strong> base; filament short, expanded near <strong>the</strong> middle<br />
and ends in a blunt recurved point. Mesosome broad, cylindrical,<br />
open along <strong>the</strong> median ventral line, closed at <strong>the</strong> base and along<br />
<strong>the</strong> dorsum. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite prominent, heavily chitinized,<br />
and each bears three or four short, stout spines.<br />
Larva, “Head rounded, bulging at <strong>the</strong> sides; antennae moderate,<br />
sparsely spined, with a tuft about <strong>the</strong> middle. Head-hairs upper<br />
three to five, lower in two to four, anteantennal tuft about six.<br />
Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> about twenty scales in a<br />
patch. Air-tube three times as long as wide, pecten fine and even,<br />
not quite reaching <strong>the</strong> middle, followed by a four-haired tuft. Anal<br />
segment not ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate, which comes near <strong>the</strong> ventral line,<br />
<strong>the</strong> ventral brush posterior, but with small tufts preceding <strong>the</strong> barred<br />
area. Dorsal tuft a long hair and brush on each side. Anal gills<br />
longer than <strong>the</strong> segment, pointed.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
This species is distributed throughout <strong>the</strong> coastal area from<br />
Washington <strong>north</strong> to Alaska. The larvae are said to occur in<br />
early pools in forests. Very little is known <strong>of</strong> its life history<br />
or its importance.<br />
AEDESALPINUS Linnaeus<br />
C&x a,lpinu.s Linnaeus, Flora Lapp., 364. 1737. ; 2nd. Ed., 381.<br />
1792.<br />
Culex &gripes Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp., 807. 1838.<br />
Aedes imzuitus Dyar and Knab, Ins. Ins. Mens. 5, 166. 1917.<br />
FenzaZe. Length 6.5 mm. ; wing 5 mm. Proboscis long, black.<br />
Occiput with numerous reddish brown scales and long setae; <strong>the</strong><br />
nape with erect, narrow, reddish scales; cheeks with flat, yellowish-<br />
white scales. Mesonotum black with narrow, long reddish-brown
CULICINI 147<br />
scales; pleura with pale scales and dense groups <strong>of</strong> long setae.<br />
Abdomen black, with basal, segmental, broad bands <strong>of</strong> white scales;<br />
venter white scaled. Legs black. Wing scales narrow, brown to<br />
black.<br />
Male hypopygizinz. “Side-piece moderate, conical ; apical lobe<br />
small, with only very short fine-pointed setae; basal lobe roundly<br />
expanded, <strong>the</strong> inner part with very fine short-pointed setae, <strong>the</strong> outer<br />
with some fifteen long coarse setae, <strong>the</strong> outermost <strong>the</strong> strongest and<br />
spine-like, though <strong>the</strong> gradation is gradual. Claspette stem long,<br />
finely hirsute basally, curved ; filament as long as <strong>the</strong> stem, pointed<br />
at tip, thick, expanded somewhat broadly and blade-like on one side.<br />
Clasper large, somewhat swollen except at tip.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
Larva. Head rounded, much broader than long; antenna short,<br />
spiny, <strong>the</strong> hair tuft small, situated at <strong>the</strong> middle; upper and lower<br />
head hairs single; anteantennal tuft multiple. Lateral abdominal<br />
hairs multiple on <strong>the</strong> first and second, double on <strong>the</strong> third to fifth<br />
segments; comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> fifteen to eighteen scales<br />
in a triangular patch. Air-tube three times as long as wide; pecten<br />
reaching beyond <strong>the</strong> middle. <strong>the</strong> last three teeth detached; tuft multi-<br />
ple, located basad <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> last tooth <strong>of</strong> pecten. Anal segment wider<br />
than long, ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate; dorsal brush a long hair and<br />
tuft each side; ventral brush large, enclosed by <strong>the</strong> plate. Anal<br />
gills longer than <strong>the</strong> segment.<br />
Aedes alpimts is restricted to <strong>the</strong> arctic regions <strong>of</strong> North<br />
America and Europe where it frequently occurs in immense<br />
numbers.<br />
AEDES CAMPESTRIS Dyar and Knab<br />
Aedes campestris Dyar and Knab, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot. 15, 213.<br />
1907.<br />
Aedes callitlzotrp Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 8, 16. 1920.<br />
Female. Length 6 mm.; wing 5 mm. Proboscis black, inter-<br />
mingled with white scales on basal half. Occiput black, with yellow-<br />
ish scales ; cheek with broader flat whitish scales; erect forked scales<br />
numerous on <strong>the</strong> vertex and nape, yellowish-brown in <strong>the</strong> center,<br />
black at <strong>the</strong> sides. Mesonotum with very narrow curved scales, a<br />
broad median stripe, a short posterior lateral stripe and lateral mar-<br />
gins bronzy-brown, <strong>the</strong> rest yellowish. Abdomen clo<strong>the</strong>d dorsally<br />
with white and black scales, <strong>the</strong> black scales being restricted to small<br />
paired lateral patches on each segment. Venter clo<strong>the</strong>d with white<br />
scales, a few black ones on <strong>the</strong> median line. Legs slender ; femora<br />
and tibiae clo<strong>the</strong>d with yellowish-white scales iritermixed with a few
148 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
black scales; first tarsal segments with black and whitish scales<br />
evenly intermixed; second to fourth hind tarsal segments black with<br />
narrow basal and apical white rings, <strong>the</strong> fifth almost entirely yel-<br />
lowish; fore tarsi with <strong>the</strong> last three segments black, <strong>the</strong> second<br />
with a narrow basal white ring; mid tarsi with <strong>the</strong> last two segments<br />
black, <strong>the</strong> second and third with narrow basal and apical white spots.<br />
Wings with black and white scales, <strong>the</strong> white ones predominating.<br />
Male hypopygiunz. (Fig. 3, Pl. XIV.) Side-pieces nearly three<br />
times as long as wide; apical lobe small, rounded, and bears stout,<br />
long setae; basal lobe convex, rounded, densely setose, a long hooked<br />
spine on <strong>the</strong> outer basal margin and several straight spines nearby,<br />
smaller but nearly as long. Clasper long, medianly expanded. Clas-<br />
pette with stout, curving, cylindrical stem, setose, with several larger<br />
sub-apical setae ; filament short, ligulate, slightly expanded at <strong>the</strong> mid-<br />
dle. Mesosome short, cylindrical, narrowed apically, widely open<br />
along <strong>the</strong> ventral side, closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite very short, heavily chitinized, and each bears<br />
five to seven short, stout spines.<br />
Larva. Head rounded, about as broad as long; upper head hairs<br />
in threes, lower single and large. Antenna spinose, <strong>the</strong> tuft at <strong>the</strong><br />
middle. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment a patch <strong>of</strong> many scales.<br />
Air-tube about three times as long as wide, conically tapered, pecten<br />
reaching somewhat beyond <strong>the</strong> middle, <strong>the</strong> last tooth stouter and a<br />
little more distantly placed than <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs, followed by a four-<br />
haired tuft. Anal segment with <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate reaching about <strong>the</strong><br />
middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> side. Ventral brush large with small tufts preceding<br />
<strong>the</strong> barred area. Anal gills small.<br />
The distribution <strong>of</strong> this species is not well known. It oc-<br />
curs from Minnesota west to Washington and <strong>north</strong> to Hucl-<br />
son Bay and Yukon Territory. Very little is known <strong>of</strong> its<br />
habits or biology. The females bite by day or night whenever<br />
one invades <strong>the</strong>ir haunts.<br />
AEDES NIGROMACULISLUDLOW<br />
Grabhamia ~zigromaczdis Ludlow, Geo. Wash. Univ. Bull. 5,<br />
85, 1907.<br />
Gmbhanzia grisea Ludlow, Can. Ent. 39, 130. 1907.<br />
Female. Length 5.5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis long, black,<br />
with a narrow ring <strong>of</strong> white near <strong>the</strong> middle. Occiput brown with
CULICINI 149<br />
pale yellow scales medianly, brown at <strong>the</strong> sides; broad, flat, yellowish<br />
scales on <strong>the</strong> cheeks; numerous, erect, yellowish scales on vertex and<br />
nape. Mesonotum black, a broad median stripe <strong>of</strong> bronzy-brown<br />
scales almost reaching <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space ; sides yellowish scaled,<br />
with brown scales on <strong>the</strong> margin especially at <strong>the</strong> anterior end.<br />
Abdomen white scaled with quadrate black patches at <strong>the</strong> sides <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> segments (<strong>the</strong> white scales may be reduced to a narrow median<br />
line and basal bands) ; venter pale scaled. Wing scales black, inter-<br />
mingled with white ones especially toward <strong>the</strong> costa. Femora and<br />
tibia largely yellowish scaled with a sprinkling <strong>of</strong> black scales; tarsi<br />
black with broad basal white bands, <strong>the</strong> white on <strong>the</strong> first joint being<br />
very exterisive.<br />
Male Izypopygiwn. (Fig. 4, Pl. XIV.) Side-pieces twice as long<br />
as wide; apical lobe absent ; basal lobe a small flattened area with<br />
numerous, ra<strong>the</strong>r short, stout setae. Clasper shorter than side-piece,<br />
swollen medianly. Claspette with cylindrical stem, a strong seta<br />
near outer end; filament narrow, as long as <strong>the</strong> stem. Tenth sternites<br />
prominent, recurved, heavily chitinized. Mesosome conical, and<br />
slightly chitinized. Tergites <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth segment roundel lobes bear-<br />
ing a few short setae.<br />
Larva. “Head rounded, scarcely bulging at <strong>the</strong> sides; antennae<br />
moderate with a tuft near <strong>the</strong> middle. Head hairs single, anteanten-<br />
nal tuft in three. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> about nine<br />
scales in an open triangular patch, each scale with long central thorn.<br />
Air-tube twice as long as wide, conical outwardly, <strong>the</strong> pecten reach-<br />
ing three-fourths <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube, <strong>the</strong> last three teeth stouter and widely<br />
detached, followed near <strong>the</strong> tip <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube by a minute tuft. Anal<br />
segment wider than long, ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate, <strong>the</strong> ventral brush pos-<br />
terior ; dorsal tuft a hair and brush on each side; lateral hair single,<br />
small. Aria1 gills longer than <strong>the</strong> segment, pointed.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
This species appears to be restricted to <strong>the</strong> more arid plains<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> west, extending from Louisiana and New Mexico <strong>north</strong><br />
to Alberta and Saskatchewan. Very little is known about <strong>the</strong><br />
species except that it breeds in rain pools and irrigation water<br />
which at times may be strongly alkaline.<br />
AEDES SPENCERII Theobald<br />
Culex spenceri; Theobald, Mon. Culic. 2, 99. 1901.<br />
Fewale. Length 4.5 mm.; wing 4 mm.<br />
Occiput black with narrow yellowish scales<br />
Proboscis long, black.<br />
on vertex, broader flat
150 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
ones on cheeks; numerous erect narrow yellowish scales present.<br />
Mesonotum black, a broad median stripe <strong>of</strong> bronzy-brown scales, <strong>the</strong><br />
sides whitish scaled except over <strong>the</strong> roots <strong>of</strong> wings, anterior margin<br />
and about <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space, brownish. Abdomen largely whjtish<br />
scaled, though <strong>the</strong> white scales are usually arranged more or less<br />
in a median line with quadrate lateral black spots; venter pale scaled.<br />
Femora, tibiae and first tarsal joints largely pale scaled, <strong>the</strong> remain-<br />
ing tarsal joints black. Wing scales narrow, those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first, third<br />
and fifth veins black, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs white.<br />
Male hypopygiztnz. (Fig. 5, PI. XIV.) Side-pieces more than<br />
twice as long as wide; apical lobe prominent with numerous short,<br />
retrorse setae ; basal lobe broadly expanded apically, narrowed at<br />
base, with numerous short setae and a large curving spine on <strong>the</strong><br />
dorsal edge. Clasper shorter than <strong>the</strong> side-piece, expanded medianly.<br />
Claspette with long curving stem, with two setae before apex; fila-<br />
ment shorter than stem, sickle-shaped. Mesosome cylindrical, con-<br />
stricted toward apical half, not heavily chitinized. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
ninth tergite long, each bearing five to seven stout spines.<br />
Larva. “Head rounded, bulging on <strong>the</strong> sides; antennae ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
small, sparsely spinulated, a tuft near <strong>the</strong> middle. Head hairs single,<br />
anteantennal tuft in four. Lateral ‘comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong><br />
about nine scales in an irregular partly doubled row. Air-tube about<br />
two and a half times as long as wide, <strong>the</strong> pecten running to <strong>the</strong> mid-<br />
dle, <strong>the</strong> last two teeth ra<strong>the</strong>r widely detached, followed by a small<br />
tuft. Aria1 segment longer than wide, <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate reaching near<br />
<strong>the</strong> ventral line, somewhat irregular on its edge; ventral brush pos-<br />
terior, but with small tufts preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area; dorsal tuft a<br />
long hair and brush on each side; lateral hair single, small. Anal<br />
gills twice as long as <strong>the</strong> segment, pointed.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
Aedes sjencerii occurs in <strong>the</strong> prairie region <strong>of</strong> Minnesota,<br />
North Dakota, Montana <strong>north</strong> through <strong>the</strong> Canadian provinces.<br />
It also breeds on <strong>the</strong> eastern slopes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rocky Mountains.<br />
According to Knab it is a strictly diurnal species biting during<br />
<strong>the</strong> day. It is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> great pests <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> open prairies both<br />
<strong>of</strong> man and animals.<br />
AEDESCATAPHYLLAD~~~<br />
Aedes cataphylla Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 4, 86. 1916.<br />
Aedes prodotes Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens. 5, 118. 1917.
CULICINI 151<br />
FenzaZe. Length 5.5 mm.; wing 4.5 to 5 mm. Proboscis dark<br />
brown with a few white scales on <strong>the</strong> basal half. Occiput black with<br />
many narrow white scales, a brown patch at <strong>the</strong> sides; cheeks with<br />
flat white scales; nape with numerous erect brown forked scales.<br />
Mesonotum black, with numerous golden brown scales, those at <strong>the</strong><br />
sides and around <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space whitish. Abdomen black,<br />
with broad basal segmental white bands; venter white scaled with<br />
median black spots and indications <strong>of</strong> lateral black spots. Legs black,<br />
<strong>the</strong> femora and tibiae largely pale scaled especially on <strong>the</strong> under side,<br />
<strong>the</strong> first and second tarsal segments with many pale scales; tarsi<br />
without white bands. Wings black scaled, with white scales inter-<br />
mingled on <strong>the</strong> costa and first and second longitudinal veins.<br />
Male hypopygiunz. (Fig. 6, PI. XIV.) Side-pieces more than<br />
twice as long as wide; apical lobe long, finger-like, with two short<br />
spines on its dorsal face and a few short setae at <strong>the</strong> apex, a dense<br />
group <strong>of</strong> long stout spines at its base; basal lobe somewhat conical,<br />
rounded at <strong>the</strong> apex, with a single stout marginal spine and numer-<br />
ous ra<strong>the</strong>r stout setae. Clasper long, nearly cylindrical. Claspette<br />
with a long outwardly curving stem; filament sharply pointed, broadly<br />
expanded before <strong>the</strong> middle. Mesosome cylindrical, somewhat taper-<br />
ing to <strong>the</strong> apex, widely open along its ventral face, closed on <strong>the</strong><br />
dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite short, approxi-<br />
mate, and each bears a row <strong>of</strong> stout short spines.<br />
Larva. Length 8-9 mm. Head broader than long. Antenna<br />
cylindrical, slightly tapering, minutely spined; tuft small, situated at<br />
middle. Anteantennal tuft small and short. Both upper and lower<br />
head hairs single. Abdominal lateral tufts double on <strong>the</strong> first to <strong>the</strong><br />
fourth, single on <strong>the</strong> fifth and sixth segments. Comb scales <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
eighth segment arranged in two irregular rows. Air-tube nearly<br />
three times as long as wide, slightly tapering beyond hair tuft. Pec-<br />
ten <strong>of</strong> evenly spaced teeth, and two to three detached teeth beyond<br />
<strong>the</strong> hair tuft; tuft <strong>of</strong> several hairs situated just before <strong>the</strong> middle,<br />
within <strong>the</strong> pecten. Anal segment longer than wide, not ringed by<br />
<strong>the</strong> dorsal plate. Dorsal brush a long hair and a multiple tuft on<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r side; ventral brush well developed with one or two small tufts<br />
preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area.<br />
This species occurs in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Rocky Mountains from<br />
Colorado to Alaska. The larvae are said to breed in deep snow<br />
pools, grassy meadow pools, and in forest pools. The winter<br />
is probably passed in <strong>the</strong> egg stage.
152 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
AEDES ALDRICHI Dyar and Knab<br />
Aedes aldrichi Dyar and Knab, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mm., 25, 57.<br />
1908.<br />
Fende. Length 4.5 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.<br />
Occiput black, with narrow white scales, cheeks with broad flat white<br />
scales; nape with numerous erect pale yellowish forked scales. Meson-<br />
otum black, with very narrow curved white scales, a broad divided<br />
median stripe and small subdorsal posterior stripes <strong>of</strong> bronzy-brown<br />
scales. Abdomen black with narrow basal white segmental bands,<br />
<strong>the</strong> bands widening laterally. Venter clo<strong>the</strong>d with white scales. Legs<br />
long, brownish black, <strong>the</strong> femora white scaled beneath, <strong>the</strong> tibiae<br />
and first tarsal segment largely pale scaled within. Wings uniformly<br />
clo<strong>the</strong>d with brown scales.<br />
Male hypopygiunz. (Fig. 1, PI. XV.) Side-pieces three times as<br />
long as wide; apical lobe rounded, ra<strong>the</strong>r prominent, clo<strong>the</strong>d with<br />
few small, slightly retrorse setae; basal lobe large, slightly expanded<br />
apicaly, clo<strong>the</strong>d with numerous, short, stout setae and a broad curv-<br />
ing spine arising at <strong>the</strong> basal cephalic margin. Clasper long, medianly<br />
expanded, finely pilose. Claspette with stout, pilose, cylindrical stem,<br />
somewhat constricted beyond <strong>the</strong> middle; at <strong>the</strong> point <strong>of</strong> constric-<br />
tion arise two short setae; filament short, broadly expanded in <strong>the</strong><br />
middle. Mesosome a short sylinder, somewhat constricted at <strong>the</strong><br />
middle; open along <strong>the</strong> mid-ventral line, closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum and<br />
at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite short, narrowly separated and<br />
each bears four to five stout spines.<br />
Larva. Length 8 mm. Head wider than long. Antenna slightly<br />
tapering, indistinctly spined; tuft small, situated well before <strong>the</strong> mid-<br />
dle. Head hairs usually in twos though <strong>the</strong> upper may be single.<br />
Anteantennal tuft multiple. Abdominal lateral tufts double or triple<br />
on <strong>the</strong> first segment, double on <strong>the</strong> second to sixth. The eighth seg-<br />
ment bears a triangular patch <strong>of</strong> about 22 to 24 scales. Anal seg-<br />
ment broader than long, not ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate though it<br />
extends to near <strong>the</strong> mid-ventral line; dorsal brush a long hair and a<br />
multiple tuft on each side; ventral brush well developed with two or<br />
three small tufts preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area. Air-tube stout, from two<br />
to two and one-half times as long as wide; pecten <strong>of</strong> closely set teeth,<br />
extending to about <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube; tuft multiple situated just<br />
beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten and at <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> air-tube.<br />
This species occurs in <strong>the</strong> western United States and Canada,<br />
being principally found in <strong>the</strong> river valleys <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rocky Moun-<br />
tain watershed both east and west. Hearle states that <strong>the</strong> win-
CULICINI<br />
ter is passed in <strong>the</strong> egg stage in bottom lands subject to spring<br />
or summer flooding. The larval period is about three weeks.<br />
Mating takes place shortly after emergence and <strong>the</strong> eggs are<br />
deposited about a month later. This is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most abun-<br />
dant and annoying species in <strong>the</strong> river valleys <strong>of</strong> British Co-<br />
lumbia. It is recorded as very blood thirsty, invading houses,<br />
and attacking man and domestic animals.<br />
AEDES THIBAULTI Dyar and Knab<br />
Aedes tlzibnzdfi Dyar and Knab, Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash. 11, 174.<br />
1910.<br />
Female. Length 5.5-6 mm. ; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis black. Oc-<br />
ciput black, a median stripe widening posteriorly on <strong>the</strong> nape, <strong>of</strong><br />
yellowish scales ; sides with broad, appressed dark scales; cheeks<br />
and a narrow line along margins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eyes, white scaled; long, nar-<br />
row, erect, forked, brownish-yellow scales numerous on <strong>the</strong> occiput<br />
and nape. Mesonotum black, a wide median stripe, broadening at<br />
<strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mesonotum to include <strong>the</strong> whole dorsal surface,<br />
<strong>of</strong> very small bronzy-black scales, <strong>the</strong> sides on <strong>the</strong> anterior half and<br />
a very narrow line around <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space <strong>of</strong> yellowish to<br />
golden scales. Abdomen black scaled with a bluish reflection; seg-<br />
mental white bands lacking but with lateral, basal, triangular areas<br />
<strong>of</strong> yellowish-white scales. Venter clo<strong>the</strong>d with yellowish-white scales.<br />
Legs black, <strong>the</strong> under surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> femora to slightly beyond <strong>the</strong><br />
middle and tips white scaled. Wing scales black or brownish-black.<br />
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 2, PI. XV.) Side-pieces more than<br />
twice as long as wide; apical lobe short, rounded, nearly bare, with a<br />
few short setae on <strong>the</strong> ventral face; basal lobe short, rounded, clo<strong>the</strong>d<br />
with numerous long, spine-like setae. Clasper long, medianly ex-<br />
panded and clo<strong>the</strong>d on <strong>the</strong> inner face with numerous short setae.<br />
Claspette with stout, short, densely setiferous stem; filament inserted<br />
before <strong>the</strong> apex <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stem, broadly expanded beyond <strong>the</strong> base with<br />
a stout, blunt angulation before <strong>the</strong> middle and terminates in a sharply<br />
recurved hook. Mesosome stout, sharply constricted before <strong>the</strong> apex,<br />
narrowly open along <strong>the</strong> ventral face, closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum and at<br />
<strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite short, narrow, approximate, and<br />
each bears a group <strong>of</strong> stout spines.<br />
Larva. Head rounded, slightly wider than long. Antenna broadly<br />
curved, spined all over; a well developed tuft before <strong>the</strong> middle.<br />
Upper and lower pairs <strong>of</strong> dorsal head hairs multiple; ante-antenna1<br />
153
154 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
tuft multiple. Abdomen with lateral tufts, on segments one and<br />
two multiple, on three, four, five and six double. Lateral comb<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> many scales in a patch. Anal segment<br />
longer than wide, dorsal plate reaching near <strong>the</strong> ventral line; ven-<br />
tral brush well developed with two or three small tufts before <strong>the</strong><br />
barred area; dorsal tuft <strong>of</strong> one multiple tuft and a long hair. Anal<br />
gills about as long as segment, tapering, blunt at tip. Air-tube stout,<br />
about three times as long as wide; pecten reaching almost to middle,<br />
<strong>the</strong> teeth uniformly spaced, followed by a tuft <strong>of</strong> about six hairs.<br />
Distribution. From Georgia to Arkansas, south to <strong>the</strong> Gulf<br />
<strong>of</strong> Mexico. Although this species was, described by Dyar and<br />
Knab in 1910, nothing was known <strong>of</strong> its, habits or life history<br />
till Bradley discovered <strong>the</strong> larvae in a ground pool under a tree<br />
at Mound, Louisiana, in May, 1924. He found <strong>the</strong> adults in<br />
numbers resting in hollow trees and logs. The species is thought<br />
to be single brooded.<br />
AEDES DUPREEI Coquillett<br />
Czrlc-zr dz~preei Coquillett, Can. Ent., 36, 10. 1904.<br />
Female. “Proboscis moderate, dark brown. Occiput and pro-<br />
thoracic lobes with dark brown scales, <strong>the</strong> former with a large area<br />
<strong>of</strong> silvery scales at <strong>the</strong> vertex. Mesonotum dark brown, with broad<br />
median silvery line <strong>the</strong> whole length. Abdomen black above with<br />
lateral basal segmental triangular white spots; venter whitish, <strong>the</strong><br />
tips <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> segments more or less blackish. Legs black with bronzy<br />
reflections. Wing scales narrow, dark.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 3, PI. XV.) Side-pieces over twice as<br />
long as wide; apical lobe distinct, narrowly finger-shaped, with a few<br />
fine setae; basal lobe long, expanded distally, densely setose on <strong>the</strong><br />
apical portion and a medium-sized spine on <strong>the</strong> cephalic margin.<br />
Clasper long, medianly expanded. Claspette with a slender columnar<br />
stem, finely setose; filament long, narrow, ending in a fine point.<br />
Mesosome short, more or less cone-shaped, widely open on <strong>the</strong> ven-<br />
tral side, closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth<br />
tergite small, narrow, and each bears four to five short spines.<br />
Larva. “Head rounded, bulging at <strong>the</strong> sides; upper head hair<br />
single, lower double, anteantennal tuft in three. Antennae ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
long, smooth, a single hair at <strong>the</strong> middle. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth<br />
segment <strong>of</strong> about seven scales in a straight row. Air-tube ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
long and slender, about five times as long as wide; pecten running
CULICINI 155<br />
out one-third, followed by a large tuft. Anal segment ringed by <strong>the</strong><br />
plate, <strong>the</strong> ventral brush posterior; dorsal tuft a long hair and six-<br />
haired brush on each side. Anal gills very long, over four times as<br />
long as <strong>the</strong> segment, tapered, conspicuously tracheate.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
Aedes dupreei is apparently a very local species. Dyar re-<br />
cords it from New Jersey, Louisiana and Arkansas. I have<br />
it from two places in New Jersey.<br />
AEDES ATLANTICUS Dyar and Knab<br />
Aedes atCau.ticus Dyar and Knab, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot. 14, 193.<br />
1906.<br />
Female. Length 4.5 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis slender, black-<br />
ish-brown.. Palpi short, dark brown. Vertex dark brown, medianly<br />
clo<strong>the</strong>d with a band <strong>of</strong> white curving scales and erect white ones on<br />
<strong>the</strong> nape; black scales on <strong>the</strong> sides with erect black ones behind <strong>the</strong>se;<br />
a patch <strong>of</strong> broad, flat white scales behind <strong>the</strong> eyes. Mesonotum dark<br />
brown, densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow, curving brown scales except a<br />
broad median stripe <strong>of</strong> silvery-white scales extending from anterior<br />
margin to <strong>the</strong> scutellum. Abdomen bluish-black, <strong>the</strong> segments with<br />
small lateral, basal, white triangular spots ; venter yellowish-white<br />
scaled. Wing veins clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow brown scales. Legs black.<br />
Male hypopygitm. (Fig. 4, Pl. XV.) Side-pieces over twice as<br />
long as wide, tapered somewhat conically, ra<strong>the</strong>r stout; apical lobe<br />
long, finger shaped, bearing a few short spines; basal lobe semi-<br />
detached, large, broadly expanded towards its apex, bearing numer-<br />
ous setae and a large stout spine near <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> outer mar-<br />
gin. Clasper long, broad, sharply constricted near its apex. Clas-<br />
pette with a stout, bent, pilose, cylindrical stem, broadly expanded at<br />
<strong>the</strong> outer half and sharply constricted to <strong>the</strong> blunt apex; filament<br />
somewhat expanded at <strong>the</strong> middle and ends in a blunt point. Meso-<br />
some cylindrical short, stout, not heavily chitinized, open along <strong>the</strong><br />
ventral side but closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsal. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergites,<br />
stout, approximate and each bears five short spines.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 4, PI. XXI.) Length 8 mm. Head distinctly<br />
broader than long; antenna slender, with a few spines; tuft small,<br />
short, situated at <strong>the</strong> middle; upper and lower head hairs single;<br />
anteantennal tuft multiple. Lateral hairs <strong>of</strong> abdomen in twos on <strong>the</strong><br />
first and second segments, single on <strong>the</strong> third to <strong>the</strong> sixth. Eighth<br />
segment with a comb <strong>of</strong> five or six large thorn-shaped scales in a<br />
single row. Anal segment longer than wide, ringed by <strong>the</strong> heavily
156 MOSQUITOES OF iYORTH AMERICA<br />
chitinized plate; dorsal brush a long hair and a stout tuft on each<br />
side; ventral brush well developed, confined to <strong>the</strong> barred area be-<br />
hind <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate. Air-tube stout, slightly tapering beyond <strong>the</strong><br />
middle, nearly twice as long as wide; pecten extending to near <strong>the</strong><br />
middle <strong>of</strong> air-tube; tuft large, situated beyond <strong>the</strong> middle.<br />
ana.<br />
Aedes atlauzticxs occurs from sou<strong>the</strong>rn New York to Louisi-<br />
AEDES INFIRMATUS Dyar and Knab<br />
Aedes infirmatus Dyar and Knab, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Sot. 14,<br />
197. 1906.<br />
Female. Length 4.5 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender,<br />
brown. Occiput brown with silvery scales in <strong>the</strong> middle, brown ones<br />
on <strong>the</strong> sides and numerous erect, narrow scales on <strong>the</strong> nape. Mesono-<br />
turn reddish-brown, a broad median patch <strong>of</strong> silvery scales extending<br />
back to just beyond <strong>the</strong> middle, brown on <strong>the</strong> sides and posterior<br />
half. Abdomen black, with lateral, segmental spots, white; venter<br />
white scaled. Legs brown, <strong>the</strong> femora yellowish beneath. Wing<br />
scales very narrow, dark.<br />
Male hypopygiuwa. (Fig. 5, Pl. XV.) Side-pieces three times<br />
as long as wide; apical lobe rounded, not prominent and with few<br />
setae; basal lobe sharply conical clo<strong>the</strong>d with short setae and a long,<br />
stout, curving spine on <strong>the</strong> outer margin. Clasper slightly expanded<br />
medianly. Claspette with a long, curving, cylindrical stem; filament<br />
broadly expanded at middle with a retrorse branch bearing one or two<br />
smaller ones, apex sharply pointed. Mesosome cylindrical, gradually<br />
narrowing to <strong>the</strong> apex; widely open on <strong>the</strong> ventral side, closed on<br />
<strong>the</strong> dorsum and at <strong>the</strong> base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite short, ap-<br />
proximate, and each bears a series <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r stout spines.<br />
Larva. “Head rounded, bulging at <strong>the</strong> sides; antennae ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
long, slender sparsely spicular. Head hairs single, anteantennal tuft<br />
multiple. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r numerous<br />
scales in an irregular double row. Air-tube nearly three times as long<br />
as wide, <strong>the</strong> pecten running a little beyond <strong>the</strong> middle, followed by a<br />
hair-tuft. Anal segment ra<strong>the</strong>r longer than wide, ringed by <strong>the</strong><br />
plate, <strong>the</strong> ventral brush posterior. Dorsal tuft a long hair and brush<br />
on each side; lateral hair single, small. Anal gills longer than <strong>the</strong><br />
segment, pointed.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
Aedes infirwmtus is recorded from Georgia, North Carolina,<br />
Florida, Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas.<br />
It breeds in tem-<br />
porary rain po,ols, especially those under palmettos.<br />
The
CULICINI 157<br />
adults are blood thirsty but rarely leave <strong>the</strong> shaded woods.<br />
Beyer records <strong>the</strong>m as driving cattle from woodlands by <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
attacks.<br />
AEDES TORMENTOR Dyar and Knab<br />
Aedes tormentor Dyar and Knab, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 14,<br />
191. 1906.<br />
Female. Proboscis slender, brown. Occiput brown, a median<br />
line <strong>of</strong> silvery scales, brown at <strong>the</strong> sides and yellowish-white on <strong>the</strong><br />
cheeks; nape and sides with erect, forked, brown scales. Mesonotum<br />
brown, a median broad stripe <strong>of</strong> silvery white scales, <strong>the</strong> rest with<br />
golden brown scales. Abdomen black with lateral white spots; venter<br />
yellowish-white scaled. Legs brown with bronzy reflections. Wing<br />
scales narrow, dark.<br />
MaEe hypopygium. “Side-piece long, narrow, rounded at tip;<br />
apical lobe narrow, projecting, with only a few small setae; basal<br />
lobe slender, finger-shaped, with few but ra<strong>the</strong>r long setae only near<br />
<strong>the</strong> tip; spine near base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lobe on a short stem. Claspette with<br />
long, slender, flexuous stem; filament short, ra<strong>the</strong>r stout, lined.<br />
Clasper long, narrowed at base and tip, with long terminal spine.<br />
Tenth sternites slender, chitinized and infuscated at tip, rounded.<br />
Ninth tergites small, longer than wide, with about five short coarse<br />
setae irregularly distributed.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
Larva. “Head rounded, bulging on <strong>the</strong> sides; head hairs single,<br />
anteantennal tuft multiple. Antennae ra<strong>the</strong>r long, spinulated, a tuft<br />
at middle. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> about nine scales<br />
in a straight row. Air-tube about two and a half times as long as<br />
wide, <strong>the</strong> pecten reaching three-fourths <strong>the</strong> length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube, in-<br />
closing a small four-haired tuft. Anal segment ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate,<br />
<strong>the</strong> brush posterior ; dorsal tuft a long hair and brush on each side;<br />
lateral hair single, small. Anal gills ra<strong>the</strong>r longer than <strong>the</strong> segment,<br />
tapered.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
Aedes tormentor is distributed from Florida to Arkansas.<br />
It can be separated from A. a.tZmticu.s only in <strong>the</strong> larval stage,<br />
and in <strong>the</strong> adult by a study <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> male hypopygium. Very<br />
little is known about <strong>the</strong> species or its habtits.<br />
AEDES MITCHELLZE Dyar<br />
Culex nzitchellae Dyar, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 13, 74. 1905.<br />
FernaLe. Length 3.5 mm. ; wing 3 mm. Proboscis slender, black,<br />
with a broad white ring at <strong>the</strong> middle. Occiput with silvery scales
158 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
in <strong>the</strong> middle, narrowly brown at <strong>the</strong> sides, <strong>the</strong> cheeks with broad,<br />
flat, pale scales; numerous, erect, narrow white scales present.<br />
Mesonotum black, bronzy-brown scaled at <strong>the</strong> sides, <strong>the</strong> broad cen-<br />
tral area with golden-yellow scales (<strong>the</strong>re is frequently a blending<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se scales.) Abdomen black, segmental basal bands and a nar-<br />
row median line white; venter white variously intermingled with<br />
black scales. Wing scales narrow, brown to black. Legs black, <strong>the</strong><br />
femora and tibiae sprinkled with white scales; tarsi with prominent<br />
basal bands <strong>of</strong> white, <strong>the</strong> last joint <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hind legs entirely white.<br />
Male hypopygiu?lz. “Side-piece large, slightly conical at tip ;<br />
basal lobe a slightly elevated circular area <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r long hairs from<br />
distinct tubercles. Claspette stem moderate, straight ; filament longer<br />
than <strong>the</strong> stem, ra<strong>the</strong>r broadly sickle-shaped. Clasper distinctly swol-<br />
len on <strong>the</strong> basal two-thirds, with long terminal spine. Tenth sternites<br />
with thickened margin and tip, <strong>the</strong> terminal tooth laterally directed.<br />
Ninth tergites small, with about five spines, <strong>the</strong> outermost seta-form.”<br />
(Dyar, 1928.)<br />
Larva. “Head rounded, bulging at sides; head hairs single, ante-<br />
antenna1 tuft in six. Antennae ra<strong>the</strong>r long, spined, with a tuft near<br />
<strong>the</strong> middle. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r many<br />
scales in an irregular double row. Air-tube about four times as long<br />
as wide, only slightly tapering outwardly, <strong>the</strong> pecten not reaching <strong>the</strong><br />
middle, followed by a seven-haired tuft. Anal segment longer than<br />
wide, ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate, ventral brush posterior. Dorsal tuft<br />
a long hair and brush on each side; lateral hair single, small. Anal<br />
gills about as long as <strong>the</strong> segment, pointed.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
This species is recorded from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Georgia, Alabama,<br />
Louisiana and Texas. I have a number collected in <strong>the</strong> Oke-<br />
fenokee Swamp in June. Very little is known about <strong>the</strong> spe-<br />
cies.<br />
NOTES ON Aedes SPECIES NOT INCLUDED HERE<br />
The following species <strong>of</strong> Aedes are not described because<br />
<strong>the</strong>y are rare, some known by only a few specimens, and some<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m are <strong>of</strong> doubtful validity. A. allevti Turner (probably<br />
only a variety <strong>of</strong> A. triseriatus) ; A. cacmothius Dyar (known<br />
from female only, probably A. communis) ; A. cycZocercl&s<br />
Dyar (<strong>of</strong> doubtful validity) ; A. go&zus Dyar (known from<br />
female only, doubtful species) ; A. grossbecki Dyar and Knab<br />
(a rare species,, I have taken only one specimen) ; A. lzexo~o~
CULICINI 159<br />
tz~ Dyar (<strong>of</strong> doubtful validity, probably only a variety <strong>of</strong> A.<br />
pwctor) ; A. idahoensis Theo. ( ? a variety <strong>of</strong> A. spencerii) ;<br />
A. ivzcrepitzu Dyar (probably only A. stimz~,Zam or mere var-<br />
iety <strong>of</strong> it) ; A. labmdoriemis Dyar and Shannon (known from<br />
female only and <strong>of</strong> doubtful validity) ; A. Zeulconotips Dyar (a<br />
rare species found along coast <strong>of</strong> British Columbia and<br />
Alaska) ; A. niphadopsis Dyar and Knab (probably a variety<br />
<strong>of</strong> A. iwzpiger); A. pacificensis Hearle (probably a variety <strong>of</strong><br />
A. captaphylla) ; A. pearyi Dyar and Shannon (probably A.<br />
c809+z~1zz4&s) ; A. pionips Dyar (a rare species <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> forested<br />
Canadian zone) ; A. prolixzls Dyar (probably A. COXWMMZ~S) ;<br />
A. pzwctodes Dyar (undoubtedly only A. puwctor); A. <strong>the</strong>kter<br />
Dyar (known only from <strong>the</strong> Rio Grande Valley, Texas) ; A.<br />
nzzteZCeri Dyar (probably only A. triseriatus) ; A. xoosophz~s<br />
Dyar (known only from <strong>the</strong> female, <strong>of</strong> doubtful validity), A.<br />
zre%trorLGt tis Dyar (fisheri Dyar) from high mountains <strong>of</strong> Wash-<br />
ington and California (larva mentioned in key).<br />
GENUS CULEX LINNAEUSl<br />
Cztlex Linnaeus Syst. Nat. 10,602. 1758.<br />
The genus C&x may be characterized as follows: Pulvilli pres-<br />
ent ; eyes almost contiguous or even touching above <strong>the</strong> antennae;<br />
spiracular and post spiracular bristles absent ; usually only one (rarely<br />
two or three) lower mesepimeral bristles ; scutellum trilobate.<br />
Abdomen <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> female truncate, blunt, <strong>the</strong> cerci short and incon-<br />
spicuous ; female claws simple. Palpi <strong>of</strong> male, when long, always<br />
slender with <strong>the</strong> last two joints upturned. Hypopygium <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> male<br />
without claspettes or basal lobes, <strong>the</strong> apical lobes present and bearing<br />
modified bristles; mesosome a paired structure with, usually, numer-<br />
ous processes, tenth sternite ending in a short tuft or comb <strong>of</strong> short<br />
spines. In <strong>the</strong> larva <strong>the</strong> air tube is usually long and generally with<br />
numerous hair tufts or single hairs; dorsal plate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> anal seg-<br />
ment forming a complete ring. Head hairs generally never single<br />
and never placed one in front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r. antenna1 tuft multiple<br />
and usually placed beyond <strong>the</strong> middle.<br />
The genus Czllex has been broken up into numerous genera<br />
based, for <strong>the</strong> most part, on very trivial characters. Thirty-two<br />
or more generic synonyms are indicated though a few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
1 The genus C&x has some thirty to thirty-five synonyms. It<br />
seems useless to list <strong>the</strong>m here. Consult Dyar (1928).
160 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
have been proposed as sub-genera. At <strong>the</strong> present time a com-<br />
paratively small number <strong>of</strong> sub-genera are recognized and<br />
<strong>the</strong>se are based primarily on secondary sexual characters in<br />
<strong>the</strong> male, i.e. modifications found in <strong>the</strong> hypopygium. It is<br />
impossible to recognize <strong>the</strong>se sub-genera in <strong>the</strong> females with<br />
any degree <strong>of</strong> certainty.<br />
KEYS TO SPECIES OF CULEX<br />
Ad&s<br />
1. ProboscisS ringed with white scales. ............ tarsalis<br />
Proboscis not ringed with white. ................. 2<br />
2. Abdominal segments transversely white banded api-<br />
tally .................................... apicalis ’<br />
Abdominal segments with basal white bands or none. . 3<br />
3. Recumbent scales <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> occiput narrowly curved or<br />
lanceolate ................................... 4<br />
At least some or all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> recumbent scales <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> occi-<br />
put broad and subtruncate ..................... 7<br />
4. Abdominal segments without basal white bands. .....<br />
.....................................<br />
salinarius<br />
1<br />
erraticus ’<br />
Abdominal segments with basal white bands ........ 5<br />
5. Basal white band <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second abdominal segment usu-<br />
ally not triangularly produced medianly. ..... territam<br />
Basal white band <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second abdominal segment usu-<br />
ally triangularly produced medianly ............ 6<br />
6. Abdominal transverse white bands joined to <strong>the</strong> lateral<br />
white spots ............................. .pipiens<br />
Abdominal transverse white bands not joined to <strong>the</strong> lat-<br />
eral white spots .................. q&tiqwfasciatus<br />
7. Mesonotum with four lines <strong>of</strong> golden yellow scales,<br />
terminating on <strong>the</strong> disc .................. inhibitator<br />
Mesonotum not so marked ...................... 8<br />
8. Vertex with a central, triangular area <strong>of</strong> narrow,<br />
curved, bronzy-brown scales ............... peccator
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
6.<br />
ted before <strong>the</strong> apex by a narrow chitinous bridge. . . .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . apicalis /c ?<br />
Lateral plates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mesosome with processes , . . . . . 2<br />
Apical<br />
Apical<br />
Apical<br />
Apical<br />
CULICINI<br />
Vertex not as above ; all <strong>the</strong> recumbent scales flat. . . .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @osus ”<br />
Males<br />
Lateral plates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mesosome without processes, uni-<br />
lobe branched ........................... 3<br />
lobe unbranched ......................... 5<br />
lobe with three branches ..............<br />
.piCosz~~ ‘-<br />
lobe with two branches ................... 4<br />
Eighth segment deeply cleft on <strong>the</strong> lower surface. . . .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . peccator “‘.I<br />
Eighth segment not cleft on <strong>the</strong> lower surface. . . . . .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iwhibitator “‘.<br />
Apical lobe with five or s,ix appendages . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<br />
Apical lobe with at least eight appendages . . . . . . . . 8<br />
Mesosome without median or lateral processes, con-<br />
sisting <strong>of</strong> two recurved plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . territazzs JL--<br />
Mesosome with median and lateral processes . . . . . . . . 7<br />
Tenth sternites, heavily chitinized, each terminating in<br />
a large, rounded knob, crowned with blunt and point-<br />
ed spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tarsalis ’<br />
Tenth sternites slightly chitinized, sharply pointed, and<br />
bearing only pointed spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . salivtarius - ’<br />
Median process <strong>of</strong> mesosome expanded leaf-like dis-<br />
tally; without a blunt, tubular process. . quinquefasciatzu ‘-‘--<br />
Median process <strong>of</strong> mesosome long and curved but not<br />
expanded distally; with a blunt, tubular process, . . .<br />
,<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipiens .<br />
L.arzae<br />
A stalked, ovoid tracheal gill at <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> each an-<br />
tenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fdosm ‘7’ ’<br />
No such tracheal gill present. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<br />
161
162<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
6.<br />
7.<br />
MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
Antenna with <strong>the</strong> tuft at or before <strong>the</strong> middle; air-<br />
tube with a pair <strong>of</strong> tufts far beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten and<br />
scattered single hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . territans ‘~<br />
Antenna with <strong>the</strong> tuft well beyond <strong>the</strong> middle ; air-tube<br />
with several tufts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />
Both upper and lower head hairs not multiple. . . . . . 4<br />
Both pairs <strong>of</strong> head hairs multiple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />
Upper head hairs multiple, lower long and single. . . .<br />
inhibitator<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
1<br />
peccator<br />
” ‘-<br />
i”<br />
Both pairs <strong>of</strong> head hairs long and single). . . . . . . . apicalis ‘* -2<br />
Air-tube long and slender, 7 x 1, klightly expanded be-<br />
$G-<strong>the</strong>Y@E I. . ._ :-. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .- I I salinarizls ’<br />
Air-tube not over 5 x 1, uniformly tapering towards<br />
<strong>the</strong> apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<br />
Air-tube with five pairs <strong>of</strong> tufts, none displaced or out<br />
<strong>of</strong> line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tarsalis ‘sf<br />
Air-tube usually with only four pairs <strong>of</strong> tufts, <strong>the</strong> next<br />
to <strong>the</strong> last tuft more dorsal and out <strong>of</strong> line . . . . . . . . 7<br />
Sub-dorsal hairs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> third and fourth abdominal seg-<br />
ments double . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .pipiens<br />
Sub-dorsal hairs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> third and fourth abdominal seg-<br />
ments single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . quinquefasciatus<br />
CULEX APICALIS Adams2<br />
Culex apicalis Adams, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 2, 26. 1903.<br />
C&X sergelzti Theobald, Mon. Culic., 3, 218. 1903.<br />
2 This species has long been known in literature as territans Wal-<br />
ker (1856). C. territajzs Walker is ano<strong>the</strong>r species identical with<br />
restuaw Theobald (1901). This species was described by Adams<br />
(1903) as apical& and as saxatilis by Grossback (1905). Owing to<br />
<strong>the</strong> doubt that apicah Adams was antedated by apicalis Theobald<br />
(1903), Dyar (1917) referred this species to saxatilis Grossbeck.<br />
Theobald (1910) changed his apicalti to neoapicalis. Dyar (1920)<br />
considered testaceus Van der Wulp (1867) was <strong>the</strong> correct name but<br />
Edwards (1925) shows that C. testaceus Van der Wulp is a synonym<br />
<strong>of</strong> T. perturbans Walk.
CULICINI 163<br />
Culex saxatilis Grossbeck, Can. Ent., 37, 360. 1905.<br />
Cz&x frickii Ludlow, Can. Ent. 38, 132. 1906.<br />
Culex pyrenaNiczls Brolemann, Ann. Ent. Sot., France, 87, 427.<br />
1919.<br />
Fe.maZe. Length 3.5 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis slender, brown.<br />
Occiput brown, clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow, curved white scales, some broad<br />
flat scales on <strong>the</strong> cheeks; erect, forked, brown to black scales numer-<br />
ous on vertex and nape. Mesonotum brown, with two narrow, im-<br />
pressed paler lines ; vestiture <strong>of</strong> narrow, curved, light brown scales,<br />
paler along <strong>the</strong> margins and around <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space. Ab-<br />
domen with black scales having a faint bluish reflection and narrow<br />
apical, segmental, whitish bands widening at <strong>the</strong> sides; venter whit-<br />
ish scaled. Legs black; under surface <strong>of</strong> femora, tibiae and a nar-<br />
row line on <strong>the</strong> first tarsal joint white scaled.<br />
Male hypopygiunk (Fig. 5, Pl. XVI.) Side-pieces more than<br />
twice as long as wide, somewhat tapering; apical lobes distinct, each<br />
bearing seven appendages-two capitate rods, two slightly serrate<br />
setae and three shorter, pointed setae. Clasper shorter than side-<br />
piece, stout, expanded beyond <strong>the</strong> middle. Tenth sternites prominent,<br />
longer than <strong>the</strong> mesosome, ra<strong>the</strong>r heavily chitinized, each terminat-<br />
ing in a row <strong>of</strong> short, stout setae. Tenth tergites appear as thin<br />
membranes almost meeting on <strong>the</strong> mid-dorsal line and slightly chitin-<br />
ized along <strong>the</strong>ir median edges. Mesosome shorter than <strong>the</strong> tenth<br />
segment, strongly chitinized, each half terminating in a serrated tip;<br />
<strong>the</strong> distal half connected by a narrow bridge. Parameres ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
small and firmly attached to <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> mesosome; basal plates<br />
prominent. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite not contiguous, short, with<br />
numerous setae.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 6, Pl. XXII.) Length 6-7 mm. Head large, some-<br />
what quadrate, distinctly wider than long; antenna very large, cylin-<br />
drical, constricted beyond <strong>the</strong> tuft, strongly spined all over; tuft very<br />
large, situated at <strong>the</strong> outer third; upper and lower dorsal head hairs<br />
single and long; anteantennal tuft multiple. In front <strong>of</strong> and between<br />
<strong>the</strong> lower head hairs is a pair <strong>of</strong> small, fine hairs. Abdominal lateral<br />
hairs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first and second segments multiple, double on <strong>the</strong> third to<br />
<strong>the</strong> sixth. Secondary hairs ra<strong>the</strong>r numerous and well developed.<br />
Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment consists <strong>of</strong> numerous scales in<br />
a triangular patch. Anal segment nearly twice as long as wide,<br />
ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate; a small double or multiple hair on <strong>the</strong> posterior<br />
margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plate. Anal gills ra<strong>the</strong>r short, as long as or slightly<br />
longer than <strong>the</strong> anal segment. Air-tube long, cylindrical, somewhat
RIOSQCITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
widened at <strong>the</strong> base, gradually tapering, but expanding at <strong>the</strong> apex;<br />
about seven times as long as wide. Pecten consists <strong>of</strong> 12-14 teeth<br />
on <strong>the</strong> basal third <strong>of</strong> tube; four pairs <strong>of</strong> prominent hair tufts beyond<br />
<strong>the</strong> pecten along <strong>the</strong> posterior margin; near <strong>the</strong> apex <strong>the</strong>re is usually<br />
a small extra pair <strong>of</strong> sub-apical tufts. The hair tufts on <strong>the</strong> air-tube<br />
<strong>of</strong> this species shows ra<strong>the</strong>r marked variation and frequently five<br />
pairs <strong>of</strong> tufts may be present.<br />
This species is widely distributed throughout North Amer-<br />
ica and Europe. The adults are most commonly found in<br />
swampy areas, open grassmy meadow-lands, and rarely about<br />
dwellings. The larvae occur in grassy pools, edges <strong>of</strong> ponds,<br />
etc., and brood follows brood throughout <strong>the</strong> season. The adults<br />
are not known to attack man though <strong>the</strong>y are recorded as feed-<br />
ing on cold-blooded animals as frogs. Though I have col-<br />
lected hundreds <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m and reared <strong>the</strong>m, I have never suc-<br />
ceeded in inducing one to bite me.<br />
Crm~x PIPIENS Linnaeus 3<br />
C&x pipkm Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 602. 1758.<br />
Female. (Fig. 12.) Length 4.5 mm. ; wing 4 mm. Proboscis<br />
slender, brown, darker toward tip. Occiput dark brown, with brown-<br />
ish-white narrow curved scales, sides and ocular margins with some<br />
flat white ones; nape with numerous erect, forked brown scales.<br />
Mesonotum brown, with two narrow bare lines in front, elsewhere<br />
uniformly clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow golden brown scales. Abdomen black<br />
having a bluish and slight bronzy reflection; basal segmental bands<br />
<strong>of</strong> white scales, wide at middle, narrowed at <strong>the</strong> sides where <strong>the</strong>y<br />
join triangular shaped white patches ; venter clo<strong>the</strong>d with pale yel-<br />
lowish scales. Legs long, slender, brown scaled with metallic re-<br />
flections ; femora white scaled berieath.<br />
Jlole lzypopygizrm. (Figs. 1 and 2, Pl. XVI.) Side-pieces more<br />
than twice as long as wide, tapering to <strong>the</strong> apex; apical lobes prom-<br />
inent; each bears eight appendages-beginning at distal end-a seta,<br />
a leaf, a flattened seta, two setae and three rods. Clasper short,<br />
slightly expanded at middle. Tenth sternites prominent, very com-<br />
plicated in structure, each half ending distally in a crown <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
stout spines and basally immediately beneath <strong>the</strong> tergite <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth<br />
segment. The mesosome is a paired structure, each half with three<br />
3 This species has about thirty synonyms but it would seem use-<br />
less to list <strong>the</strong>m here. Consult Dyar (1928).
CULICINI 165<br />
prominent processes-<strong>the</strong> median process long band-like, and bent<br />
outwardly at its tip across <strong>the</strong> tenth sternite; second process broad,<br />
tubular appearing, oblique, trtmcate ; <strong>the</strong> third process pointed and<br />
generally showing beneath <strong>the</strong> second. The parameres are large,<br />
heavily chitinized, pointed structures fitting closely to <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> mesosome. The basal plates are large, elongated structures.<br />
Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite widely separated, bearing setae.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 3, Pl. XXII.) Length 6-8 mm. Head rounded,<br />
wider than long; antenna large, cylindrical, abruptly narrowed be-<br />
yond tuft, spined all over; tuft large, situated at outer third; upper<br />
and lower dorsal head hairs multiple. In front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper dorsal<br />
head hairs and between <strong>the</strong> lower are a pair <strong>of</strong> fine hairs; antean-<br />
tennal tuft multiple. Abdominal lateral hairs multiple on <strong>the</strong> first<br />
and second segments, double on <strong>the</strong> third to <strong>the</strong> sixth segments;<br />
sub-dorsal hairs double on <strong>the</strong> third to <strong>the</strong> sixth segments. Lateral<br />
comb <strong>of</strong> eighth segment consists <strong>of</strong> numerous scales in a triangular<br />
patch. Anal segment longer than wide, ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate; a single<br />
hair on <strong>the</strong> posterior margin. Dorsal brush a long hair and a shorter<br />
triple hair on ei<strong>the</strong>r side; ventral brush well developed, confined by<br />
<strong>the</strong> plate. Anal gills slightly longer than <strong>the</strong> segment, broad, tips<br />
bluntly pointed. Air-tube gradually tapering to <strong>the</strong> apex, five times<br />
as long as wide; pecten <strong>of</strong> about twelve teeth on <strong>the</strong> basal fourth;<br />
usually four pairs <strong>of</strong> hair tufts beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten, <strong>the</strong> subapical one<br />
more dorsad and out <strong>of</strong> line with <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs.<br />
This is <strong>the</strong> common house mosquito <strong>of</strong> eastern North Amer-<br />
ica, Canada, <strong>the</strong> Pacific coast, Europe and sou<strong>the</strong>rn South<br />
America. Its range extends well into that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tropical house<br />
mosquito and its world wide distribution is difficult to determine<br />
owing to <strong>the</strong> difficulty <strong>of</strong> separating <strong>the</strong> two species. It is<br />
primarily a domestic species, breeding in rain barrels, cisterns,<br />
tanks, catch basins, etc., about urban communities. In many<br />
small cities this species has ahnost disappeared as <strong>the</strong> result<br />
<strong>of</strong> better sanitary measures.<br />
CULEX QUINQUEFAXIATLJS Say4<br />
C&X quinquefasciatus Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 3, 10.<br />
1823.<br />
Culex fatigam Wiedemann, ALES. Zweifl. Ins. 1, 10. 1828.<br />
This species has some twenty to twenty-five synonyms.<br />
names in literature are <strong>the</strong> two listed above.<br />
The com-
166 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
The description <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> female <strong>of</strong> CuZex pipielzs Linn. applies<br />
to this species (p. 164). The only differential character is found<br />
in <strong>the</strong> basal bands <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> abdominal segments. In pipiens <strong>the</strong> basal<br />
bands are continuous with <strong>the</strong> lateral spots, while in qui~zqz~cfasciatus<br />
<strong>the</strong> lateral spots are detached from <strong>the</strong> basal bands. Even this charac-<br />
ter is fleeting and should be used with care. In <strong>the</strong> male, <strong>the</strong><br />
hypopygium is more diagnostic but <strong>the</strong>re appears to be gradations<br />
between <strong>the</strong> two more or less distinct types. These gradations are<br />
found where <strong>the</strong> two species intermingle.<br />
Hypopygiuna. (Fig. 1, PI. XVIa.) Side-pieces twice as long as<br />
wide ; apical lobes short, quadrate; each bears eight appendages-be-<br />
ginning at <strong>the</strong> apical margin, a seta, a leaf, a flattened rod, two setae,<br />
and three rods <strong>of</strong> equal length) <strong>the</strong> apical rod not so stout as <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
two). Clasper stout at base, gradually tapering towards apex and<br />
terminating in an apical spine. Tenth sternites prominent, each half<br />
ending distally in a crown <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r fine setae. The mesosome is a<br />
paired structure, each half with three processes-(l) <strong>the</strong> median<br />
process broad, pointed, and extending far beyond <strong>the</strong> sternites; (2)<br />
a pair <strong>of</strong> upright process uniformly tapering to <strong>the</strong>ir apices; (3)<br />
a pair <strong>of</strong> small oblique processes usually seen behind <strong>the</strong> median pro-<br />
cesses. The paramers are stout, fitting closely to <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
mesosome. The basal plates are long, curving structures, Lobes <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> ninth tergite widely separated, small, bearing setae.<br />
Larva. The larva is practically identical with that <strong>of</strong> C&x<br />
pipiens (p. 165). The only differentiating character is <strong>the</strong> sub-<br />
dorsal hairs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> third and fourth abdominal segments-in pipiens<br />
<strong>the</strong>se are double, in quimpefasciatus single.<br />
This is <strong>the</strong> house mosquito <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tropical and sub-tropical<br />
regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world. The larvae breed by preference in arti-<br />
ficial containers but it also occurs in grassy pools and various<br />
types <strong>of</strong> ground pools far from habitations. Dyar states that<br />
it occurs in North America to 39” <strong>north</strong> latitude.<br />
CULEX TERRITANS Walker<br />
Culex territam Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt., 1, 428. 1856.<br />
Cz4Zex restuans Theobald, Mon. Culic., 2, 142. 1901.<br />
CzlJex brehnzei Knab., Proc. Biol. Sot. Wash., 29, 161. 1916.<br />
Fenzale. Length 4.5 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis long, slender,<br />
brown scaled except for some white scales on <strong>the</strong> under side. Oc-
CULlCINI 167<br />
ciqut dark brown, clo<strong>the</strong>d medianly and along <strong>the</strong> eye margins with<br />
narrow curved white scales, brown on <strong>the</strong> sides and a small patch <strong>of</strong><br />
broad flat scales on <strong>the</strong> cheeks ; nape and vertex with numerous, erect,<br />
forked, black scales. Mesonotum reddish-brown with two impressed<br />
bare median lines, with narrow, curved reddish-brown scales; small<br />
patches <strong>of</strong> white scales along anterior margin, over roots <strong>of</strong> wings,<br />
bordering antescutellar space and a pair <strong>of</strong> white spots on <strong>the</strong> disc.<br />
Abdomen black with broad basal segmental bands <strong>of</strong> white scales,<br />
usually <strong>the</strong> band <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second and <strong>of</strong>tentimes that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> third<br />
not medianly produced ; eighth segment largely white scaled; venter<br />
clo<strong>the</strong>d with pale scales. Legs blackish-brown scaled ; lower surface<br />
<strong>of</strong> femora and apices <strong>of</strong> tibiae white scaled.<br />
Male hypopygizrnz. (Fig. 3, Pl. XVI.) Side pieces more than<br />
twice as long as wide, tapering on <strong>the</strong> distal half; apical lobe prom-<br />
inent, bearing six appendages-two long setae, a leaf, and three nar-<br />
row flattened rods. Clasper short, gradually tapering distally. Tenth<br />
sternites prominent, extending beyond <strong>the</strong> mesosome ; each sternite<br />
terminates in a dense crown <strong>of</strong> stout spines. Mesosome strongly<br />
chitinized, forming a broad truncated cone; <strong>the</strong> base broad and apex<br />
with dorsal curving pointed processes; median process short and<br />
blunt. On <strong>the</strong> ventral side, directly beneath <strong>the</strong> dorsal bridge <strong>the</strong>re<br />
is a pair <strong>of</strong> chitinized plates which almost meet in <strong>the</strong> median line.<br />
Parameres stout, heavily chitinized, almost completely surrounding<br />
<strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mesosome. Basal plates long and prominent. Lobes<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite prominent and clo<strong>the</strong>d with fine, ra<strong>the</strong>r long<br />
setae.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 5, Pl. XXII.) Length 7-8 mm. Head rounded,<br />
wider than long; antenna cylindrical, slightly narrowed beyond tuft,<br />
spined all over; tuft small, situated before <strong>the</strong> middle; upper and<br />
lower dorsal head tufts multiple and large; in front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> head hairs<br />
is a pair <strong>of</strong> small hairs, usually single or double; anteantennal tuft<br />
multiple. Abdominal lateral hair-tufts double on <strong>the</strong> first and second<br />
segments, single and long on <strong>the</strong> third to <strong>the</strong> sixth; secondary hairs<br />
present, not numerous, a ra<strong>the</strong>r long single subdorsal hair on <strong>the</strong><br />
fourth, fifth and seventh segments. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> eighth segment<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> numerous scales in a triangular patch. Anal segment<br />
slightly longer than broad, ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate; a single posterior<br />
lateral hair; dorsal brush <strong>of</strong> two long hairs on ei<strong>the</strong>r side; ventral<br />
brush well developed, confined by <strong>the</strong> plate. Anal gills long, broad and<br />
bluntly rounded at tips. Air-tube slender, somewhat fusiform, four<br />
times as long as wide; pecten consists <strong>of</strong> 12-16 teeth situated on <strong>the</strong><br />
basal third; just beyond pecten is a pair <strong>of</strong> long hairs ; dorsad <strong>of</strong>
168 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
<strong>the</strong>se and slightly distad<br />
<strong>of</strong> short sub-apical tufts.<br />
are four long hairs; near apex is a pair<br />
This species is widely distributed throughout eastern North<br />
America from <strong>the</strong> Gulf <strong>of</strong> Mexico into Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada. Dr.<br />
Dyar has recorded <strong>the</strong> capture <strong>of</strong> this species in California,<br />
near <strong>the</strong> Nevada line. The larvae are found in woodland pools<br />
with rotting leaves, watering troughs along roadsides, rain-<br />
water barrels especially if <strong>the</strong>re are decaying leaves present<br />
and at times in ra<strong>the</strong>r dirty pools. In <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>astern states<br />
it is an abundant and annoying mosquito frequently invading<br />
houses. It is very difficult, except in <strong>the</strong> larvae and males, to<br />
distinguish this species from <strong>the</strong> ordinary house mosquito, CU-<br />
lex j?ipie+ks.<br />
CULEX SALINARIUS COqUilktt<br />
Cdex sahzarius Coquillett, Ent. News, 1.5, 73. 1904.<br />
Female. Length 3.5 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black.<br />
Occiput brown with narrow, curved, golden brown scales, white<br />
scales along <strong>the</strong> margins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eyes and broad white flat ones on <strong>the</strong><br />
cheeks; vertex and nape with numerous erect, forked, brown scales.<br />
Mesonotum reddish brown, with two dorsal, bare lines, <strong>the</strong> rest<br />
clo<strong>the</strong>d with very narrow, hair-like, golden brown scales. Abdomen<br />
with black scales with ra<strong>the</strong>r brilliant blue reflections. Basal white<br />
bands lacking or narrowly indicated on <strong>the</strong> anterior segments; venter<br />
clo<strong>the</strong>d with yellowish white scales. Legs, long, slender, entirely<br />
black scaled, <strong>the</strong> scales having a bluish or bronzy luster; <strong>the</strong> lower<br />
surface <strong>of</strong> femora is pale scaled.<br />
Male hypopygiuna. (Fig. 4, Pl. XVI.) Side-pieces more than<br />
twice as lorig as wide, tapering towards <strong>the</strong> apex; apical lobe prom-<br />
inent, bearing two setae, a leaf-like appendage and three rods with<br />
slightly hooked tips. Clasper short, somewhat constricted in <strong>the</strong><br />
middle, each ending in a short articulated spine. Tenth sternite<br />
prominent, each half with a long, lateral recurved, basal arm and<br />
terminating distally in a dense tuft <strong>of</strong> spines. Mesosome complicated,<br />
each half with ventral, median and lateral processes and numerous<br />
secondary processes between <strong>the</strong> median and lateral ones. Para-<br />
meres inconspicuous and <strong>the</strong> basal plate indicated. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
ninth tergite, widely separated, small, and each bears a row <strong>of</strong><br />
setae.
CULICINI 169<br />
LUJ-ZU. Head subquadrate, large, slightly wider than long; an-<br />
tenna large, curved outwardly, <strong>the</strong> part before <strong>the</strong> tuft much en-<br />
larged; enlarged portion pale colored, spined all over ; apical third<br />
small, darker colored with a few dark spines; tuft large, dense, <strong>of</strong><br />
many fea<strong>the</strong>red hairs ; upper and lower dorsal head hairs multiple<br />
and long ; anteantennal tuft multiple, long. Abdominal lateral hairs<br />
multiple on <strong>the</strong> first and second segments, doubly on <strong>the</strong> third to<br />
sixth; subdorsal hairs multiple on <strong>the</strong> third to seventh segments.<br />
Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> eighth segment consists <strong>of</strong> numerous scales in a<br />
large triangular patch. Anal segment about as long as wide, ringed<br />
by <strong>the</strong> plate; a small two-haired tuft on <strong>the</strong> posterior margin <strong>of</strong><br />
plate; dorsal brush consists <strong>of</strong> two long hairs and a shorter multiple<br />
hair on each side; veritral brush well developed, confined by <strong>the</strong><br />
plate. Anal gills short, pointed, about as long as <strong>the</strong> anal segment.<br />
Air-tube slender, about seven times as long as wide, uniformly and<br />
gradually tapering. Pecten consists <strong>of</strong> about 14 teeth on <strong>the</strong> basal<br />
sixth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube; tufts, four pairs <strong>of</strong> short multiple hairs along pos-<br />
terior side, <strong>the</strong> penultimate one out <strong>of</strong> line. All <strong>the</strong> hair tufts are<br />
beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten.<br />
This species is distributed in <strong>the</strong> eastern United States, from<br />
New York to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Texas.<br />
It breeds in marshy areas and is recorded from rain-barrels.<br />
It is said to bite readily, entering houses and attacking during<br />
<strong>the</strong> evening.<br />
CULEX TARSALIS COqLlilktt<br />
Czdex tarsalis Coquillett, Can. Ent. 28, 43. 1896.<br />
C&X zwillistoni Giles, Handbook Gnats or Mosquitoes, 281.<br />
1900.<br />
C&x afiGs Adams, Kans. Univ. Bull., 20, 25. 1903.<br />
C&X lzcbloggi Theobaldi, Can. Ent. 25, 211. 1903.<br />
C~zlcx /WZLS Speiser, Insektenborse 21, 148. 1904.<br />
Female. Leligth 4.5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black,<br />
with a sharply outlined white ring just before <strong>the</strong> middle. Occiput<br />
black, with narrow, curved, white scales on <strong>the</strong> middle and along eye<br />
margins, <strong>the</strong> sides brown scaled; erect, forked scales numerous,<br />
black on <strong>the</strong> sides, brown on middle. Mesonotum dark brown, with<br />
narrow, curved, bronzy-brown scales, white scales along anterior<br />
margin and sides to roots <strong>of</strong> wirigs; a small white spot each side <strong>of</strong><br />
disc from each <strong>of</strong> which extends a narrow, white line to near pos-
170 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
terior margin on mesonotum. Antescutellar space edged with white.<br />
Abdomen black with broad segmental basal bands <strong>of</strong> yellowish white<br />
scales; venter with yellowish scales, each segment with a V-shaped<br />
marking <strong>of</strong> black scales, <strong>the</strong> apex <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> V anteriorly. Wings with<br />
brown scales intermixed with white on costa and subcosta. Legs<br />
slender; femora black, tips white and a narrow white line on ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
side; tibia black, base and apex white and a narrow white line on<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r side; tarsi black, hind tarsi with apical and basal white bands<br />
on all segments, mid tarsi similar except last segment brownish-black,<br />
fore tarsi with last two segments brownish black.<br />
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 2, Pl. XVIa.) Side-pieces somewhat<br />
more than twice as long as wide; apical lobe prominent, triangular,<br />
and bears usually five appendages-beginning at apical margin, a<br />
seta, a narrow leaf, a seta and two rods. Clasper short, gradually<br />
tapering from <strong>the</strong> base. Tenth sternites prominent, heavily chitinized,<br />
each terminating in a large crown <strong>of</strong> short bristles, <strong>the</strong> outer bristles<br />
blunt, <strong>the</strong> inner ones sharply pointed. Mesosome divided, each half<br />
consisting <strong>of</strong> two median sword-like processes and an outer more<br />
heavily chitinized part terminating in four stout teeth. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
ninth segment remote, small, with a few short spines.<br />
Larva. Length about 8 to 9 mm. Head wider than long; an-<br />
tennae long, curved, <strong>the</strong> basal two-thirds spinose and enlarged, apical<br />
third smooth, tapering, tuft multiple, situated beyond <strong>the</strong> middle;<br />
anteantennal tuft and both upper and lower head tufts multiple. Ab-<br />
dominal lateral hairs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> third to <strong>the</strong> sixth segment triple. Lateral<br />
comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> numerous scales arranged in a tri-<br />
angular patch. Anal segment slightly longer than wide, ringed by<br />
<strong>the</strong> plate; dorsal brush a long hair and a multiple tuft on each<br />
side; ventral brush well developed, posterior to <strong>the</strong> anal plate. Air-<br />
tube slender, long, a little more than four times as long as wide, uni-<br />
formly tapering; pecten extending over basal third, <strong>of</strong> evenly spaced<br />
teeth; tufts <strong>of</strong> five pairs, multiple, gradually decreasing in size to-<br />
wards apex, none displaced or out <strong>of</strong> line.<br />
The larvae inhabit almost every kind <strong>of</strong> ground pool, breed-<br />
ing in great abundance in foul water, ei<strong>the</strong>r in <strong>the</strong> open or in<br />
shaded areas. This species is recorded as <strong>the</strong> dominant spe-<br />
cies throughout <strong>the</strong> arid areas, <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> west and is most wide-<br />
spread in California, occurring up to elevations <strong>of</strong> 7,000 feet.<br />
It is not recorded as a severe biter <strong>of</strong> man but is said to pre-<br />
fer avian blood. Hearle (1926) states-“It is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most
CULICINI 171<br />
painful biters and <strong>the</strong> numb pain and swelling which follow<br />
probing lasts for hours; at dusk it is very active and makes<br />
persistent efforts to enter dwellings in search <strong>of</strong> blood.” It is<br />
distributed t,hroughout <strong>the</strong> western United States and Canada,<br />
extending eastward beyond <strong>the</strong> Mississippi.<br />
CULEX PILOSUS Dyar and Knab<br />
Mochlostyrax pilosus Dyar and Knab, Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 14,<br />
223. 1906.<br />
Mochlostyrax cubensis Dyar and Knab (not Czllex cube&s<br />
Bigot), Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 14, 223. 1906.<br />
MochZostymx jloridanus Dyar and Knab, Proc. Biol. Sot.<br />
Wash., 19, 171. 1906.<br />
C&x agitator Dyar and Knab, Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot. 15, 100.<br />
1907.<br />
Culex deceptor Dyar and Knab, Smiths. Misc. Colls., Quart.<br />
Iss., 52, 257. 1909.<br />
CuZex redactor Dyar and Knab, Smiths. Misc. Colls., Quart.<br />
Iss., 52, 257. 1909.<br />
CuZex ignobilis Dyar and Knab, Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash., 11, 39.<br />
1909.<br />
CuZex mastigia Howard, Dyar and Knab, Mosq. No. and Cent.<br />
Am. and W.I., 3, 426. 1915.<br />
CztZex (Moclzlostyrax) curopinensis Bonne-Wepster and<br />
Bonne, Ins. Ins. Mens., 7, 177. 1920.<br />
Eenzale. Length 2.5 mm. ; wing 2.3 mm. Proboscis long, slender,<br />
black with slight bronzy reflections. Palpi short, black, <strong>the</strong> tips yel-<br />
lowish. Vertex clo<strong>the</strong>d with numerous broad, flat, white and bronzy<br />
scales, and many erect large, black, forked ones, Cheeks white scaled<br />
and a row <strong>of</strong> white scales along margins <strong>of</strong> eyes. Mesonotum brown,<br />
with numerous, small, curved, bronzy-brown scales and rows <strong>of</strong> stout<br />
bristles. Abdomen dorsally with numerous broad, flat black scales<br />
with a coppery or bluish reflection; lateral margins <strong>of</strong> segments with<br />
basal, triangular white spots ; venter black scaled with broad basal<br />
bands <strong>of</strong> white scales. Wings with brownish scales. Legs slender,<br />
black with bluish and bronzy reflections. Femora pale beneath.
172 MOSQUITOES OF XORTH AMERICA<br />
Hypopygium (Fig. 4, Pl. XVIa.) Side-pieces over twice as<br />
long as wide, somewhat conically tapered at <strong>the</strong> tips, clo<strong>the</strong>d with<br />
numerous long and short hairs. Apical lobe large, three branched, <strong>the</strong><br />
outer branch broad at its apex and bears several filaments and small<br />
spines ; each <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r branches with a single broad filament,<br />
somewhat expanded before apex and terminating in a sharp point.<br />
Clasper short, stout, constricted at middle, broadly expanded at apex,<br />
<strong>the</strong> outer margin with a row <strong>of</strong> fine setae and <strong>the</strong> inner angle ter-<br />
minating in a stout spine. Tenth sternites slender, heavily chitinized,<br />
each terminating in an arched tip bearing a row <strong>of</strong> spines. Mesosome<br />
complicated without characteristic features. Lobes <strong>of</strong> ,<strong>the</strong> ninth seg-<br />
ment triangular and with few setae.<br />
Larva. Head broad, transverse; antennae long, curved, spined<br />
on <strong>the</strong> basal two-third, with a large tuft arising beyond <strong>the</strong> middle;<br />
upper head hairs double, lower single; anteantennal tuft multiple.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> each antenna, on <strong>the</strong> ventral side, <strong>the</strong>re is a stalked,<br />
ovoid, tracheal gill. Abdomen slender; lateral hairs in fives on first<br />
segment, in threes on second, and twos on third to sixth. Lateral<br />
comb <strong>of</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> about fifteen scales in a curved row.<br />
Air-tube three times as long as wide; pecten <strong>of</strong> long spines reaching<br />
to basal two-fifths; eight long tufts on posterior margin, decreasing in<br />
length to\ ards tip; an apical pair <strong>of</strong> recurved hooks. Anal segment<br />
much longer than wide, ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate; dorsal tuft <strong>of</strong> two long<br />
hairs and a short one on each side; ventral brush well developed,<br />
confined to <strong>the</strong> barred area. Anal gills long, tapered to a blunt<br />
point.<br />
This species occurs in <strong>the</strong> Gulf States from Florida west.<br />
It breeds in temporary rain pools though it has been taken in<br />
permanent water with aquatic vegetation. The larvae are said<br />
to lie on <strong>the</strong>ir backs on <strong>the</strong> bottom <strong>of</strong> pools, fastening <strong>the</strong>m-<br />
selves to various objects by means <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir air-tubes. The fe-<br />
males are not known to bite.<br />
CULEX ERRATICUS Dyar and Knab<br />
Mochlost~~~ ermtiws Dyar and Knab, Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 13,<br />
26. 1905.<br />
C&x abowzinator Dyar and Knab, Smith. Colls. Quart. Iss.,<br />
52, 257. 1909.<br />
Feunale. Length 3 mm. ; wing 2.5 mm. Proboscis slender, slightly<br />
enlarged at tip, dark brown. Occiput brown with narrow, curved
CUWCINI 173<br />
golden scales, black flat ones on <strong>the</strong> cheeks, <strong>the</strong> eye margined with<br />
white scales. Mesonotum brown, with fine golden scales fairly evenly<br />
distributed. Adbomen black without basal or apical white bands<br />
(<strong>the</strong>se bands may be indicated in some specimens). Legs dark<br />
brown, with bluish or bronzy reflections in various lights; femora<br />
pale beneath. Wing scales narrow, dark brown.<br />
il4nle hypop~giZLI?z. “Side-piece much swollen, subglobular ; inner<br />
division <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lobe long columnar, <strong>the</strong> inner limb reduced, shortly<br />
divaricate from <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> arm, its appended filament seta-<br />
form, <strong>the</strong> one at summit short, thick, with long T-shaped tip; outer<br />
division stoutly columnar, with a strongly inserted filament with long<br />
reflexed T-shaped tip, carrying two filaments to its base, a stout and<br />
a slender filament in addition. Clasper stout, <strong>the</strong> snout occupying<br />
more than <strong>the</strong> outer half, sharply enlarged after <strong>the</strong> constriction;<br />
a long outer crest, before which is a stout horn; terminal horn long,<br />
<strong>the</strong> spine hooked, not appendiculate. Tenth sternites very small,<br />
crumpled, <strong>the</strong> dentition indistinct. Ninth tergites small, shortly<br />
stemmed, bearing many setae. Mesosomal plate simple, small, con-<br />
cavely furcate, <strong>the</strong> inner limb somewhat horn-like.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
Larva. “Head transverse, rounded quadrate ; antennae large,<br />
longer than head, a large tuft at outer third, <strong>the</strong> part beyond more<br />
slender, terminal spines long. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment<br />
<strong>of</strong> about fifteen spiny scales in an irregular double row. Air-tube<br />
straight and slightly tapered, about six times as long as wide, pecten<br />
reaching one-third ; five tufts beyond, decreasing regularly in size,<br />
<strong>the</strong> terminal one not half as long as <strong>the</strong> basal one; two small tufts<br />
on lateral aspect. Body densely hairy. Anal segment longer than<br />
wide, ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate, which is pilose; ventral brush posterior;<br />
dorsal tuft a long hair, a long and a short hair on each side: lateral<br />
tuft single, small. Anal gills very small, not more than half as long<br />
as <strong>the</strong> width <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> segment.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
CULEXINHIBITATOR DyarandKnab<br />
C&x idzibitator Dyar and Knab, Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 14, 216.<br />
1906.<br />
Cutex iwuestigat~or Dyar and Knab, Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 14, 216.<br />
1906.<br />
Czllex Zeprivlcei Dyar and Knab, Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 15, 202.<br />
1907.<br />
CzzZex egberti Dyar and Knab, Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 15, 214.<br />
1907.
174 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
C&x trachycanzpa Dyar and Knab., Can. Ent., 41, 101. 1909.<br />
CuIex peribleptus Dyar and Knab, Ins. Ins. Mens., 5, 181. 1917.<br />
Cukx pose Dyar and Knab, Ins. Ins. Mens., 5, 182. 1917.<br />
Culex ~zoorei Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 6, 108. 1918.<br />
Culex degustator Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 9, 36. 1921.<br />
Czhx borenquini Root, Amer. Jl. Hyg. 2, 400. 1922.<br />
Female. Length 3.5 mm.; wing 3 mm. Proboscis long, slender,<br />
black. Occiput black, with narrow, curved yellowish brown scales;<br />
along <strong>the</strong> margins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eyes and cheeks <strong>the</strong> scales are white; erect,<br />
forked, black scales numerous. Mesonotum black, with numerous<br />
bronzy-brown, curved scales, four lines <strong>of</strong> golden-yellow scales term-<br />
inating on <strong>the</strong> disc, <strong>the</strong> lines on each side forming a patch at this<br />
point. Abdomen black scaled, with narrow basal white bands, widen-<br />
ing at <strong>the</strong> sides; venter largely white scaled. Wings with narrow,<br />
black scales. Legs slender, black with bronzy reflections, <strong>the</strong> tips <strong>of</strong><br />
femora, tibiae, and <strong>the</strong> femora beneath whitish.<br />
Male hypopygiunz. (Fig. 3, PI. XVIa.) Side-pieces over twice<br />
as long as wide, stout, conically tapered towards apex. Apical lobe<br />
divided into two branches, <strong>the</strong> outer branch with three rods, a fila-<br />
ment, and a short, broad leaf, <strong>the</strong> inner branch forked and each fork<br />
bearing a stout rod, expanded before <strong>the</strong> apex and ending in a<br />
recurved tip. Clasper short, slightly constricted in <strong>the</strong> middle, with<br />
two small terminal claws. Tenth sternites prominent, <strong>the</strong> apex <strong>of</strong><br />
each bearing a comb-like row <strong>of</strong> teeth. Mesosome heavily chitinized,<br />
<strong>the</strong> basal portion connected by a bridge; each half terminates in a<br />
stout recurved tooth, with a long lateral tooth just proximad. Lobes<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite prominent, approximate, oblique, and densely<br />
setose.<br />
Larva. “Head transverse, bulging at <strong>the</strong> sides; antennae long, a<br />
tuft at outer third, <strong>the</strong> part beyond more slender, basal part spinu-<br />
lated; head-hairs, upper small, in four to six, lower long, single, small<br />
mid-hairs single, anteantennal tuft multiple. Body densely pilose,<br />
though sometimes <strong>the</strong> pile is pale and obscure. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
eighth segment <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> spines in a ra<strong>the</strong>r small patch. Air-<br />
tube six times as long as wide, pecten reaching one-third, followed by<br />
six hair-tufts <strong>of</strong> approximately even length, <strong>the</strong> basal longest, but<br />
<strong>the</strong> apical one is more than half its length; two small tufts laterally<br />
on <strong>the</strong> tube. Anal segment longer than wide, ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate,<br />
ventral brush posterior ; dorsal tuft a long hair and a long and a<br />
short hair on each side. Anal gills small, tapered.” (Dyar, 1928.)
CULICI~I 17.5<br />
Czt$/e.x i&biktor occurs in sou<strong>the</strong>rn states, <strong>north</strong> in <strong>the</strong> Mis-<br />
sissippi Valley, Mexico, Central America and <strong>north</strong>,ern South<br />
America.<br />
CULEX PECCATOR Dyar and Knab<br />
Culex @cator Dyar and Knab, Smith. Misc. Colls., Quart.<br />
Iss., 52, 256. 1909.<br />
Culex krimimtor Dyar and Knab, do. 52, 2.57. 1909.<br />
Fenzak. Length 3.5 mm, ; wing 3 mm. Proboscis slender, black.<br />
Occiput black, clo<strong>the</strong>d with curved, narrow bronzy-brown scales on<br />
<strong>the</strong> nape and central area, flat blackish-brown scales on <strong>the</strong> remainder<br />
except those on cheeks and margins <strong>of</strong> eyes, white; erect, forked,<br />
black scales numerous. Mesonotum dark brown with narrow, curved,<br />
dark bronzy-brown scales and stiff brown bristles. Abdomen clo<strong>the</strong>d<br />
with dark brown scales with a bluish reflection; a white median<br />
patch on <strong>the</strong> second segment, and indication <strong>of</strong> basal bands on third<br />
and fourth; a row <strong>of</strong> lateral, basal, segmental, white spots. Wings<br />
with narrow brown scales. Legs long, slender, black, femora whitish<br />
beneath.<br />
Hypopygim (Fig. 5, Pl. XVIa.) Side-pieces as long as wide,<br />
sub-pherical in outline, densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with fine hairs on <strong>the</strong> lower<br />
surface, longer hairs and scales on <strong>the</strong> lateral surfaces; apical lobe<br />
two branched, <strong>the</strong> outer branch bearing a rod, two short spines and a<br />
large irregularly shaped leaf-like appendage; <strong>the</strong> inner branch with<br />
a stout apical rod with hooked tip, and a basal narrow rod with<br />
hooked tip. Clasper short, stout, constricted near base, <strong>the</strong> apical<br />
half quadrangular in outline, <strong>the</strong> outer margin hirsute, terminating<br />
in a stout claw and spine. Tenth sternites stout at base and each<br />
terminates in a bent tip with comb-like apex. Mesosome divided,<br />
each half terminates in two stout teeth. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth segment<br />
triangular, approximate, setose, <strong>the</strong> outer margins with long, fine<br />
hairs. Preceding segment deeply cleft and densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with<br />
hairs.<br />
Larva. “Head broad and transverse, bulging on <strong>the</strong> sides, marked<br />
with black in a large patch on <strong>the</strong> posterior angle and a smaller<br />
patch before <strong>the</strong> antenna. Antennae large, slightly swollen on <strong>the</strong><br />
basal two-thirds, <strong>the</strong> apical third narrower, a large multiple tuft<br />
at <strong>the</strong> notch; two terminal setae very long; basal two-thirds white,<br />
stained with brown at <strong>the</strong> base, outer portion brown. The antennae<br />
when projected forward are considerably longer than <strong>the</strong> head, dis-
176 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
tinctly spinose. Head hairs, upper a small tuft <strong>of</strong> about eight, fine<br />
and short; lower long, single, stout; anteantennal tuft multiple,<br />
coarse and fea<strong>the</strong>red. Skin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> body distinctly pilose. Lateral<br />
comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> about fourteen scales in a double row,<br />
becoming single below, <strong>the</strong> scale pointed, thorn-like, not fea<strong>the</strong>red.<br />
Air-tube straight, tapering toward base, about six times as long as<br />
wide, glabrous; pecten <strong>of</strong> about twelve teeth on basal third <strong>of</strong> tube,<br />
followed by five paired tufts in a straight line, multiple and diminish-<br />
ing in length outwardly; tube slightly flared at <strong>the</strong> tip. Anal segment<br />
longer than wide, pilose, ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate. Anal gills moderate<br />
about as long as <strong>the</strong> segment.” (Dyar and Barret, 1918.)<br />
Cukx peccator occurs in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn states. It breeds in<br />
small pools in marshy areas. Very little is known about <strong>the</strong><br />
habits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> adults or <strong>the</strong>ir breeding grounds.<br />
CULEX STIGMATOSOMA Dyar<br />
C&x stignaatosoma Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 32, 123.<br />
1907.<br />
C&x eumijq/letes Dyar and Knab, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 35,<br />
61. 1908.<br />
CzAex thriawzbus Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 9, 33. 1921.<br />
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis black with a<br />
white ring at <strong>the</strong> middle. Occiput black with pale brownish scales,<br />
<strong>the</strong> sides with flat, whitish scales. Mesonotum brown, with bronzy-<br />
brown scales more or less intermingled with white ones but forming<br />
no definite pattern. Abdomen black with basal segmental white bands<br />
widening at <strong>the</strong> sides; venter pale scaled with oval, median, black<br />
spots. Legs black, tibiae and femora white tipped; tarsi with apical<br />
and basal white rings, especially broad on <strong>the</strong> hind legs. Wing-<br />
scales brown.<br />
Male hyjopygiu+lt. Side-pieces twice as long as wide; apical lobe<br />
with about six appendages-a seta, a leaf, and three rods. Mesosome<br />
erect as in tarsalis. Tenth sternites stout with a crown <strong>of</strong> slender<br />
spines, basal arm recurved to form a semicircle. Lobes <strong>of</strong> ninth<br />
tergite small with a few small setae.<br />
Larva. Head wider than long; antenna spined, tuft at <strong>the</strong> outer<br />
third; upper and lower head hairs multiple. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> eighth<br />
segment <strong>of</strong> many scales in a triangular patch. Anal segment as long<br />
as wide, ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate; anal gills as long as segment.
CULICINI 177<br />
Air-tube five times as long as wide, pecten on <strong>the</strong> basal third; five<br />
pairs <strong>of</strong> tufts, basal one within <strong>the</strong> pecten, sub-apical tuft somewhat<br />
out <strong>of</strong> line and <strong>the</strong> last one a single hair.<br />
This species occurs in Oregon, Utah and California, ex-<br />
tending southward through Central America to South Amer-<br />
ica. It breeds in more or less permanent water, being found<br />
near <strong>the</strong> edges where <strong>the</strong>re is a matting <strong>of</strong> grass or aquatic<br />
plants. It is very closely allied to Czllex tarsalis.<br />
GENUS THEOBALDIA<br />
Theobaldia Neveu-Lemaire, C.R. Sot. Biol. 54, 1331. 1902.<br />
CuZisetal Felt, Bull. 79, N.Y. State Mus., 391C. 1904.<br />
CuZiceZZa Felt, Bull. 79, N.Y. State Mus. 391C. 1904.<br />
Theobaldinella Blanchard, Les Moust., 390. 1905.<br />
Pseudo<strong>the</strong>obaldia Theobald, Mon. Culic., 4, 150. 1907.<br />
CZkacz/lra Howard, Dyar and Knab. Mosq. N. and Cent.<br />
Amer. and W.I., 3, 452. 1915.<br />
ACCo<strong>the</strong>obalZdia Brolemann, Ann. Sot. Ent. France, 88,90. 1919.<br />
The genus TheobaZdia may be readily distinguished, at least<br />
as far as our species are concerned, by <strong>the</strong> following adult<br />
characters -( 1) <strong>the</strong> trilobate scutellum; (2) <strong>the</strong> postnotum<br />
nude; (3) <strong>the</strong> second marginal cell over half as long as its<br />
petiole ; (4) <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> spiracular bristles ; (5) <strong>the</strong> pres-<br />
ence <strong>of</strong> pronotal bristles (reduced to two or three bristles in<br />
some species) ; (6) <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> post-spiracular bristles,. The<br />
larvae may be distinguished by <strong>the</strong> hairy mouth-brushes and<br />
<strong>the</strong> one pair <strong>of</strong> hair tufts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> air-tube placed close to <strong>the</strong><br />
base between <strong>the</strong> pecten rows.<br />
KEYS TO SPECIES OF THEOBALDIA<br />
Adults<br />
1. Tarsi with faint whitish rings at both ends <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . morsitam ‘;‘a<br />
Tarsal white rings, if present, basal; wings spotted. . 2<br />
Tarsi without white rings; wings unspotted. . . . . . . . 4
178<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4.<br />
MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
Tarsi with very narrow white rings at <strong>the</strong> bases <strong>of</strong> some<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .incidens .<br />
Tarsi with broad white rings at <strong>the</strong> bases <strong>of</strong> some <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />
Mid and hind fernora with white rings. . . . . . maccrackenac<br />
Femora without white rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alaskaensis<br />
Scales <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wings mixed, black or brown and white,<br />
especially along <strong>the</strong> coastal margin . . . . . . . . , .inoruzata ’<br />
Scales <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wings all black or brown, no white<br />
scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />
Mesonotum entirely reddish-brown ; a small species. . . .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . melanura<br />
Mesonotum brown marked with yellowish lines or<br />
spots,; a large species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . impatiens ’<br />
Ma,les<br />
Apical lobe absent. . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<br />
Apical lobe present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4<br />
Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite with short, broad spines. .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inornata<br />
Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite with ra<strong>the</strong>r long, slender<br />
setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />
Mesosome constricted in <strong>the</strong> middle and closed at <strong>the</strong><br />
apex on <strong>the</strong> dolrsal face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . morsitam<br />
Mesosome not constricted in <strong>the</strong> middle and not closed<br />
at <strong>the</strong> apex on <strong>the</strong> dorsal face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~~elanura 1” ’<br />
Eighth segment with a long row <strong>of</strong> short spines on <strong>the</strong><br />
lower margin ; basal lobe very large with a single<br />
weak spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inzpatiens -<br />
Eighth segment with a small median clump <strong>of</strong> spines<br />
(5 to 7) ; basal lobe small with two stout apical<br />
spines and few setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .incidem ’ I<br />
Eighth segment with only two or three spines at centre;<br />
basal lobe with two or three spines and numerous<br />
setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alaskaensis<br />
‘-’ :
CULICINI 179<br />
Larvae<br />
1. Air-tube with a row <strong>of</strong> median tufts along <strong>the</strong> ventral<br />
side beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wzelamtra “’ ’<br />
Air-tube without a row <strong>of</strong> median tufts along <strong>the</strong> ven-<br />
tral side beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<br />
2. Pecten <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> air-tube produced into long hairs on <strong>the</strong><br />
outer half . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />
Pecten not produced into long hairs on <strong>the</strong> outer half. .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . morsitans ‘1 ;<br />
3. Both pairs <strong>of</strong> head hairs multiple (6), and <strong>of</strong> about<br />
equal length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iwzpatiens -I ;<br />
Lower head hairs <strong>of</strong> three or four long hairs; upper<br />
multiple and shojrter than <strong>the</strong> lower head hairs . . hornata ‘-<br />
THEOBALDIA MELANURA Coquillett<br />
Cztlex melanzmts Coquillett, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 10, 193.<br />
1902.<br />
FewzaZe. Length 4 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis slender, black.<br />
Occiput black, sparsely clo<strong>the</strong>d with very narrow, pale scales, and<br />
long, black, erect, forked scales; cheeks with broader, white, flat<br />
scales. Mesonotum reddish-brown, with two narrow, longitudinal<br />
bare lines, and a curving bare line each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> antescutellar<br />
space ; vestiture <strong>of</strong> numerous hair-like bronzy-orown to blask scales<br />
and rows <strong>of</strong> black setae, <strong>the</strong> setae long and stout on <strong>the</strong> posterior<br />
portion. Abdomen black, basal segmental yellowish white bands in-<br />
dicated on some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> segments, widening on <strong>the</strong> sides to small<br />
patches ; each segment with an apical row <strong>of</strong> coarse yellow hairs.<br />
Wing scales all brown to black. Legs black.<br />
Male hypopygiuw. (Fig. 1, PI. XVII.) Side-pieces twice as long<br />
as wide, gradually tapering; apical lobe absent; basal lobe sharply<br />
conical, setose, <strong>the</strong> apex bearing 4-5 stout, long spines. Clasper slen-<br />
der, slightly enlarged at <strong>the</strong> base. Claspettes absent. Mesosome<br />
stout, cylindrical, pointed at apex. The two lateral chitinous plates<br />
form a somewhat conical cylinder, widely open on <strong>the</strong> venter and<br />
open on <strong>the</strong> dorsum except near <strong>the</strong> apex where <strong>the</strong> plates come<br />
close toge<strong>the</strong>r, but do not fuse. At <strong>the</strong> base <strong>the</strong> plates fuse on <strong>the</strong><br />
dorsum. Lobes <strong>of</strong> ninth tergite, small, each with a group <strong>of</strong> long<br />
setae.
380 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
Larva. Head large, sub-quadrate, sides straight; antenna long,<br />
slender, curved, slightly narrowed beyond tuft, spined all over; tuft<br />
large, multiple, at base <strong>of</strong> outer fourth; upper dorsal head hairs<br />
multiple, lower pair single. Abdominal lateral hairs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first and<br />
second segments multiple, double on <strong>the</strong> third to <strong>the</strong> fifth, single<br />
on <strong>the</strong> sixth. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> eight segments consists <strong>of</strong> about 23<br />
scales in a single row. Anal segment longer than wide, ringed by<br />
<strong>the</strong> plate, a small tuft on <strong>the</strong> posterior lateral margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plate;<br />
dorsal brush a long hair and a multiple tuft on ei<strong>the</strong>r side; ventral<br />
brush ra<strong>the</strong>r short, confined by <strong>the</strong> plate. Air-tube long, scarcely<br />
tapered, about five times as long as wide. Pecten consists <strong>of</strong> 12-14<br />
small teeth on <strong>the</strong> basal third; hair tufts arranged as follows : (1)<br />
a pair <strong>of</strong> small multiple tufts at base <strong>of</strong> tube between <strong>the</strong> two rows <strong>of</strong><br />
pecten; (2) a median ventral row <strong>of</strong> 8 to 14 short multiple tufts<br />
beginning between <strong>the</strong> rows <strong>of</strong> pecten and reaching <strong>the</strong> apex; (3)<br />
a double row <strong>of</strong> 5 to 6 minute double hairs on <strong>the</strong> dorsal aspect <strong>of</strong><br />
tube.<br />
This species occurs in <strong>the</strong> eastern United States from <strong>the</strong><br />
Gulf <strong>of</strong> Mexico to Canada. It is rare and local. It over-win-<br />
ters as larvae under <strong>the</strong> ice. It breeds, in permanent water in<br />
swamps but <strong>the</strong>re is nothing known <strong>of</strong> its habits.<br />
THEOBALDIA MORSITANS Theobald<br />
C&x morsitans Theobald, Mon. Culic. 2, 8. 1901.<br />
CuCex d’yari Coquillett, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot. 10, 192. 1902.<br />
C&x brittoni Felt, Ent. News, 16, 79. 1905.<br />
Female. Length 6 mm.; wing 6 mm. Proboscis long, slender,<br />
black. Occiput dark brown, with narrow yellowish-white curved<br />
scales, cheeks with broad flat scales; numerous, erect, very slender,<br />
forked black scales on vertex and nape. Mesonotum brown, red-<br />
dish-brown in two ra<strong>the</strong>r broad submedian bare stripes and two<br />
shorter bare stripes each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space; vestiture<br />
<strong>of</strong> narrow, curving, bronzy-brown scales, except along median line,<br />
around <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space, on sides <strong>of</strong> disk anteriorly, along<br />
posterior bare stripes and over roots <strong>of</strong> wings, <strong>of</strong> coarser yellowish-<br />
white scales. The bronzy-brown scales are frequently intermingled<br />
with <strong>the</strong> yellowish white. Abdomen blackish brown, segments with<br />
narrow basal bands <strong>of</strong> white scales; venter with dirty yellow scales<br />
and numerous dark hairs. Wing scales all black. Legs blackish with
CULICINI 181<br />
spots or ill defined rings on both ends <strong>of</strong> tarsal joints, except <strong>the</strong><br />
last, yellowish or yellowish white.<br />
Male hypopygiwt. (Fig. 2, Pl. XVII; Fig. 1, Pl. XXV.) Side-<br />
pieces stout, conical more than twice as long as wide; apical lobe<br />
absent; basal lobe prominent, conical, clo<strong>the</strong>d with setae and 4-5 stout<br />
apical spines. Clasper long, gradually tapering. Claspettes absent.<br />
Mesosome stout, not heavily chitinized, somewhat conical, constricted<br />
in <strong>the</strong> middle, narrowly open along <strong>the</strong> median ventral line; open at<br />
<strong>the</strong> base and closed for a short distance at <strong>the</strong> apex on <strong>the</strong> dorsal<br />
side; a slightly chitinized, somewhat triangular plate on <strong>the</strong> lateral<br />
surface extending from <strong>the</strong> apex to near <strong>the</strong> basal third. The tenth<br />
segment is prominent, divided as usual into two halves and with well<br />
developed sternites and tergites. The tergite is only slightly chiti-<br />
nized. The lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite short, broad and each bears a<br />
group <strong>of</strong> long setae.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 1, PI. XXII.) Length 7-8 mm. Head much broader<br />
than long; antemla large, heavily spined all over; tuft large, multiple:<br />
situated at outer third. Upper pair <strong>of</strong> dorsal head hairs multiple,<br />
lower pair double; antenatennal hair tuft large and multiple. Ab-<br />
dominal lateral hair-tufts <strong>of</strong> first and second segments multiple, single<br />
and long on <strong>the</strong> third to <strong>the</strong> sixth; a short double lateral on <strong>the</strong><br />
seventh. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> eighth segment consists <strong>of</strong> numerous scales<br />
in a large triangular patch. Anal segment nearly twice as long as<br />
wide, completely ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate; a long hair arises from near <strong>the</strong><br />
posterior lateral border <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plate; dorsal brush consists <strong>of</strong> a long<br />
hair with two short basal branches and a large tuft on ei<strong>the</strong>r side;<br />
ventral brush large, with seven small tufts preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area<br />
to <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> segment; <strong>the</strong> small tufts penetrate through small<br />
holes along <strong>the</strong> ventral line <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plate. Anal gills slender, longer<br />
than <strong>the</strong> segment. Air-tube six times as long as wide; pecten con-<br />
sists <strong>of</strong> 6 to 9 teeth on <strong>the</strong> basal fourth <strong>of</strong> tube; tufts consist <strong>of</strong><br />
multiple hairs arising at <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> air-tube between <strong>the</strong> pecten.<br />
These hair tufts are placed ra<strong>the</strong>r close toge<strong>the</strong>r and are easily over-<br />
looked.<br />
Theobaldia moy.sita.ns is distributed throughout <strong>the</strong> <strong>north</strong>-<br />
ern United States, Canada and Europe. It breeds in spring<br />
fed forest pools but I have found <strong>the</strong>m only in special places-<br />
in holes under old tree stumps (Fig. 7, PI. VII). Here I have<br />
collected <strong>the</strong>m regularly each year, but in no o<strong>the</strong>r place. There<br />
is but one brood a year, <strong>the</strong> adults living till late in <strong>the</strong> season.
182 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
The adults do not bite, though I have <strong>of</strong>fered <strong>the</strong>m opportunities<br />
time and again.<br />
THEOBALDIA INORNATA Williston<br />
C&x inomatus Williston, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ornith. and<br />
Mam., N. Amer. Fauna No. 7,253. 1893.<br />
Culex ~aynipemzi.s Felt, Bull. 79. N.Y. State Mus., 278. 1904.<br />
Female. Length 6 mm.; wing 6 mm. Proboscis slender, with<br />
dark brown and white scales intermixed. Occiput black, with narrow,<br />
curved, yellowish-white scales, <strong>the</strong> nape and sides with numerous<br />
narrow, erect, forked black scales; cheeks and eye margin with flat,<br />
white scales. Mesonotum brown, with two very short narrow anterior<br />
bare areas, and a curving lateral posterior bare stripe each side <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> antescutellar space ; vestiture <strong>of</strong> narrow, curved, golden brown<br />
scales intermixed with pale yellowish scales,-<strong>the</strong> pale scales most<br />
abundant on anterior margin, over roots <strong>of</strong> wings, antescutellar space<br />
and forming narrow longitudinal lines on <strong>the</strong> disk. Abdomen brown-<br />
ish-black with broad basal bands <strong>of</strong> yellowish-white scales widening<br />
laterally to form ra<strong>the</strong>r irregular lateral stripes; eighth segment en-<br />
tirely pale scaled; venter pale yellow scaled. Wing scales dark brown,<br />
a few white scales on anterior veins. Legs with dark brown and<br />
whitish scales intermixed, <strong>the</strong> tarsi appearing nearly black.<br />
Male hypopygizim. (Fig. 3, Pl. XVII ; Figs. 2 and 3, Pl. XXV.)<br />
Side-pieces stout, conical, scarcely twice as long as broad; apical lobe<br />
absent; basal lobe prominent, conical, with several stout spines on<br />
<strong>the</strong> apex and small setae on <strong>the</strong> sides. Clasper stout, gradually<br />
tapering to apex. Claspettes absent. Mesosome elongate, broadened<br />
at base, open along ventral and dorsal sides. Laterally each side is<br />
supported by a heavy chitinous elongate plate, which terminates in a<br />
thin chitinous filament, furcate at apex. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite<br />
prominent, approximate, dome-like structures, each crowned with<br />
numerous short, stout spines.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 6, Pl. XXI.) Length 10 mm. Head wider than<br />
long; antenna small, sparsely spined; tuft small, situated at <strong>the</strong> mid-<br />
dle; upper and lower dorsal head hairs large and multiple ; between <strong>the</strong><br />
lower head hairs and in front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dorsal head hairs are a pair <strong>of</strong><br />
small multiple hairs ; anteantennal hair tuft multiple. Abdominal<br />
lateral hairs multiple on <strong>the</strong> first and second segment, double on <strong>the</strong><br />
third to sixth, single on <strong>the</strong> seventh; subdorsal tufts prominent on<br />
<strong>the</strong> third to seventh segments. Subventral tufts long and prominent.
CULICINI 183<br />
Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment consists <strong>of</strong> many scales in a<br />
triangular patch. Anal segment slightly longer than wide, ringed<br />
by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate; a multiple (2-4 hairs) tuft near <strong>the</strong> posterior<br />
margin <strong>of</strong> plate; dorsal brush a group <strong>of</strong> long hairs and a large<br />
multiple tuft on ei<strong>the</strong>r side; ventral brush well developed, two or three<br />
small tufts preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area. Anal gills longer than <strong>the</strong><br />
segment, broad, rounded at <strong>the</strong> tips. Air-tube stout, gradually taper-<br />
ing from near <strong>the</strong> base, nearly three times as long as wide. Pecten<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> 10-12 stout teeth on <strong>the</strong> basal fifth, becoming long hairs<br />
beyond and extending to near <strong>the</strong> apex <strong>of</strong> tube; hair tufts large<br />
and prominent, arising near each o<strong>the</strong>r at <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube between<br />
<strong>the</strong> rows <strong>of</strong> pecten.<br />
This species is found throughout <strong>the</strong> United States to South-<br />
ern Canada. It breeds throughout <strong>the</strong> spring and summer in<br />
permanent pools in ra<strong>the</strong>r dense forested areas. I found <strong>the</strong>m<br />
breeding in large numbers in permanent pools in dense second<br />
growth forests near Douglas Lake, Michigan. About Ithaca<br />
only single specimens have been taken and very few larvae.<br />
The adults hibernate. The eggs are laid in rafts on <strong>the</strong> sur-<br />
face <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water. They are said to seldom attack man though<br />
<strong>the</strong> writer was frequently bitten by <strong>the</strong>m while collecting in<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn Michigan.<br />
THEOBALDIA IMPATIENS Walker<br />
C&x iwspatiem Walker, List Dipt. British Mus. 1, 5. 1848.<br />
C&x pifzgz& Walker, Lord’s Nat. in Vane. Is. and B.C. 2,<br />
337. 1866.<br />
C&x absorb&us Felt, Bul. 79, N.Y. State Mus., 318. 1904.<br />
Fenzale. Length 4.5 to 6.5 mm.; wing 5-7 mm. Proboscis slen-<br />
der, black. Occiput dark brown, sparsely clo<strong>the</strong>d with narrow, curved,<br />
yellowish-white scales, white along <strong>the</strong> eye margins; cheeks with<br />
broad flat white scales; nape with numerous erect, forked, black<br />
scales. Mesonotum brown, with bronzy-brown and yellowish scales,<br />
<strong>the</strong> yellowish scales forming patches along <strong>the</strong> anterior margin, two<br />
sublateral spots on <strong>the</strong> disk joined to <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space by fine<br />
pale lines ; margins <strong>of</strong> antescutellar space <strong>of</strong> pale scales. The ar-<br />
rangement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brown and yellow scales <strong>of</strong>ten form complicated<br />
patterns but <strong>the</strong> common one is indicated above. Abdomen black with
184 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
basal segmental broad white bands, <strong>the</strong> eighth segment entirely white<br />
scaled; venter entirely pale scaled. Wing scales all brown, denser<br />
at <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> radial sector and media, giving <strong>the</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong><br />
spots. Legs black, femora white tipped.<br />
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 4, Pl. XVII.) Side-pieces stout, al-<br />
most twice as long as wide; apical lobe prominent, strongly chitin-<br />
ized, and densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with hairs and two or three stouter, longer<br />
ones which appear almost as spines; basal lobe large, expanded,<br />
rounded apically, setose, with a stout hair at <strong>the</strong> apex. Claspers<br />
stout, gradually tapering to apex. Claspettes absent. Mesosome<br />
cylindrical, chitinized, gradually tapering to apex; narrowly open<br />
along ventral side, widely open on <strong>the</strong> dorsum except just before<br />
<strong>the</strong> apex where it is almost closed; at <strong>the</strong> base <strong>the</strong> chitinous por-<br />
tions are united on <strong>the</strong> mid-dorsal line. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite<br />
appear as narrow thickenings and each bears 6 or more thin, long<br />
setae. The ventral caudal margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment is strongly<br />
chitinized and bears on its median area a row <strong>of</strong> short, stout spines.<br />
Larva. Head rounded, broader than long; antenna cylindrical,<br />
narrowed beyond <strong>the</strong> tuft, spined all over with fine spines; tuft<br />
multiple, large, situated a little before <strong>the</strong> middle; upper and lower<br />
dorsal head hairs long and multiple; anteantennal tuft large. In<br />
front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper dorsal head hairs and between <strong>the</strong> lower pair is<br />
a pair <strong>of</strong> smaller, multiple tufts. Abdominal lateral hairs multiple<br />
on <strong>the</strong> first to fifth segments, double on sixth, single on <strong>the</strong> seventh.<br />
Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment consists <strong>of</strong> many scales in a tri-<br />
angular patch. Anal segment wider than long, ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate;<br />
dorsal brush a long multiple tuft and a large tuft each side; ventral<br />
brush well developed, with small tufts preceding <strong>the</strong> barred area<br />
nearly to <strong>the</strong> base; <strong>the</strong> small tufts penetrating <strong>the</strong> chitinous ring;<br />
a two-haired lateral tuft near posterior border <strong>of</strong> plate. Anal gills<br />
longer than <strong>the</strong> segment, broad, rounded at <strong>the</strong> tips. Air-tube stout,<br />
gradually tapering on <strong>the</strong> outer half, slightly more than twice as long<br />
as wide. Pecten <strong>of</strong> eight to nine teeth on <strong>the</strong> basal fourth, becoming<br />
long hairs beyond and reaching near <strong>the</strong> apex <strong>of</strong> tube; tufts large,<br />
multiple, arising close to base <strong>of</strong> tube between <strong>the</strong> rows <strong>of</strong> pecten.<br />
This species occurs throughout <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn part <strong>of</strong> North<br />
America from ocean to ocean. It is very rare in <strong>the</strong> Central<br />
New York area. A single larva was taken at North Fairhaven<br />
and ano<strong>the</strong>r found at Ithaca. The females hibernate and lay<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir eggs in triangular shaped rafts on <strong>the</strong> surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
water. The larvae inhabit dark, clear, woodland pools. The
CULICINI 18.5<br />
adults are not persistent biters and are said to fly after sun-<br />
set.<br />
THEOBALDIA INCIDENS Thomson<br />
C&x incidew Thomson, Kongl. Sven. Erg. Resa, 6, Dipt.,<br />
443. 1868.<br />
C&x particeps Adams, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. (2) 2, 26. 1903.<br />
Female. Length 5-6.5 mm.; wing 5-6 mm. Proboscis long, slen-<br />
der, brownish-black. Occiput black with brownish narrow scales<br />
medianly, broad, flat white ones on <strong>the</strong> cheeks, and numerous erect,<br />
forked black scales. Mesonotum dark brown with narrow bright<br />
yellow scales arranged in obscure longitudinal narrow stripes or<br />
spots. Abdomen black with basal segmental bands <strong>of</strong> whitish scales;<br />
venter white scaled. Legs dark brown; femora and tibiae narrowly<br />
tipped with white; some tarsal joints faintly marked with a basal<br />
yellowish band, most distinct on <strong>the</strong> hind legs. Wing scales black,<br />
aggregated into patches (at base and forks <strong>of</strong> second vein, at middle<br />
and forks <strong>of</strong> fourth vein, upper fork <strong>of</strong> fifth and middle <strong>of</strong> sixth<br />
veins) giving a spotted appearance to <strong>the</strong> wing.<br />
Male hypopygium (Fig. 5, Pl. XVII.) Side-pieces more than<br />
twice as long as wide, stout, rounded apically ; apical lobe small bear-<br />
ing a narrowly ligulate, long spine and a group <strong>of</strong> setae; basal lobe<br />
sharply conical, bearing two approximate, stout spines on <strong>the</strong> apex.<br />
Clasper stout, gradually tapering. Claspettes absent. Mesosome<br />
cylindrical, stout, consisting <strong>of</strong> two heavily chitinized halves, narrow-<br />
ly open along <strong>the</strong> ventral median line, broadly open on <strong>the</strong> dorsum,<br />
except near <strong>the</strong> tip. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite, short, chitinized;<br />
each bears a row <strong>of</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r long setae. The eighth segment bears a<br />
group <strong>of</strong> 5-8 short, stout spines on its median ventral margin.<br />
Larva. Length 9-10 mm. Head rounded, wider than long; an-<br />
tenna not as long as <strong>the</strong> head, faintly spined, a multiple tuft at middle;<br />
upper and lower head hairs multiple; anteantennal tuft multiple.<br />
Abdominal lateral tufts multiple on first and second, double on <strong>the</strong><br />
third to sixth segments. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> eighth segment a large<br />
triangular patch <strong>of</strong> many scales. Anal segment wider than long,<br />
ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate; dorsal brush a long tuft and a shorter<br />
multiple tuft each side; ventral brush large with several tufts in<br />
front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> barred area and <strong>the</strong>se puncturing <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate. Air-<br />
tube twice as long as wide; pecten with a few basal teeth followed<br />
by long setae which reach <strong>the</strong> apical third; tuft multiple. at base be-<br />
tween <strong>the</strong> pecten.
186 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
This species occurs west <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rocky Mountains from<br />
Alaska to Sou<strong>the</strong>rn California. It breeds in all sorts <strong>of</strong> per-<br />
manent pools and artificial containers. In its sou<strong>the</strong>rn range,<br />
breeding is continuous throughout <strong>the</strong> year wherever water is<br />
available and is not frozen. In <strong>the</strong> <strong>north</strong> it hib,ernates as an<br />
adult. The adults seem to prefer <strong>the</strong> blood <strong>of</strong> domestic ani-<br />
mals to that <strong>of</strong> man.<br />
THEOBALDIA ALASKENSIS Ludlow<br />
Theobaldia a
CULICINI 187<br />
GENUS PSOROPHORA<br />
Psorophora Robineau-Desvoidy, Mem. Sot. Hist. Nat. Paris,<br />
3, 412. 1827.<br />
Janthinosowza Lynch Arribalzaga, Rev. Mus. de La Plata, 1,<br />
374. 1891.<br />
Conchyktes Howard, Mosquitoes, 155. 1901.<br />
Grabhawzia Theobald, Mon. Culic., 3, 243. 1903.<br />
Feltidia Dyar, Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash., 7, 47. 1905.<br />
Ceratocystia Dyar and Knab, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 14, 178.<br />
1906.<br />
Lepidosia Coquillett, Science, n.s., 23, 314. 1906.<br />
This genus may be separated from all our o<strong>the</strong>r genera by<br />
<strong>the</strong> following,characters ; ( 1) <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> setae on <strong>the</strong> post-<br />
notum; (2) <strong>the</strong> trilobate condition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> scutellum ; (3) <strong>the</strong><br />
second marginal cell more than half as long as its petiole ; (4)<br />
<strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> both spiracular and postspiracular bristles.<br />
The larvae may be easily separated by <strong>the</strong> characters given in<br />
<strong>the</strong> key, The species <strong>of</strong> this genus are found only in <strong>the</strong><br />
Americas and adjacent islands. They are found principally<br />
in <strong>the</strong> tropics but a few species extend well into <strong>the</strong> temperate<br />
regions. Of <strong>the</strong> eleven species recorded from North America<br />
not a single one has been found in <strong>the</strong> Pacific Coast Region.<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
KEYS TO SPECIES OF PSOROPHORA<br />
Ad& ts<br />
Mesonotum with smooth, nude areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<br />
Mesonotum uniformly scaled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />
Tarsi with white rings at bases <strong>of</strong> joints; mesonotum<br />
with a central yellow line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ciliata<br />
Tarsi without white rings ; central line very narrow, <strong>of</strong><br />
dark scales and short setae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h,owardii ‘!<br />
Claws <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> female too<strong>the</strong>d; wings dark scaled, not<br />
spotted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4<br />
Claws <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> female not too<strong>the</strong>d; wings <strong>of</strong>ten spotted<br />
with black and white scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
188 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
4. All joints <strong>of</strong> hind tarsi black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cya,nescens<br />
Last two joints and apex <strong>of</strong> third <strong>of</strong> hind tarsi, white. .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f ostica ta<br />
5. Wings uniformly marked with black and white scales,<br />
no distinct spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cohwzbk<br />
Wings with costa pale and three black spots b,eyond<br />
<strong>the</strong> middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sigm$emis<br />
Wings with a single white spot on costa . . . . . . . . discolor<br />
Male hypo~ygiuwt<br />
1. Claspette with a slender s,tern, terminating in a large<br />
capitate head densely clo<strong>the</strong>d with setae. . . . . . hozuardii<br />
Claspette not as above described . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<br />
2. Clasper not strongly expanded medianly; a row <strong>of</strong> stout<br />
setae on <strong>the</strong> outer half on <strong>the</strong> inner face. . . . . . ciliata<br />
Clasper strongly expanded medianly; no setae on in-<br />
ner face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />
3. Claspette with a stout stem; apex bears two distorted<br />
appendages and setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . posticata<br />
Claspette with a thin stem; apex without distorted ap-<br />
pendages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4<br />
4. Apex <strong>of</strong> claspette with five stout setae. . . . . . . . colztwzbi~<br />
Apex <strong>of</strong> claspette with very fine setae . . . . . . . . cyanescem ’<br />
Larvae<br />
1. Antenna very large, swollen towards <strong>the</strong> apex ; upper<br />
and lower head hairs single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . discolor<br />
Antenna cylindrical; not swollen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<br />
2. Antenna much shorter than <strong>the</strong> head; both head hairs .<br />
single, <strong>the</strong> upper very short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />
Antenna longer or as long as <strong>the</strong> head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4<br />
3. Hairs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pecten teeth long, six times as long as body<br />
<strong>of</strong> tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ciZiata ’<br />
Hairs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pecten teeth shorter, about three times as<br />
long as body <strong>of</strong> tooth . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .hlowardii ’
CULICINI 189<br />
4. Upper and Lower head hairs multiple ........ colzcwzbiae “i’<br />
Upper and lower head hairs double ......... .posticata ‘-‘z<br />
Upper and lower head hairs single ................ 5<br />
5. Spines , at apex <strong>of</strong> air-tube long and conspicuous. .....<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cyanescens I’<br />
Spines at apex <strong>of</strong> air-tube short and not easily seen. .<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . signipennis ’ ’ )<br />
PSOROPHORA CILIATA Fabricius<br />
CztCex cdiata Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 4, 401. 1794.<br />
Czllex tizolestus Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot., 7. 1821.<br />
Culex mbidus Robineau-Desvoidy, Mem. Sot. Nat. Hist. Paris,<br />
3, 404. 1827.<br />
Psorophora boscii Robineau-Desvoidy, bIem. Sot. Nat. Hist.<br />
Paris, 3, 413. 1827.<br />
Culex conterrevts Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt., 427. 1856.<br />
Psorophora ctites Dyar, Ins. Ins. Mens., 6, 26. 1918.<br />
Female. Length 9 mm.; wing 7 mm. Proboscis yellowish-brown,<br />
with short setae and numerous sub-erect black scales. Occiput yellow-<br />
ish-brown, with white scales and short brown to black bristles, a<br />
narrow longitudinal stripe nude. Mesonotum brown ; a longitudinal<br />
median stripe <strong>of</strong> brilliant golden yellow curved scales, <strong>the</strong> stripe ex-<br />
tending in some specimen almost across <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space to <strong>the</strong><br />
scutellum, in o<strong>the</strong>rs barely half way; each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> median stripe<br />
is a bare stripe <strong>of</strong> equal width; narrowly bordering <strong>the</strong> bare stripes<br />
on <strong>the</strong> outer margins is a line <strong>of</strong> golden yellow scales and limiting<br />
<strong>the</strong>se outwardly is a line <strong>of</strong> dense black, narrow, curved scales; be-<br />
yond this is a large irregular area clo<strong>the</strong>d with broad white scales;<br />
each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space with a broad bare stripe; humeri<br />
bare; antescutellar space largely white scaled. Abdomen with numer-<br />
ous whitish, yellowish and brown scales, <strong>the</strong> brown scales predominat-<br />
ing on <strong>the</strong> sides; short brownish and yellowish setae numerous. Ven-<br />
ter predominatingly white scaled. Legs stout, long; femora yellow-<br />
ish, clo<strong>the</strong>d for <strong>the</strong> greater part with small black and pale scales,<br />
a prominent apical band <strong>of</strong> erect, long black scales; tibiae yellowish-<br />
brown, with narrow basal rings <strong>of</strong> appressed yellow scales, beyond<br />
with dense, erect, long black scales; hind tarsi with basal white rings,<br />
<strong>the</strong> rest clo<strong>the</strong>d with dense black scales, erect on <strong>the</strong> first and second
190 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
joints. Mid tarsi with <strong>the</strong> first joint largely white scaled, <strong>the</strong> apical<br />
third black, <strong>the</strong> second and third with basal white rings, <strong>the</strong> last two<br />
black; front tarsi similarly marked.<br />
Male hypopygiunz. (Fig. 3, Pl. XVIII ; Figs. 4 and 5, Pl. XXV.)<br />
Side-pieces twice as long as wide, slightly tapering, rounded apically ;<br />
apical and basal lobes absent. Clasper stout, arcuate, convex me-<br />
dianly, sharply angulated at outer fifth and ending in a very short,<br />
stout articulated spine. The convexity is armed with short, stout,<br />
setae. Claspette stout, curved, slightly enlarged apically, bearing a<br />
row <strong>of</strong> setae on <strong>the</strong> basal half; a single recurved, lamellate appen-<br />
dage arising before <strong>the</strong> tip and a dense tuft <strong>of</strong> hairs crowning <strong>the</strong><br />
apical part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> claspette. The mesosome appears as a narrow<br />
heavily chitinized cone-like structure, broadly open on <strong>the</strong> venter,<br />
closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsal side and open at <strong>the</strong> base; <strong>the</strong> apical portion is<br />
supported by two narrow longitudinal chitinous strips with serrate<br />
outer margins; just before <strong>the</strong> apex <strong>the</strong>re is a broad angulate chitin-<br />
ous expansion on ei<strong>the</strong>r side, giving <strong>the</strong> apical portion an arrow-head<br />
appearance. The lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite are widely separated,<br />
very slightly chitinized and each bears a group <strong>of</strong> setae.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 2, Pl. XXII.) Length 12 mm. Head quadrate,<br />
longer than wide; antenna cylindrical, sparsely spined all over, a<br />
single hair on <strong>the</strong> outer fourth; anteantennal tuft <strong>of</strong> a single hair<br />
<strong>the</strong> shaft divided into three to five fine hairs; upper and lower head<br />
hairs single, approximate, <strong>the</strong> upper one very short. Abdominal lat-<br />
eral hairs double on <strong>the</strong> first to <strong>the</strong> fifth segments, single on <strong>the</strong><br />
sixth. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment consists <strong>of</strong> a single row<br />
<strong>of</strong> scales preceded by an area <strong>of</strong> minute flat scales. Anal segment<br />
longer than wide, ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate; dorsal brush a long<br />
hair and a multiple tuft on each side; ventral brush a series <strong>of</strong> short<br />
multiple tufts extending nearly <strong>the</strong> whole length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> anal segment.<br />
Anal gils over three times <strong>the</strong> length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> anal segment, gradually<br />
tapering to a sharp point. Air-tube four times as long as wide,<br />
slightly tapering beyond <strong>the</strong> middle; pecten reaching to <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> tube; tuft a single hair arising beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten.<br />
This species is widely distributed in <strong>the</strong> eastern United<br />
States, east <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plains, from Mexico toI <strong>the</strong> Canadian bor-<br />
der. It also occurs in parts <strong>of</strong> South America. It is not com-<br />
mon in Central New York. The larvae live in temporary<br />
ground puddles and are predacious feeding on <strong>the</strong> larvae <strong>of</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>mosquitoes</strong> which breed in similar places. The larval
CULICINI 191<br />
and pupal life is short. Hibernation takes place in <strong>the</strong> egg<br />
stage. The females are vicious biters.<br />
PSOROPHORA COLUMBIB Dyar and Knab<br />
Janthinosowm texarcz~unz Dyar and Knab, Proc. Biol. Sot.<br />
Wash., 19, 13.5. 1906.<br />
Janthizzosowa coluwhiae Dyar and Knab, Proc. Biol. Sot.<br />
Wash., 19, 135. 1906.<br />
Janthinosonza florideme Dyar and Knab, Proc. Biol. Sot.<br />
Wash., 19, 135. 1906.<br />
Female. Length 6 mm.; wing 4 mm. Proboscis slender, with<br />
black scales on base and apex, <strong>the</strong> middle portion with yellowish-<br />
white scales intermingled with a few black scales. Occiput black,<br />
with narrow, curved, white scales and numerous, erect, black, forked<br />
scales; sides with a black quadrate spot followed by broad flat white<br />
scales on <strong>the</strong> cheeks. Mesonotum almost black, with burnished brown<br />
and bluish scales; <strong>the</strong> bluish scales in patches on <strong>the</strong> anterior margin,<br />
two discal spots behind small lateral depressions, apG surrounding<br />
<strong>the</strong> antescutellar space. Abdomen with black an3 yellowish-white<br />
scales, <strong>the</strong> yellowish-white scales forming a broad apical band on<br />
<strong>the</strong> second segment, more or less broken, lateral spot3 on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
segments ; lateral margins with continuous line <strong>of</strong> white scales; venter<br />
with pale and black scales intermingled. Wings with black and white<br />
scales intermixed, <strong>the</strong> black ones predominatiljg. Legs long, slender;<br />
femora clo<strong>the</strong>d with black and white scales intermixed, <strong>the</strong> proximal<br />
half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ventral surface almost entirely white, <strong>the</strong> apices and a<br />
narrow ring before <strong>the</strong> apex white, * tibiae black with numerous small<br />
white patches on <strong>the</strong> outer surface; tarsi black with basal white rings,<br />
<strong>the</strong> first tarsal segment <strong>of</strong> all legs with a broad median white ring,<br />
<strong>the</strong> last two segments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> front, and <strong>the</strong> last one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> middle tarsi<br />
entirely black.<br />
Male lz ypopygizim. (Fig. 2, Pl. XVIII.) Side-pieces not twice<br />
as long as wide, <strong>the</strong> apex broadly expanded giving <strong>the</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong><br />
an apical lobe; apical and basal lobes absent. Clasper short, greatly<br />
expanded in <strong>the</strong> middle, sharply constricted to <strong>the</strong> apex. Claspettes<br />
with narrow ligulate stems, gradually expanded towards <strong>the</strong> apex;<br />
apex broadened and bears five broad setae with finely divided tips.<br />
Mesosome consists <strong>of</strong> two short similar chitinized sides, not connected<br />
at base or along <strong>the</strong> dorsum or venter. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite<br />
very large, widely separated and each bears numerous short setae.
192 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
Larzja. Length 10 mm. Head rounded, wider than long; an-<br />
temia shorter than <strong>the</strong> length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> head, slightly tapering, spined<br />
all over, a multiple tuft just beyond <strong>the</strong> middle; upper and lower<br />
head hairs multiple; anteantennal tuft multiple. Abdomen robust with<br />
comparatively few hairs and tufts; <strong>the</strong> lateral tufts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first and<br />
second segments multiple, double on <strong>the</strong> third to <strong>the</strong> fifth, and single<br />
on <strong>the</strong> sixth. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> six scales in a<br />
row. Anal segment longer than wide, ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate;<br />
dorsal brush a long hair and a large multiple tuft on each side;<br />
ventral brush well developed reaching <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> anal segment,<br />
Air-tube three times as long as wide, strongly inflated, tapering be-<br />
yond <strong>the</strong> middle. Pecten <strong>of</strong> three to five teeth widely separated on<br />
<strong>the</strong> basal half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube; tuft a small multiple hair on <strong>the</strong> outer<br />
third.<br />
This species occurs throughout <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn United States<br />
west to Texas and <strong>north</strong> to Illinois and sou<strong>the</strong>rn New York.<br />
It also occurs in Cuba and <strong>the</strong> Bahamas.<br />
b<br />
L._ L- -<br />
PSOROPHORA POSTICATA Wiedemann<br />
Culex posticatz~s Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot. 1, 43. 1821.<br />
Cw!ex ytzz~sicz~s Say, (not Leach) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.<br />
6, 149. 1827.<br />
Janthisosonza echinata Grabham, Can. Ent., 38, 311. 1906.<br />
Janti&osoma vndzalli Dyar and Knab, Proc. Biol. Sot. Wash.,<br />
19, 134. 1906.<br />
Janthinosoma terminalis Coquillett, U.S. Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser.<br />
11, 8. 1906.<br />
Jazztlhzosowa saJ!i Dyar and Knab, Jour. N-Y. Ent. Sot. 14.<br />
181. 1906.<br />
Jmtlzinosoma sayi Theobald, Mon. Culic., 4, 155. 1907.<br />
Javztlzinosoma coqdlctti Theobald, Mon. Culic., 4, 153. 1907.<br />
Female. Length 5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis slender, brown-<br />
ish-black. Occiput brown shading to yellowish-brown posteriorly,<br />
<strong>the</strong> posterior half with erect, slender, forked, yellow scales and re-<br />
cumbent, broad, yellowish-white scales ; <strong>the</strong> anterior half with a<br />
few scattered whitish scales and brownish hairs. Mesonotum al-<br />
most black, with broad yellowish-brown and whitish scales so blended
CULICINI<br />
as to form no distinct pattern, <strong>the</strong> yellowish brown scales more abund-<br />
ant on <strong>the</strong> disk. Abdomen dorsally with flat black scales with a<br />
violet reflection, and a series <strong>of</strong> large lateral triangular yellowish-<br />
white spots, <strong>the</strong>ir bases at <strong>the</strong> apices <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> segments; venter clo<strong>the</strong>d<br />
with yellowish-white scales, <strong>the</strong> seventh largely dark scaled. Legs<br />
long and slender; femora yellowish-white beneath to near <strong>the</strong> apex,<br />
black scaled above with bluish violet lustre; apical third <strong>of</strong> tibiae<br />
and first two tarsal joints <strong>of</strong> hind legs with numerous outstanding<br />
scales; last two tarsal joints and sometimes <strong>the</strong> apex <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> third <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> hind legs white.<br />
Male Izypopygizinz. (Fig. 6, PI. XVII.) Side-pieces three times<br />
as long as wide, about <strong>the</strong> same width throughout, <strong>the</strong> apex slightly<br />
conical; apical and basal lobes lacking. Clasper long, small at base,<br />
greatly expanded at <strong>the</strong> middle, contracted near apex and ends in a<br />
recurved point bearing a short articulated spine. Claspette very long,<br />
almost as long as <strong>the</strong> side-pieces, cylindrical, expanded apically ;<br />
apex with two close-set recurving leaf-like filaments, and behind this<br />
a dense mass <strong>of</strong> long hairs curved at <strong>the</strong>ir tips. Mesosome short,<br />
cone-shaped, open on <strong>the</strong> venter, closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum and at <strong>the</strong><br />
base. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite widely separated, only slightly chitin-<br />
ized and each bears a group <strong>of</strong> short hairs.<br />
Larva. Length S-10 mm. Head rounded, longer than wide; an-<br />
tenna longer than <strong>the</strong> head, slightly swollen at <strong>the</strong> base, spined<br />
all over; antenna1 tuft multiple, situated slightly before <strong>the</strong> middle;<br />
upper and lower head hairs double; anteantennal tuft multiple. Ab-<br />
dominal lateral tufts multiple on <strong>the</strong> first and second, double on <strong>the</strong><br />
third, and single on <strong>the</strong> fourth to sixth segments. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> eighth segment a single row <strong>of</strong> six to seven scales. Anal seg-<br />
ment longer than wide, ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate; dorsal brush a<br />
long hair and a multiple tuft on each side; ventral brush well de-<br />
veloped, extending along ventral line to near base. r!nal gills much<br />
longer than <strong>the</strong> segment, each tapered to a sharp point. Air-tube<br />
stout, strongly tapering, about three times as long as wide. Pecten<br />
<strong>of</strong> three to four teeth on <strong>the</strong> basal fifth <strong>of</strong> tube. Hair tuft lacking.<br />
The species is distributed from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada, south<br />
through <strong>the</strong> eastern United States, Mexico, Central America,<br />
South America and into <strong>the</strong> West India Islands. The larvae<br />
are found in transient rain puddles. The adults are severe<br />
biters but are not known to invade houses.
194 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
PSOROPHORX CYMXUCENS Coquillett<br />
Czllex cyamscem Coquillett, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 10, 137.<br />
1902.<br />
Female. Length 5.5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black<br />
with bluish reflections. Occiput black, with yellowish-brown scales.<br />
Mesonotum black ra<strong>the</strong>r evenly clo<strong>the</strong>d with yellowish-brown scales,<br />
those at <strong>the</strong> sides paler, almost gray. Abdomen purplish dorsally, with<br />
apical segmental bands <strong>of</strong> golden yellow scales; venter yellowish<br />
scaled. Legs black with violet reflections, <strong>the</strong> femora yellowish.<br />
Wing scales brownish black.<br />
Male lzypopygiunt. “Side-piece cylindrical, roundedly truncate at<br />
tip, hairy. Cl aspette slender, cemented to <strong>the</strong> side-piece except at<br />
base and tip ; tip triangularly expanded and with an inner arm; six<br />
or seven flattened narrow filaments along <strong>the</strong> margin arising from<br />
conical tubercles. Tenth sternites ra<strong>the</strong>r large, inner margin thick-<br />
ened, tip with laterally projecting point. Clasper swollen mesially,<br />
base and tip narrow, a terminal retrorse spine. Ninth tergites un-<br />
developed. Mesosome a small basal cylinder.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
Larva. “Head rounded, wider than long; antennae stout, long,<br />
but not longer than <strong>the</strong> head, sinuate, a two-haired tuft near middle.<br />
Head-hairs single ; anteantennal tuft in three. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
eighth segment, <strong>of</strong> five scales on a weakly chitinized area, each scale<br />
trifid, with long central tooth. Air-tube strongly inflated, three times<br />
as long as basal width; a small pecten <strong>of</strong> four teeth at base <strong>of</strong> tube.<br />
Two long terminal reflexed hairs. Anal segment longer than wide,<br />
ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate; dorsal tuft a long hair and tuft on each side.<br />
Ventral brush running <strong>the</strong> length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> segment. Anal gills slender,<br />
longer than <strong>the</strong> segment, tapered.<br />
This species is distributed iron1 <strong>the</strong> Gulf States south to<br />
Argentina. It breeds in telnporary rain-pools.<br />
PSOROPIIORA HOWARDII Coquillett<br />
Psor.oplzora lzowardii Coquillett, Can. Ent. 33, 258. 1901.<br />
Psoroplzora G4esccm Dyar and Knab, Proc. Biol. Sot.<br />
Wash., 19, 133. 1906.<br />
Female. Length 8 mm.; wing 5.5 mm. Proboscis slender, bluish<br />
black. Occiput black with broad, flat white scales and setae. Meso-<br />
notum brown and black, shining; a narrow median line <strong>of</strong> small
CULICIKI 195<br />
blackish scales and bristles with a broad, bare stripe each side; be-<br />
yorid this a very narrow line <strong>of</strong> similar scales, not reaching anterior<br />
margin ; sides with a broad patch <strong>of</strong> flat, white scales; o<strong>the</strong>r parts<br />
bare except a few white scales on antescutellar space. Abdomen<br />
clo<strong>the</strong>d with scales having a bright bluish lustre, <strong>the</strong> apices <strong>of</strong> seg-<br />
ments with a narrow line <strong>of</strong> white scales; venter pale scaled. Femora<br />
yellow scaled, <strong>the</strong> apices with upstanding black scales; tibiae with<br />
short outstanding scales having a slight bluish reflection; tarsi largely<br />
black scaled; <strong>the</strong> first two segments, especially on hind legs, with<br />
narrow basal white rings. Wing scales narrow, brownish-black.<br />
Male hypopygium. (Fig. 1, Pl. XVIII.) Side-piece stout, about<br />
twice as long as wide; apical and basal lobes absent. Claspette with<br />
stour stem and terminates in a large capitate head, densely clo<strong>the</strong>d<br />
with coarse setae. Clasper large, most irregular in shape, with a<br />
large thick extension at middle, and terminating in a rounded apex<br />
with a claw. Mesosome a stout cylinder, tapering at both ends, open<br />
on venter and closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite small,<br />
each bearing two stout spines.<br />
Larva. “Head subquadrate, wider than long. Antennae small,<br />
spinulated. Upper head-hair single, lower divided into three or four<br />
beyond <strong>the</strong> middle. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> many<br />
spines in a large patch, <strong>the</strong> posterior row <strong>of</strong> large spines, each with<br />
long central spine and small spines on <strong>the</strong> corners. Air-tube four<br />
times as long as wide, tapered outwardly; pecten <strong>of</strong> long teeth not<br />
reaching <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tube; a single long hair beyond. Anal<br />
segment longer than wide, encircled by <strong>the</strong> plate, dorsal tuft a long<br />
hair and short tuft on each side; lateral hair single, small ; ventral<br />
brush <strong>of</strong> long tufts <strong>the</strong> length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> segment. A4nal gills longer than<br />
<strong>the</strong> segment, slender, tapered.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
P. hozcwdii occurs in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn United States, Mexico<br />
and some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> West Indian Islands. The larvae are found<br />
in temporary rain-pools where <strong>the</strong>y feed on o<strong>the</strong>r mosquito<br />
larvae.<br />
PSOROPHORA DISCOLOR Coquillett<br />
C&x discolor Coquillett, Can. Ent. 35, 256. 1903.<br />
Female. “Proboscis broadly pale yellowish in <strong>the</strong> middle, black-<br />
ish at base and tip. Head and prothoracic lobes with hair-like pale<br />
scales. Mesonotum with fine pale and brown scales, longitudinally<br />
lined, forming narrow brown central line and broader lateral ones;<br />
pleurae and coxae with few fine, pale scales. Abdomen blackish
196 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
dorsally, checkered with patches <strong>of</strong> pale scales, medio-dorsal and on<br />
posterior angles, <strong>the</strong> pattern variable and <strong>of</strong>ten confused; venter with<br />
pale and dark scales intermixed. Legs pale brownish, sparsely<br />
clo<strong>the</strong>d with blackish scales; femora with faint subapical pale ring;<br />
tibiae speckled, dark at tips; tarsi white at base, black at tip, about<br />
half and half. Wings with <strong>the</strong> scales in part narrowly elliptical; all<br />
dark, but forming denser patches as follows : Base <strong>of</strong> third vein ; base<br />
<strong>of</strong> forks <strong>of</strong> second and fourth veins; base <strong>of</strong> upper fork <strong>of</strong> fifth;<br />
<strong>the</strong> third somewhat throughout its length, and tips <strong>of</strong> forks <strong>of</strong> fourth<br />
and fifth; fringe all dark.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
hIale h ypopygium. “Side-piece cylindrical, roundedly truncate at<br />
tip, hairy. Claspette soldered to <strong>the</strong> side-piece, its stem small, its<br />
apex triangular, bearing four somewhat flattened setae. Clasper<br />
strongly inflated, <strong>the</strong> base and tip narrow; terminal spine reflexed.<br />
Tenth sternites large, inner margin thickened, a laterally directed<br />
tooth at tip. Ninth tergites undeveloped. Mesosome a short cylinder.”<br />
(Dyar, 1928.)<br />
Larva. “Head rounded, wider than long; head-hairs single, an-<br />
tearitennal tuft double. Antennae large, longer than <strong>the</strong> head, in-<br />
flated, sinuate, spined; a large hair-tuft before middle; two spines on<br />
<strong>the</strong> outer sinuation and two at tip. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth seg-<br />
ment <strong>of</strong> six large scales joined on a chitinous bar, each scale with<br />
trifid tip and long central spine. Air-tube comparatively small, about<br />
three times as long as basal width, very slightly inflated on basal half ;<br />
a coarse pecten to near middle, followed by a multiple hair-tuft.<br />
Anal segment about as long as wide, ringed by <strong>the</strong> weak plate. Dor-<br />
sal tuft <strong>of</strong> four moderate hairs on each side, lateral hair single, ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
long; ventral brush in separated tufts reaching near base. Anal gills<br />
three times as long as <strong>the</strong> segment, tapered, tracheate.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
This species occurs fro,nl New Jersey south to <strong>the</strong> Gulf and<br />
west to Texas. The above description is taken from Dyar<br />
( 1928) as <strong>the</strong> writer has no material available for descriptive<br />
purposes.<br />
PSOROPHORA SIGNIPENNIS Coquillett<br />
Taeniorhymhus sig?zipemis Coquillett, Proc. Ent. Sot., Wash.,<br />
6, 167. 1904.<br />
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing 3 mm. Proboscis slender, yellow-<br />
ish in <strong>the</strong> middle, black at base and apex. Occiput brown with<br />
narrow pale scales and many erect forked scales. Mesonotum dark
CULICINI 197<br />
brown with silvery hair-like scales. Abdomen with black and white<br />
scales with no apparent pattern. Legs mottled with brown and white<br />
scales; tarsi with broad basal white bands. Wings with black and<br />
white scales; three distinct black spots on costa beyond <strong>the</strong> middle;<br />
fringe alternately black and white spotted.<br />
iVale 1a~~pop~~yiri~lz.<br />
“Side-piece cylindrical, stout, romldedly trun-<br />
cate at tip, hairy. Claspette small, triangular, soldered to <strong>the</strong> side-<br />
piece with five terminal setae. Clasper moderately inflated, <strong>the</strong> tip<br />
tapering, with distinct terminal spine. Tenth sternites large, inner<br />
margin thickened, a point at tip. Ninth tergites undeveloped. Meso-<br />
some a conical cylinder.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
Larzla. “Head’ wider than long, a little bulging at <strong>the</strong> sides.<br />
Antennae long, as long as <strong>the</strong> head, spinulose; a multiple tuft at about<br />
<strong>the</strong> middle. Head-hairs single, anteantennal tuft in four. Lateral<br />
comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> six large scales on a weak chitiniza-<br />
tion, each scale trifid and with long central spine. Air-tube inflated,<br />
about three times as long as basal width; a small pecten <strong>of</strong> four<br />
spines at base. Anal segment longer than wide, ringed by <strong>the</strong> plate,<br />
dorsal tuft a long hair and multiple tuft on each side; ventral brush<br />
running <strong>the</strong> length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> segment. Anal gills longer than <strong>the</strong> seg-<br />
ment, tapered.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
This species. occurs from Montana south to Mexico. Very-<br />
little seems to be known about its biology.<br />
GENUS T,ZNIORHYNCHUS<br />
Tcc~ziorl~ymlzz~~ Lynch Arribilzga, Rev. Mus. de La Plats, 1,<br />
374. 1891.<br />
Pano1plite.s Theobald, Mon. Culic. 2, 173. 1901.<br />
Mamonia Blanchard, C.R. Sot. de Biol., 53, 1045. 1901.<br />
Coqzdettidia Dyar, Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash. 7, 45. 1905.<br />
This genus is difficult to differentiate from our o<strong>the</strong>r gen-<br />
era. There appears to be no single character or group <strong>of</strong> char-<br />
acters which will segregate all <strong>the</strong> species <strong>of</strong> this genus. Our<br />
species fall in <strong>the</strong> sub-genus Coqdlettidia which is differen-<br />
tiated bly <strong>the</strong> characters given in <strong>the</strong> key. The larvae are read-<br />
ily separated by <strong>the</strong> striking attenuation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> air-tube which<br />
is fitted for <strong>the</strong> penetration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plants from which <strong>the</strong>y se-
198 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
cure air. Only a single species occurs in North America<br />
(T. titillam is also recorded from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida).<br />
TENIORHYNCHUS PERTURBANS Walker<br />
Culex perturbam Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt., 428. 1856.<br />
C~lex testaxeus Van Der Wulp, Tids, voor Ent. (2) 10, 128.<br />
1867.<br />
Tmiorhynchus richardi Ficalbi, Bull. Sot. Ent. Ital., 21, 50.<br />
1889.<br />
Culex oclzropz~ Dyar and Knab, Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot., 15, 100.<br />
1907.<br />
FeTnaZe. Length 5 mm. ; wing 5 mm. Proboscis black, a broad<br />
band <strong>of</strong> pale yellowish scales near <strong>the</strong> middle, <strong>the</strong> basal part with<br />
black and pale scales intermixed, <strong>the</strong> black predominating. Occiput<br />
dark brown, with numerous pale yellow, narrow, curved scales and<br />
many erect forked scales, pale yellowish in <strong>the</strong> median area, black<br />
at <strong>the</strong> sides. Mesonotum light brown, with narrow, curved, black and<br />
pale yellow scales variously intermingled so as to form no definite<br />
pattern ; two longitudinal bare impressed stripes. Bristles numerous,<br />
brown to yellowish-brown. Abdomen black with segmental basal<br />
barids <strong>of</strong> white scales, <strong>the</strong> basal bands are small or lacking on <strong>the</strong> last<br />
few segments ; <strong>the</strong> black scales are generally mixed with a few pale<br />
scales; venter with black and white scales intermixed, <strong>the</strong> white ones<br />
predominating on <strong>the</strong> basal part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> segments. Wings with broad,<br />
spatulate, black and white scales, <strong>the</strong> black ones predominating. Legs<br />
slender; femora clo<strong>the</strong>d with black and white scales, apical portions<br />
almost entirely black scaled, a white spot at <strong>the</strong> apices and <strong>the</strong> hind<br />
femora with a white ririg on outer half; tibiae with black and white<br />
scales, <strong>the</strong> apices white scaled, and <strong>the</strong> hind tibiae with a white ring<br />
on <strong>the</strong> outer half; first joint <strong>of</strong> all tarsi black scaled with a basal<br />
narrow ring and a broad median ring, white; all <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r tarsal<br />
joints black with basal half white scaled.<br />
Male hypopygiunz. (Fig. 4, PI. XVIII ; Figs. 6 and 7, Pl. XXV.><br />
Side-pieces stout, longer than wide, somewhat conical; apical lobe<br />
lacking; basal lobe a large triangular flap lying on <strong>the</strong> median face<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> side-piece and terminates in a stout cylindrical, blunt spine.<br />
Clasper with a stout basal portion, greatly enlarged beyond <strong>the</strong> middle,<br />
and terminating in a sharp point which bears a short articulated spine.
CULICINI 199<br />
Mesosome a stout, heavily chitinized cylinder with angulated sides<br />
and pointed dentate apex. It is narrowly open along <strong>the</strong> dorsal and<br />
ventral aspects. Along <strong>the</strong> mid-dorsal line <strong>the</strong>re is on each side,<br />
a heavily chitinized ridge with dentate margins. The lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
ninth tergite are projections widely separated; each lobe bears a small<br />
group <strong>of</strong> setae.<br />
Larva. (Fig. 4, Pl. XXII.) Head wider than long; antenna<br />
long and slender, longer than <strong>the</strong> head, a large hair tuft beyond <strong>the</strong><br />
middle; terminal portion slender and much drawn out, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
terminal hairs situated not far beyond <strong>the</strong> tuft; dorsal head-hairs<br />
all in multiple groups. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> ten<br />
to twelve spines in a single, irregular row. Air-tube about twice as<br />
long as wide, <strong>the</strong> basal part broad and strongly convex, <strong>the</strong> apical<br />
portion sharply attenuated, fitted for piercing into plant tissues; a<br />
pair <strong>of</strong> hair tufts near <strong>the</strong> middle; no pecten. Anal segment much<br />
longer than wide, ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate; dorsal tuft <strong>of</strong> many<br />
long hairs, divided into a small and large group on each side; lateral<br />
hair a small tuft; ventral brush small but <strong>of</strong> long hairs, situated be-<br />
hind chitinous ring. Anal gills four, equal, slender and not as long as<br />
anal segment.<br />
This species is generally distributed throughout North Amer-<br />
ica from sou<strong>the</strong>rn Canada to Florida westward to British Co-<br />
lumbia. It also occurs in Europe, but its. distribution does not<br />
seem to be well known. The life history <strong>of</strong> this species is<br />
very interesting. The eggs are laid in boat shaped masses on<br />
<strong>the</strong> surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water in marshes containing sedges and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
vegetation. The larvae, on hatching, descend to <strong>the</strong> bottom<br />
and attach <strong>the</strong>mselves by <strong>the</strong>ir air-tubes to <strong>the</strong> stems or roots<br />
<strong>of</strong> various species <strong>of</strong> aquatic plants. They grow slowly and<br />
pass <strong>the</strong> winter as partially grown or mature larvae. The<br />
adults emerge throughout <strong>the</strong> late spring and summer. The<br />
females are fierce biters and will attack during dark days, at<br />
twilight, and frequently late into <strong>the</strong> night. They fly consid-<br />
erable distances and readily invade houses. In certain sec-<br />
tions this mosquito becomes a veritable scourge. I have seen<br />
<strong>the</strong>m swarming in public parks far away from any breeding<br />
ground, and a single puff <strong>of</strong> one’s breath would drive out nearly<br />
a score from any <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> small out-door fireplaces. Very lit-
200 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
tle is known about <strong>the</strong> biology <strong>of</strong> this species in America,<br />
though its abundance makes it one <strong>of</strong> our worst mosquito<br />
pests.<br />
GENUS URANOTZNI,4<br />
Uranotmzicl Lynch-ArribGaga, Rev. Mus. de La Plata, 1, 375.<br />
1891.<br />
A~zisoclzclo~~z~~ia Theobald, The Entom, 38, 52. 1905.<br />
Pseudozwanotmzia. Theobald, Jour. Econ. Biol. 1, 33. 1905.<br />
Psezid<strong>of</strong>iccrlbia Theobald, Trans. Linn. Sot. LoIndon, 15, 89.<br />
1912.<br />
This is a small genus, mainly confined to <strong>the</strong> tropical re-<br />
gions. The genus is usually separated from <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r genera<br />
by <strong>the</strong> short second marginal cell which is less than half as<br />
long as its petiole. Additional characters are found in <strong>the</strong><br />
great reduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pleural bristles on <strong>the</strong> thorax. There<br />
are only 1 or 2 pronotal bristles (proepinieral), 1 spiracular,<br />
very few sternopleural bristles, 2 to 4 upper mesepimeral and<br />
1 lower niesepimeral bristle. The anal vein ends opposite or be-<br />
fore <strong>the</strong> cubital fork. The palpi in both sexes are short. The<br />
larva closely resembles that <strong>of</strong> Aedes. The larval head is<br />
elongate and <strong>the</strong> air-tube is ra<strong>the</strong>r long and slender. In <strong>the</strong><br />
water <strong>the</strong> larvae appear somewhat like those <strong>of</strong> An<strong>of</strong>lzeles be-<br />
cause <strong>the</strong>y rest almost in a horizontal position. The larvae<br />
are said to live almost entirely in ground pools. There are<br />
three species recorded from North America, one <strong>of</strong> which,<br />
U. ~h_zlcfor occurs only in Sou<strong>the</strong>rn California and is rarel!,<br />
captured.<br />
URANOTWNIA SAPPHIRINA Osten Sacken<br />
Aedcs snppkzirinus Osten Sacken, Trans. Amer. Ent. Sot., 2,<br />
47. 1868.<br />
Ura~otmzia socialis Theobald, Moa. Culic., 2, 340. 1901.<br />
Uranotmda coqdletti Dyar and Knab. Jl. N.Y. Ent. Sot. 14.<br />
186. 1906.
CULICINI 201<br />
Fellzale. Length 3 mm.; wing 2.5 mm. Proboscis very long, some-<br />
what enlarged at <strong>the</strong> apex, dark scaled. Occiput clo<strong>the</strong>d with broad,<br />
flat scales, bright metallic violet blue in front and at <strong>the</strong> side, dark<br />
brown and black on <strong>the</strong> rest. Mesonotum yellowish-brown clo<strong>the</strong>d<br />
with fine bronzy-brown scales ; a narrow median line <strong>of</strong> broad flat,<br />
brilliant metallic blue scales extending from near <strong>the</strong> anterior margin<br />
to <strong>the</strong> scutellum where it broadens into a small patch; on each side in<br />
front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> roots <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> wings <strong>the</strong>re is a narrow line <strong>of</strong> metallic<br />
blue scales extending forward to about <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mesonotum.<br />
Scutellum trilobate, <strong>the</strong> median lobe very large and clo<strong>the</strong>d with<br />
brilliant blue scales, lateral lobes small with brownish scales; each<br />
lobe with a tuft <strong>of</strong> long black bristles. Abdomen short, truncate,<br />
with broad, flat, brownish scales which have a bluish iridescence;<br />
apices <strong>of</strong> third, fifth and sixth segments with a median patch <strong>of</strong> dirty<br />
white scales; venter clo<strong>the</strong>d with dirty whitish scales. Wing-scales<br />
brown; basal half <strong>of</strong> fifth vein with pale blue scales and a similar<br />
short patch at <strong>the</strong> root <strong>of</strong> first. Legs slender, dark brown; apices<br />
<strong>of</strong> femora and tibiae white scaled.<br />
Male lzypopygizinz. Side-piece short, a little longer than wide;<br />
apical lobes absent; basal lobe short, conical, crowned with two strong<br />
spines and several smaller ones. Clasper short, expanded at <strong>the</strong><br />
middle, constricted before <strong>the</strong> apex. Tenth sternite apparently ab-<br />
sent unless represented by a very thin membrane; <strong>the</strong> tergite is<br />
represented by two stout projections extending forward from beneath<br />
<strong>the</strong> large lobe <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth segment. Mesosome stout, heavily chitin-<br />
ized, <strong>of</strong> two lateral plates, each plate with three ventral hooks; <strong>the</strong><br />
plates are united at <strong>the</strong>ir basal ends by a broad band <strong>of</strong> chitin;<br />
apex ends in two stout hooks and several small denticles. The ninth<br />
segment is well developed with a pair <strong>of</strong> large median rectangular<br />
lobes extending to near <strong>the</strong> apex <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mesosome.<br />
Larva. Head elongate, longer than wide. Antenna small, spined<br />
on one side, a single small hair on basal third; upper and lower head<br />
hairs single, stout and thick like heavy spines; anteantennal tuft <strong>of</strong><br />
four hairs. Abdomen ra<strong>the</strong>r small; lateral tufts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first and<br />
second segment long, in threes, nearly obsolete on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r segments;<br />
numerous small hairs and tufts scattered over <strong>the</strong> abdominal seg-<br />
ments. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> a row seven to ten<br />
teeth on <strong>the</strong> distal edge <strong>of</strong> a large, transverse, chitinous plate, single<br />
tooth spine-like. Anal segment about as long as wide, completely<br />
ringed by <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate; posterior margin <strong>of</strong> dorsal plate with a<br />
row <strong>of</strong> very fine spines; dorsal brush a tuft <strong>of</strong> three hairs on each<br />
side; ventral brush well developed, confined behind <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate,
202 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
Air-tube cylindrical, straight, about three times as long as wide;<br />
pecten <strong>of</strong> short evenly spaced teeth, reaching to <strong>the</strong> tuft; tuft large,<br />
multiple, situated just beyond <strong>the</strong> pecten, before <strong>the</strong> middle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
tube.<br />
This species occurs throughout <strong>the</strong> eastern United States<br />
from <strong>the</strong> Gulf <strong>of</strong> Mexico to nor<strong>the</strong>rn New England. It is<br />
rarely taken.<br />
URANOTBNIA LOCVII Theobald<br />
Uranotmsia Zowii Theobald, Mon. Culic., 2, 339. 1901.<br />
Uranotmia continestalis Dyar and Knab. Jour. N.Y. Ent. Sot.<br />
14, 187. 1906.<br />
Uranotmia mimta Theobald, Mon. Culic., 4, 559. 1907.<br />
Female. Length 2.5 mm.; wing 1.5 mm. Proboscis long, black,<br />
enlarged towards <strong>the</strong> apex. Occiput black, bordered with bluish<br />
white scales. Mesonotum yellowish-brown, darker medianly, <strong>the</strong><br />
median area appearing bluish in certain lights; a black patch in<br />
front <strong>of</strong> wing base with a few bluish scales near its centre. Abdomen<br />
black, <strong>the</strong> third, fifth and sixth segments with lateral, apical silvery<br />
patches, bluish in some lights; venter yellowish. Legs black, <strong>the</strong><br />
apex <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> third and all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fourth and fifth hind tarsal joints<br />
white. Wing-scales black, <strong>the</strong> fourth and fifth veins with a short line<br />
<strong>of</strong> blue scales near <strong>the</strong>ir bases.<br />
Male laypopygizm. Side-pieces short, conical ; apical lobe absent ;<br />
basal lobe a small thickened area on dorsal side <strong>of</strong> excavation and<br />
bears numerous, short, ra<strong>the</strong>r stout setae. Clasper short, stout, <strong>the</strong><br />
apex broad with about eighteen short recurved claws. Mesosome a<br />
very complicated structure, composed <strong>of</strong> two lateral plates with many<br />
branches and united dorsally by a broad bridge which bears three<br />
pointed median processes. Lobes <strong>of</strong> ninth tergite broad oval plates,<br />
meeting in <strong>the</strong> middle line.<br />
This mosquito occurs in <strong>the</strong> Gulf States, South America and<br />
parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> West Indies. It bsreeds in small pools and grassy<br />
margins <strong>of</strong> lakes. The adults are not known to bite.<br />
GENUS ORTHOPODOMYIA<br />
Orthopodomyia Theobald, Entom. 37, 236. 1904.<br />
Bancr<strong>of</strong>tia Lutz in Bourroul, Mosq. do Brazil, 58. 1904.<br />
Pnezmaculex Dyar, Proc. Ent. Sot. Wash., 7, 46. 1905.
CULICINI 203<br />
This genus is <strong>of</strong> wide distribution. The larvae are found in<br />
water in tree holes and similar situations. Only a single spe-<br />
cies is known from North America.<br />
ORTHOPODOMYIA SIGNIFER Coquillett<br />
C&x sigaifer Coquillett, Can. Ent., 28, 43. 1896.<br />
Female. Length 4 mm.; wing 3.5 mm. Proboscis slender, with<br />
black and white scales so arranged as to form longitudinal striae.<br />
Occiput dark brown, with narrow, curved white scales and numer-<br />
ous long, erect, forked, dark ones; ocular margins with a row <strong>of</strong> re-<br />
cumbent white scales. Mesonotum deep brown with six longitudinal<br />
lines <strong>of</strong> beautiful white scales,-two lines are submarginal extending<br />
<strong>the</strong> whole length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mesonotum, two are subdorsal extending from<br />
<strong>the</strong> anterior margin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space to <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> me-<br />
sonotum, two arise on <strong>the</strong> disk midway between <strong>the</strong> submarginal and<br />
<strong>the</strong> subdorsal and curving outwards along <strong>the</strong> margins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ante-<br />
scutellar space extend backwards over <strong>the</strong> scutellum as long lines.<br />
The subdorsal white lines are margined without by a narrow bare<br />
stripe; between <strong>the</strong> submarginal and posterior curved white lines <strong>the</strong><br />
mesonotum lacks scales as also does <strong>the</strong> antescutellar space. The<br />
rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mesonotum is clo<strong>the</strong>d by narrow, curved, reddish-brown<br />
scales. Abdomen black, <strong>the</strong> second and third segments with basal<br />
white bands, <strong>the</strong> first with a basal triangular white patch and <strong>the</strong><br />
remaining ones with lateral basal triangular spots; venter white scaled<br />
with a large intermixture <strong>of</strong> black scales especially at <strong>the</strong> apices <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> segments. Legs with dark brown and white scales; hind legs<br />
with all <strong>the</strong> tarsal joints white at bases and apices, <strong>the</strong> last joint<br />
entirely white on <strong>the</strong> inner side; hind tibiae with a white spot at<br />
base and apex; mid tarsi with <strong>the</strong> base and apex <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first and .<br />
base <strong>of</strong> second narrowly white ringed, <strong>the</strong> rest dark brown; mid<br />
tibiae white spotted at base and apex.<br />
Male lzypopygiwn. (Fig. 5, PI. XVIII.) Side-pieces over twice<br />
as long as wide, tapering to apex; apical lobe absent; basal lobe dis-<br />
tinct bearing three stout spines, and smaller spines and setae. Clasper<br />
stout, slightly constricted beyond <strong>the</strong> base; each clasper ends in an<br />
articulated, broadened, comb-like spine. Tenth sternite prominent,<br />
each half terminating in a heavily chitinized, dorsally projecting lobe<br />
bearing three stout teeth. Mesosome narrowly open along <strong>the</strong> venter,<br />
closed on <strong>the</strong> dorsum, <strong>the</strong> apical portion bearing several lateral teeth.<br />
Parameres and basal plates well developed.
204 MOSQVITOES OF NORTH AMERICA<br />
Larva. “Head rounded; antennae moderate, with a tuft at basal<br />
third, narrowed beyond ; head-hairs multiple, <strong>the</strong> anteantennal tuft<br />
shorter. Abdomen with small dorsal chitinous plate on sixth segment,<br />
a large one on seventh and a transverse plate on <strong>the</strong> eighth, excavated<br />
for <strong>the</strong> air-tube; lateral comb a double row <strong>of</strong> long bars. Air-tube<br />
about three and a half times as long as wide, slightly tapered, a large<br />
tuft before <strong>the</strong> middle. Anal segment about as long as wide, ringed<br />
by <strong>the</strong> plate, ventral brush posterior; dorsal tuft a long hair and brush<br />
on each side; a single lateral hair. Anal gills as long as <strong>the</strong> segment,<br />
tapered.” (Dyar, 1928.)<br />
This species occurs in <strong>the</strong> eastern United States from Massa-<br />
chusetts to Texas. It can be found resting on trees, in <strong>the</strong><br />
holes <strong>of</strong> which it breeds.<br />
M~$&&w Robineau-Desvoidy, M6m. Sot. d’Hist. Nat., 3, . r<br />
403. 1827.<br />
Tox.orhync&tes Theobald, Mon. Culic., 1, 244. 1901.<br />
A&$orhy~2clz,~s Lutz in Bourroul, Mosq. do Brazil, 53. 1904.<br />
Worcesteria Banks, Phil. Jour. Sci., 1, 779. 1906.<br />
This genus contains mostly tropical species which are bril-<br />
liantly colored. The proboscis is remarkably curved and not<br />
fitted for sucking blood. The adults feed on nectar obtained<br />
from flowers and <strong>the</strong> juices <strong>of</strong> plants. They fly during <strong>the</strong><br />
day. Their larvae are very large, predacious, and are found<br />
in tree holes, occasionally in water barrels and o<strong>the</strong>r artificial<br />
water containers. There are only two species known from<br />
North America. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, f%!. rzkt&s Coq., occurs in Flor-<br />
ida but nothing is known <strong>of</strong> its life-history or habits.<br />
MEW INUSSEPTENTRIONALIS Dyar and Knab<br />
iVeghariau.s septentrionalis Dyar and Knab. Jour. N.Y. Ent.<br />
sot., 15, 12. 1907.<br />
Meghaaifzz6.s herricki Theobald, Mon. Culic. 4, 131. 1907.<br />
Female. Length<br />
4+<br />
7-d’mrn. ; wing ‘6, mm. Proboscis very long,<br />
sharply curved beyond <strong>the</strong> middle, black with violet reflections. Palpi<br />
about half as long as proboscis, distinctly segmented, black with blue
CULICINI 205<br />
and violet scales, <strong>the</strong> tips <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> joints white. Occiput green, olive<br />
and bronzy, <strong>the</strong> margins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eyes and sides whitish. Mesonotum<br />
brown, a short median stripe and sides lighter, <strong>the</strong> scales numerous<br />
and giving all shades <strong>of</strong> blue, green and violet. Abdomen metallic<br />
green with large, rounded, lateral, segmental spots golden yellow;<br />
venter golden yellow with a median dark violaceous stripe. Legs<br />
dark purple; femora largely yellowish; fore and mid tarsi with tip<br />
<strong>of</strong> first and all <strong>of</strong> second, third and fourth joints white; hind tarsi<br />
with tip <strong>of</strong> third, all <strong>of</strong> fourth and all <strong>of</strong> fifth except tip white. Wing<br />
scales few, broad and purplish.<br />
Male lzypopyyiutn. Side-pieces sharply conical, a little more than<br />
twice as long as broad; apical lobe absent; basal lobe large, rounded,<br />
with three stout apical spines and a few smaller ones. Clasper long,<br />
slender, uniform in shape. Tenth sternites long, prominent, recurved<br />
tooth at tip. Mesosome <strong>of</strong> two separate lateral plates, enlarged at<br />
base, sharply pointed at tips; plates too<strong>the</strong>d reversely on <strong>the</strong>ir inner<br />
face. Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite broadly united, rounded at <strong>the</strong>ir sides<br />
and slightly constricted at <strong>the</strong> middle, each lobe with a group <strong>of</strong> setae.<br />
Larva. Head longer than wide; antenna short, with two separate<br />
hairs on outer third. Abdomen with numerous stout, fea<strong>the</strong>red spines.<br />
Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth segment a large chitinized plate with<br />
fea<strong>the</strong>red hairs on <strong>the</strong> posterior border. Air-tube stout, tapered, two<br />
and one-half times as long as wide; pecten absent; a multiple hair-<br />
tuft near <strong>the</strong> base. Anal segment wider than long, ringed by <strong>the</strong><br />
dorsal plate; dorsal brush two long, multiple tufts on each side; ven-<br />
tral brush large, confined by <strong>the</strong> plate. ,4nal gills very short.<br />
This rnosyuito is large and brilliantly colored. It flies by<br />
day and feeds on nectar found in flowers. The larvae are<br />
found in tree-holes, and artificial containers <strong>of</strong> water. They<br />
are predacious and feed on o<strong>the</strong>r mosquito larvae. It occurs<br />
in <strong>the</strong> eastern United States, from Virginia south to <strong>the</strong> Gulf<br />
and west to Oklahoma.<br />
GENUS WYEOMYIA<br />
Wyeomyia Theobald, Jour. Trop. Med., 4, 233. 1901.<br />
This genus is almost entirely tropical in distribution. There<br />
are only three species in North America, <strong>of</strong> which two occur<br />
in sou<strong>the</strong>rn Florida and are not described here.
206 MOSQUITOES OF KORTH AMERICA<br />
WYE~MYIA skun311 Coquillett<br />
Aedes swzithii Coquillett, Can. Ent. 33, 260. 1901.<br />
FecwzaZe. Length 3 mm.; wing 2.5 mm. Proboscis slender, black<br />
with a bluish reflection. Occiput with flat brown scales, a small sil-<br />
very spot at <strong>the</strong> anterior end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vertex. Prothoracic lobes sep-<br />
arated, clo<strong>the</strong>d with flat scales having a bluish-violet reflection, a<br />
row <strong>of</strong> setae along anterior margin. Mesonotum with dark brown,<br />
flat, elliptical scales; postnotum dark brown with a small group <strong>of</strong><br />
short setae at <strong>the</strong> posterior end. Abdomen with large coarse bronzy-<br />
brown scales ; venter silvery-white. Legs brownish-black, <strong>the</strong> under<br />
surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> femora, tibiae and <strong>the</strong> first joint <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tarsi whitish<br />
scaled. The apical part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second and all <strong>the</strong> third and fourth<br />
segments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mid tarsi on <strong>the</strong> outer side white.<br />
MaZe hypodygiunz. (Fig. 6, Pl. XVIII.) Side pieces more than twice<br />
as long as wide, slightly constricted beyond <strong>the</strong> middle; apical lobe<br />
absent. Interbasal fold prominent, <strong>the</strong> lateral portions forming dis-<br />
tinct lobes; each lobe with a stout spine and numerous stall setae.<br />
Sub-basal lobes indistinct, each bearing three long, stout spines. Clasp-<br />
ers with swollen base, distorted, swollen, and branching distal half,<br />
varigated with branches, hairs and setae; each clasper terminates in<br />
a spinose knob. Tenth sternite prominent, each half terminating pos-<br />
teriorly in a chitinized hook. Mesosome widely open along <strong>the</strong> ven-<br />
tral surface, closed only on <strong>the</strong> dorsal surface <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> apical half.<br />
Lobes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ninth tergite widely separated, distinct, each bearing<br />
five or six stout spines.<br />
Larva. Length 6 to 8 mm. Head rounded, wider than long;<br />
antenna short, slightly tapering, a single fine hair arising on <strong>the</strong> outer<br />
third; head hairs small, both pairs single; anteantennal tuft a single<br />
fine hair. Abdomen slender, with numerous very long hairs and<br />
tufts, <strong>the</strong> long lateral tufts usually in twos or threes; short tufts<br />
abundant. Lateral comb <strong>of</strong> eighth segment <strong>of</strong> 6 to 9 small spines<br />
arranged in a single row. Anal segment wider than long, <strong>the</strong> dorsal<br />
plate not surrounding it; dorsal brush <strong>of</strong> two long tufts each side <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> median line; no median ventral brush but paired tufts arranged<br />
as follows on each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> median line,-a long multiple tuft at<br />
posterior ventral angle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dorsal plate, and a ventral shorter tuft.<br />
Anal gills broad, longer than <strong>the</strong> anal segment, only two developed<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two vestigial. Air-tube cylindrical, ra<strong>the</strong>r sharply tapered<br />
to <strong>the</strong> apex, three and one-half times as long as wide; pecten absent<br />
and <strong>the</strong> tube is ra<strong>the</strong>r thickly beset with short single hairs.
CULICINI 207<br />
This species is widely distributed in North America and prob-<br />
ably occurs wherever its host plant, Sarracenia pzw@rea, is<br />
present. The larval stage <strong>of</strong> this species occurs only in <strong>the</strong><br />
water found in <strong>the</strong> leaves <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pitcher plant (Sarraceka pur-<br />
purea). The winter is passed as larvae, freezing and thawing<br />
as <strong>the</strong> water in <strong>the</strong> leaves <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> host plant freezes and thaws.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> spring <strong>the</strong> adults appear in June. The females deposit<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir eggs usually in young leaves in which <strong>the</strong>re is no water<br />
present, though <strong>the</strong>y are frequently found in older plants on<br />
<strong>the</strong> sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> leaf above <strong>the</strong> water line. There are several<br />
broods a season. The females are not known to suck blood.<br />
The writer has had large numbers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m alight on his hands<br />
and face but <strong>the</strong>y never tried to bite. The food <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> adults<br />
is not known.
REFERENCES’<br />
Blanchard, R. Les rnoustiques. Histoire naturelle et mkdi-<br />
tale. 1905. Paris.<br />
Christophers, S. R. Provisional List and <strong>Catalog</strong>ue <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Anophelini. The Indian Medical Research filemoires,<br />
Memoir No. 3. Calcutta, India. 1924.<br />
* Dyar, H. G. The Mosquitoes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americas. Carnegie<br />
Institution <strong>of</strong> Washington. Pub. No. 387. 1928.<br />
Edwards, F. W. A Revision <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mosquitoes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pale-<br />
arctic Region. Bull. Ent. Res. 12, 263-351. 1921.<br />
Felt, E. P. Mosquitoes or Culicidae. N. Y. State Museum<br />
Bull. 79. 1904.<br />
Freeborn, S. B. The Mosquitoes <strong>of</strong> California. Univ. <strong>of</strong><br />
California Publications. Technical Bulletins. Berkeley,<br />
Calif. 1926.<br />
Giles, G. M. A Handbook <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Gnats or Mosquitoes. Lon-<br />
don, England. 1902.<br />
Headlee, T. J. The Mosquitoes <strong>of</strong> New Jersey and <strong>the</strong>ir con-<br />
trol. Bull. 348, N.J. Agr. Exp. Sta. 1921.<br />
Hearle, E. The Mosquitoes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Lower Fraser Valley,<br />
B.C., and <strong>the</strong>ir control. National Research Council, Re-<br />
port No. 17, Ottawa, Canada. 1926.<br />
Howard, L. 0. Mosquitoes; How <strong>the</strong>y carry disease ; How<br />
<strong>the</strong>y may be classified; How <strong>the</strong>y may be destroyed. N.Y.<br />
1901.<br />
j-Howard, L. O., Dyar, H. G. and Knab, F. The Mosquitoes<br />
<strong>of</strong> North and Central America and <strong>the</strong> West Indies. Car-<br />
negie Institution <strong>of</strong> Washington. 1912-1917. 4 volumes.<br />
James, S. P. AiIalaria at Home and Abroad. London, Eng-<br />
land. 1920.<br />
’ I am listing a few references to aid <strong>the</strong> student to extend his<br />
knowledge <strong>of</strong> our North American <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. References marked<br />
with an asterisk have good bibliographies; with a dagger extensive<br />
bibliographies.<br />
208
REFERENCES 209<br />
Knowles, R., and Senior-White, R. Malaria. Thacker, Spink<br />
& Co. Calcutta. 1927. (Extensive bibliography on Ma-<br />
laria).<br />
Lang, W. D. A Handbook <strong>of</strong> British Mosquitoes. British<br />
Mus. Nat. Hist. London. 1920.<br />
*MacGregor, MY. E. Mosquito Surveys, The Wellcome Bur-<br />
eau Scientific Research. London. 1927.<br />
-;-MYartini, E. Uber S techmiicken. Leipzig. 1920. ( Bibli-<br />
ography extensive).<br />
Ross, Sir Ronald. The Prevention <strong>of</strong> Malaria. London.<br />
1910.<br />
-i-Silver, J. F., Hall, M. W., and Hitchens, A. P. Dengue.<br />
Monograph 20. Bureau <strong>of</strong> Science. Manila, Philippine<br />
Islands. 1926.<br />
Smith, J. B. Report upon <strong>the</strong> Mosquitoes <strong>of</strong> New Jersey.<br />
N.J. Agr. Exp. Sta. 1904.<br />
Theobald, F. V. A Monograph <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mosquitoes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
World. 5 ~01s. 1901-1910. British ~‘fusemll, London.<br />
Watson, Malcolm. Rural Sanitation in <strong>the</strong> Tropics. N.Y.<br />
1915.<br />
j-Wesenberg-Lund, C. Contributions to <strong>the</strong> Biology <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Danish Culicidae. Mbmoires de l’Acadc!mie Royale des<br />
Sciences et des Lettres. Copenhagen. 1920-1921.
PLATES<br />
PLATES III TO XXV<br />
(For Plates I and II, see pages 7 and 9)
PLATE III. I. View across a marsh area with many pools and<br />
sluggish streams in which breed Aedes vexans and Anopheles functi-<br />
pemis. 2. A hog wallow where Aedes vexalzs and Culex pipiefzs<br />
breed in enormous numbers.<br />
213
PLATE IV. 3. A small woodland pool which has an interesting<br />
mosquito cycle. First appears Aedes stimr~lans, <strong>the</strong>n Aedes cinerens,<br />
followed by Aedes vexaws. Anophe1e.s plmctipeunis occasionally<br />
breeds here in late June and July. 4. A small filthy pool, packed<br />
with <strong>the</strong> larva <strong>of</strong> Aedcs vexans.<br />
215
PLATE V. 5. A deep woodland pool in which Aedes stimu-<br />
law, A. jitchii and A. excrucians breed in immense numbers. 6.<br />
A shallow woodland pool where Aedes stinculans, A. fitchii, A. ex-<br />
crucians, A. intrudens, A. trichurus, and A. canade#nsis breed.<br />
217
PLATE VII. 7. A typical breeding place for Aedes junctor,<br />
A. iatrudens, A. abserratus, A. communis and A. canadensis.<br />
8. The large hole (indicated by an arrow) at <strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
tree is a typical breeding place <strong>of</strong> Theobaldia nzorsitans.<br />
221
I PLATE VIII. Wings <strong>of</strong> Anopheles: I. A. nzaculipennis. 2. A.<br />
quadrimaculatus. 3. A. walkeri. 4. A. punctipennis. 5. A. crucians.<br />
I 6. A. barberi.<br />
I 223
PLATE IX. Hypopygia <strong>of</strong> Anopheles. I. A. n~aculifiem&. 2. A. qzladrimaculatus.<br />
3. A. walkeri. 4. A. punctipends. 5. A. crzbcians. 6. A. pseudoplllzctipenlzi.<br />
225
PL~ITE X. Hypopygia <strong>of</strong> Aedes. I. A. cherem. 2.<br />
4. A. fitclzii. 5. A. canademis. 6. A. COII~UI~~S.<br />
/<br />
\<br />
ii<br />
227<br />
A. vexans. 3. A. excrucians.
PLATE XII. Hypopygia <strong>of</strong> Aedes. I. A. dorsalis. 2. A. sollicitam. 3. A. cantutor.<br />
3. A. tae~ziovh~11~clzzts. 5. A. aurifer. 6. A. diantaeus.<br />
231
PLATE XIII. Hypopygia <strong>of</strong> Aedes. I. A. Izirsutcvo~~. 2. A. atr<strong>of</strong>idfitu. 3.<br />
palpus. 4. A. aegypti. 5. A. triseriatzu-. 6. A. pullatus.<br />
233<br />
6<br />
A. vari-
PLATE XIV. Hjpopygia <strong>of</strong> Aecles. I. A. nearticzrs. 2. A, aboriginis. 3. A. canzpes-<br />
tvis. 4. A. nigromaculis. 5. A. spencerii. 6. A. cataphylla.<br />
2.35
PLATE XV. Hypopygia <strong>of</strong> Aedes. I. A. aldrichi. 2. A. thibazllti. 3. A. dupveei.<br />
4. A. atlanticus. 5. A. injirnzatus. 6. A. rifiarius.<br />
237
PLATE XVI. Hy!popygia <strong>of</strong> Culex.<br />
structures <strong>of</strong> C. pipiem. 3. C. territam.<br />
I.<br />
4.<br />
C. pipielzs. 2. illesosome and supporting<br />
C. salinarizu. 5. C. apicalis. 6. Mesosome<br />
and supporting structures <strong>of</strong> C. apicalis<br />
239<br />
6
PLATE XWa. Hypopygia <strong>of</strong> Culex. I. C. pi~zquefasciatz~s. 2. C. t~rsdis. 3. C. in-<br />
hibitator. 4. C. pilosus. 5. C. peccator.<br />
241
PLATE XVII. Hypopygia. I. Theobaldia nzelanura. 2. T. nlorsitans. 3. T. in-<br />
ornata. 4. T. impatiens. 5. T. in&dens. 6. Psorophora posticata.<br />
243
PLATE XVIII. Hypopygia. I. Psovophora howardii. 2. P. colu~~tbiae.<br />
3. P. ciliata. 4. Taemiorhymhzu pevturbans. 5. Orthopodonzyia<br />
signif er. 6. Wyeowyia smithii.<br />
245
PLATE XIX. Larvae <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. I’: Aedes intrudens. 2. Aedes communis.<br />
5. Aedes trichuvzts. 4. v’Aedes canadensis. $’ Aedes excrucians. 6. Aedes fitchii.<br />
247
PLATE XX. Larvae <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. 17 Aedes aegyfiti. 27 Acdes triseriatzrs. JJ Aedes<br />
vexans. 4. Aedes stirnulaw. 6:‘Aedes abserratus.<br />
219
PLATE XXI. Larvae <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. I< Aedes cilzereus. 2. ‘Aedes Izirmteron.<br />
‘3. Aedes sollicitans. 4./ Aedes atlanticus. 5. Aedes cantator. 6. ‘? Theobaddia inornata.<br />
251
PLATE XXII. Larvae <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>. I. Theobaldia morsitans. z.“Psor<strong>of</strong>hora ciliata.<br />
3.d Culex pipiens. 4. v Taeniorhynchus perturbans. 5. ~Culex territans. 6.b Culex apicalis.<br />
253
.<br />
I<br />
,..‘.._<br />
. :.. ,,:‘.“’ ..;..<br />
::’ ‘_ .<br />
! ;:<br />
;<br />
. . :<br />
;’<br />
~<br />
14 .!.,/<br />
V<br />
: :<br />
; i<br />
PLATE XXIII. Illustrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> scales <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> comb <strong>of</strong> various Aedes species.<br />
ZitieYeus Aedes 6. obserratus. A. intrudek. A. aegypti. 3. ,4. atlanticw. 4. A. canadensis. 5. A.<br />
hirsute&. II.<br />
7. A. communis.<br />
A. vexans. 12. A. impiger.<br />
8. A. fitchii. 9. A. trichurus. IO. A.<br />
13. A. triseriatus. 14. A. stimulans.<br />
15. A. excrucians. 16 A. puflctor.<br />
255
:_<br />
\.<br />
‘.<br />
._I<br />
PLATE XXIV, Ill us t ra t’ ions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> teeth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pecten <strong>of</strong> various<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Aedes.<br />
4. A. triseriatus.<br />
I.<br />
5,<br />
A. aegypti.<br />
A. vexans.<br />
2.<br />
6.<br />
A. cinereus 3.<br />
A. stinwlaws’ 7<br />
A cawadensis<br />
A’ cowzmunis’<br />
8. A. fit&ii. 9. A. abserrattis. IO. A. excmcians.’ 1;. A, atlanticus:<br />
12. A. kzpiger. 13. A. hirsuterorz. 14. A. intrudens. 15. A. punctor.<br />
16. A. trichura~s.<br />
257<br />
4<br />
I<br />
6
PLATE XXV. Illustrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mesosome and supporting structures <strong>of</strong> various<br />
genera. In figures I, 3, 4 and 5 parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 9th segment are also shown. Fig. I. Theo-<br />
baldia morsitam, dorso-lateral view. 2. Theobaldia kornata, dorsal view. 3. The same<br />
in lateral view. 4. Psorophora ciliata, dorsal view. 5. The same in lateral view.<br />
6. Taeniorhynchm perturbans, dorso-lateral view. 7. The same in lateral view.<br />
259
INDEX
INDEX<br />
Ordinary references are in roman type with capitals; genera are<br />
indicated with capitals; valid species are in roman type without capi-<br />
tals; synonyms, both generic and specific, are in italics.<br />
Abdomen, 12, 22<br />
abfitchii, 112<br />
abominator, 172<br />
aboriginis, 14.5<br />
abserratus, 122<br />
absorbrims, 183<br />
acroplzilus, 143<br />
Adults,<br />
collection <strong>of</strong>, 76<br />
destruction <strong>of</strong>, 71<br />
flight habits, 41<br />
food habits, 39<br />
hibernation, 43<br />
longevity, 41<br />
mating habits, 42<br />
mounting <strong>of</strong>, 78<br />
time <strong>of</strong> activity, 42<br />
Aedes, 33, 95<br />
xgypti, 33, 36, 39, 53, 55, 140<br />
astival is, 137<br />
afinis, 169<br />
agitator, 171<br />
alaskansis, 186<br />
alberta, 111<br />
aldrichii, 37, 41, 152<br />
Alimentary canal, 25<br />
alleni, 1.58<br />
Allo<strong>the</strong>obaldia, 177<br />
aloponotzm, 113<br />
alpinus, 146<br />
altiusczdus, 118<br />
Anal gills, 23<br />
A<br />
263<br />
Ankylorbzynchs, 204<br />
Anisochelonayia, 200<br />
Anopheles, 33, 35, 83<br />
Anophelini, 82, 83<br />
Antenna, 1, 3, 9<br />
Antenna1 tuft, 19<br />
Anteantennal tuft, 19<br />
Apical lobe, 14<br />
apicalis, 40, 162<br />
apicoannulatus, 55<br />
Apodeme, 17<br />
arcanus, 120<br />
arctica, 186<br />
argenteus, 53<br />
atlanticus, 155<br />
atropalpus, 138<br />
atropos, 35<br />
aurifer, 134<br />
auvoides, 124<br />
B<br />
Bamr<strong>of</strong> tia, 203<br />
barberi, 92<br />
Basal lobe, 14<br />
Basal plate, 17<br />
Bites <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>, 46<br />
Black water fever, 52<br />
Borax, 70<br />
bowalis, 118<br />
borenyuini, 174<br />
boscii, 189<br />
brclanzei, 166<br />
brittorti, 180
264 INDEX<br />
C<br />
taco tlzius, 158<br />
cnllitho trys, 147<br />
campestris, 147<br />
canadensis, 37, 66, 116<br />
cantator, 37, 41, 61, 131<br />
cataphylla, 1.50<br />
centro tus, 122<br />
Ceratocystia, 187<br />
Chaoborinze, 82<br />
Chara, 72<br />
chrysogaster, 55<br />
ciliata, 189<br />
cinereoborealis, 119<br />
cinereus, 24, 36, 106<br />
cijzerezis fuscus, 106<br />
cinereus Iaenaiteleus, 106<br />
Clasper, 14<br />
Claspette, 15<br />
cZassicus, 111<br />
Claws, 12<br />
Climacura, 177<br />
columbk, 191<br />
Comb, 23<br />
communis, 40, 117<br />
Conchyliastes, 187<br />
cotiterrens, 189<br />
contifientalis, 202<br />
coquilletti, 193, 201<br />
Corethrinir, 82<br />
costalis, 56<br />
crucians, 35, 90<br />
cubeptsis, 171<br />
Culex, 159<br />
Culicella, 177<br />
Culicelsa, 124<br />
Culicini, 82, 93<br />
Culiseta, 177<br />
curopinensis, 171<br />
curriei, 128<br />
ctites, 189<br />
cyanescens, 194<br />
cyclocerculus, 158<br />
cyprius, 12 1<br />
dawzoszcs, 132<br />
deceptor, 171<br />
decticus, 126<br />
degusta tor, 174<br />
Dengue, 55<br />
deutiedmanii, 133<br />
Derris, 70<br />
diantxus, 135<br />
Diemyctylus viridescens, 72<br />
Dir<strong>of</strong>ilaria immitis, 57<br />
discolor, 196<br />
Dorsal brush, 23<br />
Dorsal hair tufts, 22<br />
Dorsal plate, 23<br />
dorsalis, 37, 127<br />
Drainage, 62<br />
Drainage gate, 63<br />
dupreei, 1.54<br />
dyari, 180<br />
dysanor, 122<br />
D<br />
eclzinata, 192<br />
egberti, 173<br />
Egg-laying habits, 33<br />
Eggs <strong>of</strong> <strong>mosquitoes</strong>, 30<br />
epactius, 138<br />
epinolus, 132<br />
Eretmopodites, 55<br />
erraticus, 172<br />
Esophagus, 26<br />
ez0zhrous, 108<br />
eudes, 113<br />
eunzimetes, 176<br />
excrucians, 39, 61, 66, 112<br />
E<br />
F<br />
f asciatus, 53<br />
fatigans, 56, 165
*<br />
Feltidia, 187 increpitus, 159<br />
Filament, 15<br />
Filaria bancr<strong>of</strong>ti, 45, 56<br />
Filiariasis, 46, 56<br />
Filling, 64<br />
jisheri, 159<br />
flavescens, 120<br />
fitchii, 36, 61, 66, 114<br />
fZetcheri, 121<br />
floridanus, 17 1<br />
floridense, 191<br />
framiscanais, 91<br />
f rickii, 163<br />
fuscus, 106<br />
G<br />
galli, 143<br />
Gambusia, 71<br />
gonimus, 158<br />
grisea, 148<br />
grablzanai, 128<br />
Grabhanzia, 128, 148, 187<br />
Grading, 64<br />
grossbecki, 158<br />
H<br />
Head,<br />
adult, 1<br />
larva, 17<br />
Izervicki, 205<br />
hexodontus, 159<br />
hirsuteron, 137<br />
howardi, 195<br />
Hypopharynx, 3<br />
Hypopygium, 13, 14<br />
idahoensis, 159<br />
ignobilis, 171<br />
impatiens, 183<br />
impiger, 36, 125, 126<br />
iwplacabilis, 124<br />
incidens, 38, 185<br />
inconspicuous, 136<br />
I<br />
1BDEX 265<br />
incrhinator, 175<br />
infirmatus, 156<br />
inhibitator, 173<br />
innuitm, 146<br />
inornatus, 182<br />
Interbasal fold, 15<br />
intrudens, 36, 125<br />
investigator, 173 .<br />
J<br />
Janthhosowza, 187<br />
jugorunz, 143<br />
TT<br />
Js.<br />
kelloggi, 169<br />
Killing bottle, 76<br />
Labial plate, 21<br />
Labium, 3, 19<br />
labradoriensis, 159<br />
Labrum-epipharynx, 3<br />
Land values, 57<br />
Lateral abdominal hair tufts, 22<br />
Zativittatzrs, 128<br />
Zazaf-emis, 118<br />
Larva, structure <strong>of</strong>, 17<br />
habits and habitats, 34<br />
Larvae, food <strong>of</strong>, 72<br />
how to collect, 78<br />
how to preserve, 80<br />
how to rear, 81<br />
Legs, 12<br />
Lepid osia, 187<br />
lejwilz cci, 173<br />
Leptospira icteroides, 53<br />
leuconotips, 159<br />
lewisii, 88<br />
Lower head tuft, 19<br />
lowii, 7, 202<br />
luteocephalus, 55<br />
Zzltescens, 120<br />
L
266 IiYDEX<br />
maculipennis, 41, 52, St:<br />
mlculiz~elzt~-is, 12s<br />
Malaria, 46, 59<br />
Malphighian tubules, 26<br />
Mandibles, 5, 19<br />
wagnipennis, 182<br />
1kk?LXUkifl, 197<br />
masamz, 118<br />
mastigia, 171<br />
Maxilk, 5, 19<br />
medioheata, 128<br />
Megarhinus, 6, 204<br />
meige~zanus, 124<br />
suelauiuzon, 128<br />
melanura, 179<br />
Mesosome, 17<br />
$12 erczwn tor, 111<br />
metalepticzts, 143<br />
Mid-intestine, 26<br />
mimesis, 114<br />
112 inu ta, 202<br />
mississippii, 111<br />
mitchelk, 157<br />
Moclzlost y-ax, 171<br />
moZestm,- 189<br />
woorei, 174<br />
morsitans, 7, 180<br />
Mosquito bites, protection from, 73<br />
Mosquito control, 59<br />
Mosquito control, organization, 74<br />
Mouth-brushes, 21<br />
Mouth-parts, 3, 5, 19<br />
muelleri, 159<br />
wsiczts, 192<br />
N<br />
M<br />
Natural enemies, 71<br />
nearcticus, 144<br />
ATen oyosw, 117<br />
nigripcs, 146<br />
nigritulus, 106<br />
nigromaculis, 118<br />
niphadopsis, 159<br />
uivitarsus, 116<br />
obscztYzLs, 1 IS<br />
occidentalis, 88<br />
oclzlerotatus, 118<br />
ochroplls, 19s<br />
Oiling, 66<br />
Oiling methods, 67<br />
Oils, 67<br />
onondagensis, 128<br />
Orthopodomyia, 6, 203<br />
0<br />
P<br />
pacificensis, 159<br />
pagetonotuwr, 119<br />
Palatum, 19<br />
pallidolzi~ta, 106<br />
pal~~zcni, 118<br />
paltrstris, 114<br />
palztstris var. pricei, 114<br />
Panoplites, 167<br />
Paramere, 17<br />
Paris Green, 70<br />
particeps, 185<br />
parzulzls, 144<br />
pearyi, 159<br />
peccator, 175<br />
Pecten, 23<br />
Penis valves, 16<br />
peribleptus, 173<br />
perplexem, 85<br />
perturbans, 9, 38, 30, 41, 61, 198<br />
pezls, 169<br />
Phallosome, 17<br />
Pharynx, 25<br />
Phyllotria, 72<br />
pilosus, 171<br />
pingzk, 183<br />
pionips, 159
IiTDEX 267<br />
pipiens, 9, 29, 36, 39, 40, 42, 56, S<br />
61, 164<br />
Plasmodium falciparum, 48, 50<br />
Plasmodium malark, 48, 50<br />
Plasmodium vivax, 48<br />
P~zcz~~z~Ze~, 203<br />
Poisons, 70<br />
po2iclzrozu, 119<br />
portoricrnsis, 132<br />
pose, 174<br />
posticata, 192<br />
Postnotum, 11<br />
pretam, 137<br />
prodotes, 150<br />
prolixus, 159<br />
pyovocalzs, 124<br />
pseudes, 9<br />
Pseud<strong>of</strong>icalbia, 200<br />
pseudopunctipennis, 36, 52, 91<br />
Pseudo tlzco baldia, 177<br />
Psorophora, 33, 40, 187<br />
pullatus, 133<br />
punctipennis, 7, 20, 36, 52, 85<br />
punctodes, 159<br />
punctor, 37, 40, 124<br />
Pupa, 21<br />
pyreuaicus, 163<br />
Pyrethrum, 70<br />
quadrimaculatus, 35, 87<br />
quaylei, 128<br />
quinquefasciatus, 39, 56, 165<br />
R<br />
redzlctor, 171<br />
Reproductive organs, 27<br />
Respiratory tube, 23<br />
~~CS~ZKVZS, 166<br />
riclzardii, 198<br />
riparius, 122<br />
rossi, 56<br />
rubidus, 189<br />
salinarius, 168<br />
Salivary glands, 26<br />
sansoni, 112<br />
sapphirina, 201<br />
Sarracenia purpurea, 39,207<br />
saxitilis, 163<br />
sayi, 193<br />
Scaphiopus hammondi, 72<br />
Screens, 73<br />
selelagemis, 88<br />
septentrionalis, 7, 205<br />
sergen ti, 162<br />
serus, 135<br />
siberiewis, 186<br />
Side-piece, 14<br />
signifer, 9, 203<br />
signipennis, 197<br />
sierrensis, 139<br />
Siphon, 23<br />
siplzonalis, 112<br />
smithii, 9, 39, 40, 206<br />
so cialis, 20 1<br />
sollicitans, 37, 40, 41, 61, 129<br />
spencerii, 36, 40, 149<br />
squamiger, 37, 133<br />
stigmatosoma, 176<br />
stimulans, 15, 18, 32, 36, 39, 61, 66,<br />
111<br />
Stomach, 26<br />
Structure, adult, 1, 17, 25<br />
larva, 17<br />
subca~ztaus, 111<br />
Sub-dorsal hair tufts, 22<br />
Sub-genera, 93<br />
s$vestYis, 108<br />
tzniorhynchus, 37, 61, 31, 132<br />
Tzniorhynchus, 33, 197<br />
T<br />
tahoensis, 118<br />
tarsalis, 38, 40, 169
268 INDEX<br />
tcmzinalis, 192<br />
territans, 38, 166<br />
testnceus, 162, 198<br />
texal;Zzm, 191<br />
<strong>the</strong>lcter, 159<br />
Theobaldia, 33, 38, 177<br />
Tlzeobaldi~ilzclla, 177<br />
thibaulti, 153<br />
Thorax, 6, 21<br />
thriawzbus, 176<br />
tormentor, 157<br />
Toxorlaynchites, 204<br />
Tracheal gills, 23<br />
trachycawzpa, 174<br />
trichurus, 36, 119<br />
triseriatus, 34, 37, 40, 92, 142<br />
triseriatus var. hender.so?zi, 142<br />
trivitattus, 136<br />
U<br />
Upper head tuft, 19<br />
Uranitania, 200<br />
z~a&mlli, 192<br />
varieyatus, 120, 56<br />
varipalpus, 34, 37, 40, 139<br />
Ventral brush, 23<br />
ventrovittis, 104, 159<br />
vexans, 9, 33, 36, 40, 61, 108<br />
~~infzipegensis, 137<br />
zliridescens, 195<br />
V<br />
W<br />
walkeri, 89<br />
willistoni, 169<br />
Wings, 11<br />
Worcesteria, 204<br />
Wyeomyia, 6, 11, 206<br />
Y<br />
Yellow fever, 46, 53<br />
zoosophus, 159<br />
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