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CULICIDAE 85 3. Claspette not bilobed, triangular in outline; side piece with scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . crucians ’ Claspette bilobed ; side piece without scales . . . . . . . . . . . .4 4. Processes of ninth tergite long, sharply pointed ; dorsal lobe of claspette with two stout, blunt spines, fused at the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .zclalkeri ’ Processes of ninth tergite short or long, blunt or expanded at tip ; dorsal lobe of claspette not as in 4 . . . .5 5. Dorsal lobe of claspette with two blunt, stout spines, fused at apex; processes of ninth tergite expanded at apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . quadrimacz~latzrs c ” Dorsal lobe of claspette with free, pointed spines ; processes of ninth tergite not expanded at apex . . . . . . . .6 6. Dorsal lobe of claspette with three sharply pointed spines ; leaflets of mesosome three pairs; processes of ninth tergite very long and bluntly rounded at apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wmulipennis -’ Dorsal lobe of claspette with two sharply pointed spines ; leaflets of mesosome four pairs; processes of ninth tergite short, curving outward . . .pu~~ctipewis ANOPHELES PUNCTIPENNIS Sav CzrCex pzuzcti/wwzis Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 3, 9. 1823. Atzopheles fierplexetzs Ludlow, Can. Ent., 39, 267. 1907. Fmde. Length about 5 mm.; wing 5-5.5 mm. Proboscis slender, densely clothed with small appressed scales, black with a bluish lustre. Palpi nearly as long as the proboscis, slender, brownish-black. Antennae filiform, second joint long and thickened, the other joints shorter, sub-equal, brownish-black. Occiput clothed with numerous erect, elongate triangular black scales on the sides and rear; creamy white scales on the vertex. Mesonotum elongate, blackish-brown on the sides, a broad grayish median stripe broken by a short median brown line on the posterior half. Vestiture of pale yellowish hairs, the anterior more scale-like. Pleurae variegated with blackish gray and white scales. Abdomen blackish with numerous pale and black hairs. Wings (PI. VIII, 4) clothed with black and yellowish scales, the yellowish scales being arranged as follows :-a large patch at
86 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA outer third of costa involving first and second veins; a smaller patch on same veins close to apex of wings; fourth vein with two small spots on stem and usually one on each fork; sixth vein with a patch before the middle. Legs black, the tips of femora and tibiae narrowly yellowish-white. iWale hypopygizlm. (Pl. IX, 4.) Side-piece nearly twice as long as wide, conical. Internal spine prominent, arising one-third from apex of side-piece. A pair of stout basal spines present, each arising from a large chitinized tubercle. Claspers longer than side-piece, nar- rowed in the middle. Each claspette is a stout, bilobed organ reaching to near the apex of mesosome; dorsal lobe with two closely set, blunt spines ; ventral lobe with an outer large, broad, sharp-pointed spine and an inner smaller spine; midway between these spines is a fine hair. Mesosome long and narrow with four pairs of slender leaflets at apex. Ninth tergite consists of a narrow chitinous band with two broad lateral processes. Lama. (Fig. g14.) Length 8 mm. Head longer than wide, front conically produced ; a pair of long setae on front margin; a pair of branching hairs on the clypeal margin dorsad of the mouth brushes. Dorsal head hairs six, plumose, arranged in an irregular line between the bases of the antennae. At the base of each antenna is a single plumose hair. Four small plumose hairs lie in a curved line in front of and between the eyes. Antenna spinous with a small tuft on the basal third. Thorax longer than wide; hairs consist of tufts, branched hairs, single hairs and plumose hairs. Abdomen stout, the anterior segments shorter; first three segments with long plumose hairs, double on the first and second, single on the third. A dorsal series of fan-shaped tufts on the third to seventh segments. Each lateral plate of the eighth segment broadly triangular, armed on the caudal margin with a series of long and short spines, varying in number from 17 to 22 (6 to 7 long). Anal segment longer than wide with a large dorsal plate. Dorsal brush consists of a long and shorter hair tuft on either side; ventral brush of many, long, branched tufts. Anal gills as long as the segment, bluntly pointed. This is the most widespread species of Anopheles in North America, ranging through southern Canada south to the Mexi- can plateau. It breeds in almost any situaton where suitable water is present. I have found the larvae in rain-water bar- rels, roadside puddles, ruts in muddy roads, grassy bogs, all sorts and kinds of swamps, hog wallows reeking with filth, spring pools, margins of streams, lakes and open ponds. I have
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A HANDBOOK OF THE MOSQUITOES OF NOR
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COPYRIGHT 1929 EY CHARLES C THOMAS
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say a terrifying, amount of literat
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CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . Plates
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The Sub-family Culicinae . . . . Ke
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VIII. 1. Wings of Anopheles. 1. A.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7. FIGURES Aedes v
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16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Dia
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FIGURE I. Aedes vexajzs, female. Ab
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FIGURE 2. Aedes vexans, male.
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6 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA The T
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PLATE II. 6. Lateral view *of thora
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12 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA cord
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--__ --- 14 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AME
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16 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA the
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I_ ’ ,.L7 ’ A,A.T 4,’ .“ i
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FIGURE gA. Larva of Anofiheles pulz
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22 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA thre
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24 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA THE
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26 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA inou
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FIGURE 12. Culex pipiens. Adult fem
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30 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA (Fig
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32 MOSQUITOES OF hToRm AMERICA cont
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Page 53 and 54: 36 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA neve
Page 55 and 56: 38 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA a si
Page 57 and 58: 40 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA +zct
Page 59 and 60: 42 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA area
Page 61 and 62: 44 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA cave
Page 63 and 64: 46 RELATION TO WELFARE (4) Reductio
Page 65 and 66: 48 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA DISE
Page 67: 50 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA (No.
Page 70 and 71: RELATION TO WELFARE 53 the southern
Page 72 and 73: RELATION TO WELFARE 55 has demonstr
Page 74 and 75: RELATION TO WELFARE 57 The presence
Page 76 and 77: CHAPTER IV THE PROBLEM OF MOSQUITO
Page 78 and 79: MOSQUITO REDUCTION 61 and careful s
Page 80 and 81: MOSQUITO REDUCTION 63 by drainage s
Page 82 and 83: 9 MOSQUITO REDUCTION 6.5 streams ar
Page 84 and 85: MOSQUITO REDUCTION 67 periment Stat
Page 86 and 87: MOSQUITO REDUCTION 69 in oil and an
Page 88 and 89: MOSQUITO REDUCTION 71 Destructiovl
Page 90 and 91: MOSQUITO RJDUCTION 73 plants, by th
Page 92 and 93: MOSQUITO REDUCTION 75 involve the f
Page 94 and 95: them. In the open, they may be obta
Page 96 and 97: COLLECTING AND REARING 79 simplest
Page 98 and 99: COLLECTING AND REARING 81 secures e
Page 100 and 101: CULI( IDAE 83 AA. Eighth segment wi
Page 104 and 105: CULICIDAE found them in nearly all
Page 106 and 107: CULICIDAE Canada and the northern b
Page 108 and 109: CULICIDAE This species ranges from
Page 110 and 111: CHAPTER VII THE TRIBE CULICINI The
Page 112 and 113: CULICINI 95 6. Air-tube with a sing
Page 114 and 115: 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
Page 116 and 117: 31. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. CULICIS
Page 118 and 119: 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. CUL
Page 120 and 121: CU1~1,1N1 103 36. Filament of clasp
Page 122 and 123: 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.
Page 124 and 125: CULICINI 107 Male hypopygizm. (Fig.
Page 126 and 127: CULICINI 109 Larva. (Fig. 3, Pl. XX
Page 128 and 129: CULICINI 111 usually occurs in late
Page 130 and 131: CULICINI 113 Aedes eudes Howard, Dy
Page 132 and 133: CULICINI 115 black and yellowish sc
Page 134 and 135: CULICINI 117 anteantennal tuft long
Page 136 and 137: wide ; pecten reaching ple, situate
Page 138 and 139: CULICINI 121 CuCex fletcheri Coyuil
Page 140 and 141: CULICINI 123 yellowish, narrow, ere
Page 142 and 143: the tube tube. CULICINI 125 ; tuft
Page 144 and 145: CULICIliI 127 cheeks with broad, fl
Page 146 and 147: CULICINI 129 margin and a smaller o
Page 148 and 149: CULICINI 131 where favorable water
Page 150 and 151: CULICINI dorsum and at the base, on
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CULICINI 13.5 the dorsum. Lobes of
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CULICINI 137 ment with a basal whit
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CULICINI 139 Male hypopygium. (Fig.
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CULICINI 141 anterior margin follow
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CUL1C1N1 143 upper dorsal head hair
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CULICINI 145 FernaLe. Length 4.5 mm
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CULICINI 147 scales; pleura with pa
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CULICINI 149 pale yellow scales med
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CULICINI 151 FenzaZe. Length 5.5 mm
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CULICINI ter is passed in the egg s
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CULICINI 155 out one-third, followe
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CULICINI 157 adults are blood thirs
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CULICINI 159 tz~ Dyar (of doubtful
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ted before the ap
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CULICINI 163 Culex saxatilis Grossb
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CULICINI 165 prominent processes-th
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CULlCINI 167 ciqut dark brown, clot
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CULICINI 169 LUJ-ZU. Head subquadra
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CULICINI 171 painful biters and the
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CUWCINI 173 golden scales, black fl
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CULICI~I 17.5 Czt$/e.x i&biktor occ
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CULICINI 177 Air-tube five times as
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CULICINI 179 Larvae 1. Air-tube wit
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CULICINI 181 spots or ill defined r
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CULICINI 183 Lateral comb of the ei
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CULICINI 18.5 adults are not persis
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CULICINI 187 GENUS PSOROPHORA Psoro
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CULICINI 189 4. Upper and Lower hea
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CULICINI 191 and pupal life is shor
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CULICINI as to form no distinct pat
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CULICIKI 195 blackish scales and br
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CULICINI 197 brown with silvery hai
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CULICINI 199 Mesosome a stout, heav
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CULICINI 201 Fellzale. Length 3 mm.
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CULICINI 203 This genus is of wide
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CULICINI 205 and violet scales, the
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CULICINI 207 This species is widely
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REFERENCES 209 Knowles, R., and Sen
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PLATE III. I. View across a marsh a
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PLATE V. 5. A deep woodland pool in
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I PLATE VIII. Wings of Anopheles: I
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PL~ITE X. Hypopygia of Aedes. I. A.
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PLATE XIII. Hypopygia of Aedes. I.
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PLATE XV. Hypopygia of Aedes. I. A.
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PLATE XWa. Hypopygia of Culex. I. C
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PLATE XVIII. Hypopygia. I. Psovopho
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PLATE XX. Larvae of mosquitoes. 17
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PLATE XXII. Larvae of mosquitoes. I
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:_ \. ‘. ._I PLATE XXIV, Ill us t
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INDEX
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264 INDEX C taco tlzius, 158 cnllit
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266 IiYDEX maculipennis, 41, 52, St
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268 INDEX tcmzinalis, 192 territans
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