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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ted before the apex by a narrow chitinous bridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . apicalis /c ? Lateral plates of the mesosome with processes , . . . . . 2 Apical Apical Apical Apical CULICINI Vertex not as above ; all the recumbent scales flat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @osus ” Males Lateral plates of the mesosome without processes, uni- lobe branched ........................... 3 lobe unbranched ......................... 5 lobe with three branches .............. .piCosz~~ ‘- lobe with two branches ................... 4 Eighth segment deeply cleft on the lower surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . peccator “‘.I Eighth segment not cleft on the lower surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iwhibitator “‘. Apical lobe with five or s,ix appendages . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Apical lobe with at least eight appendages . . . . . . . . 8 Mesosome without median or lateral processes, con- sisting of two recurved plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . territazzs JL-- Mesosome with median and lateral processes . . . . . . . . 7 Tenth sternites, heavily chitinized, each terminating in a large, rounded knob, crowned with blunt and pointed spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tarsalis ’ Tenth sternites slightly chitinized, sharply pointed, and bearing only pointed spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . salivtarius - ’ Median process of mesosome expanded leaf-like distally; without a blunt, tubular process. . quinquefasciatzu ‘-‘-- Median process of mesosome long and curved but not expanded distally; with a blunt, tubular process, . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipiens . L.arzae A stalked, ovoid tracheal gill at the base of each antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fdosm ‘7’ ’ No such tracheal gill present. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 161
162 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA Antenna with the tuft at or before the middle; air- tube with a pair of tufts far beyond the pecten and scattered single hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . territans ‘~ Antenna with the tuft well beyond the middle ; air-tube with several tufts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Both upper and lower head hairs not multiple. . . . . . 4 Both pairs of head hairs multiple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Upper head hairs multiple, lower long and single. . . . inhibitator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 peccator ” ‘- i” Both pairs of head hairs long and single). . . . . . . . apicalis ‘* -2 Air-tube long and slender, 7 x 1, klightly expanded be- $G-theY@E I. . ._ :-. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .- I I salinarizls ’ Air-tube not over 5 x 1, uniformly tapering towards the apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Air-tube with five pairs of tufts, none displaced or out of line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tarsalis ‘sf Air-tube usually with only four pairs of tufts, the next to the last tuft more dorsal and out of line . . . . . . . . 7 Sub-dorsal hairs of the third and fourth abdominal seg- ments double . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .pipiens Sub-dorsal hairs of the third and fourth abdominal seg- ments single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . quinquefasciatus CULEX APICALIS Adams2 Culex apicalis Adams, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 2, 26. 1903. C&X sergelzti Theobald, Mon. Culic., 3, 218. 1903. 2 This species has long been known in literature as territans Wal- ker (1856). C. territajzs Walker is another species identical with restuaw Theobald (1901). This species was described by Adams (1903) as apical& and as saxatilis by Grossback (1905). Owing to the doubt that apicah Adams was antedated by apicalis Theobald (1903), Dyar (1917) referred this species to saxatilis Grossbeck. Theobald (1910) changed his apicalti to neoapicalis. Dyar (1920) considered testaceus Van der Wulp (1867) was the correct name but Edwards (1925) shows that C. testaceus Van der Wulp is a synonym of T. perturbans Walk.
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A HANDBOOK OF THE MOSQUITOES OF NOR
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COPYRIGHT 1929 EY CHARLES C THOMAS
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say a terrifying, amount of literat
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CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . Plates
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The Sub-family Culicinae . . . . Ke
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VIII. 1. Wings of Anopheles. 1. A.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7. FIGURES Aedes v
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16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Dia
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FIGURE I. Aedes vexajzs, female. Ab
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FIGURE 2. Aedes vexans, male.
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6 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA The T
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PLATE II. 6. Lateral view *of thora
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12 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA cord
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--__ --- 14 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AME
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16 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA the
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I_ ’ ,.L7 ’ A,A.T 4,’ .“ i
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FIGURE gA. Larva of Anofiheles pulz
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22 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA thre
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24 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA THE
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26 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA inou
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FIGURE 12. Culex pipiens. Adult fem
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30 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA (Fig
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32 MOSQUITOES OF hToRm AMERICA cont
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34 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA fere
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36 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA neve
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38 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA a si
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40 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA +zct
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42 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA area
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44 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA cave
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46 RELATION TO WELFARE (4) Reductio
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48 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA DISE
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50 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA (No.
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RELATION TO WELFARE 53 the southern
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RELATION TO WELFARE 55 has demonstr
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RELATION TO WELFARE 57 The presence
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CHAPTER IV THE PROBLEM OF MOSQUITO
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MOSQUITO REDUCTION 61 and careful s
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MOSQUITO REDUCTION 63 by drainage s
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9 MOSQUITO REDUCTION 6.5 streams ar
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MOSQUITO REDUCTION 67 periment Stat
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MOSQUITO REDUCTION 69 in oil and an
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MOSQUITO REDUCTION 71 Destructiovl
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MOSQUITO RJDUCTION 73 plants, by th
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MOSQUITO REDUCTION 75 involve the f
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them. In the open, they may be obta
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COLLECTING AND REARING 79 simplest
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COLLECTING AND REARING 81 secures e
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CULI( IDAE 83 AA. Eighth segment wi
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CULICIDAE 85 3. Claspette not bilob
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CULICIDAE found them in nearly all
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CULICIDAE Canada and the northern b
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CULICIDAE This species ranges from
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CHAPTER VII THE TRIBE CULICINI The
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CULICINI 95 6. Air-tube with a sing
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13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
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31. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. CULICIS
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19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. CUL
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CU1~1,1N1 103 36. Filament of clasp
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21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.
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CULICINI 107 Male hypopygizm. (Fig.
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CULICINI 109 Larva. (Fig. 3, Pl. XX
Page 128 and 129: CULICINI 111 usually occurs in late
Page 130 and 131: CULICINI 113 Aedes eudes Howard, Dy
Page 132 and 133: CULICINI 115 black and yellowish sc
Page 134 and 135: CULICINI 117 anteantennal tuft long
Page 136 and 137: wide ; pecten reaching ple, situate
Page 138 and 139: CULICINI 121 CuCex fletcheri Coyuil
Page 140 and 141: CULICINI 123 yellowish, narrow, ere
Page 142 and 143: the tube tube. CULICINI 125 ; tuft
Page 144 and 145: CULICIliI 127 cheeks with broad, fl
Page 146 and 147: CULICINI 129 margin and a smaller o
Page 148 and 149: CULICINI 131 where favorable water
Page 150 and 151: CULICINI dorsum and at the base, on
Page 152 and 153: CULICINI 13.5 the dorsum. Lobes of
Page 154 and 155: CULICINI 137 ment with a basal whit
Page 156 and 157: CULICINI 139 Male hypopygium. (Fig.
Page 158 and 159: CULICINI 141 anterior margin follow
Page 160 and 161: CUL1C1N1 143 upper dorsal head hair
Page 162 and 163: CULICINI 145 FernaLe. Length 4.5 mm
Page 164 and 165: CULICINI 147 scales; pleura with pa
Page 166 and 167: CULICINI 149 pale yellow scales med
Page 168 and 169: CULICINI 151 FenzaZe. Length 5.5 mm
Page 170 and 171: CULICINI ter is passed in the egg s
Page 172 and 173: CULICINI 155 out one-third, followe
Page 174 and 175: CULICINI 157 adults are blood thirs
Page 176 and 177: CULICINI 159 tz~ Dyar (of doubtful
Page 180 and 181: CULICINI 163 Culex saxatilis Grossb
Page 182 and 183: CULICINI 165 prominent processes-th
Page 184 and 185: CULlCINI 167 ciqut dark brown, clot
Page 186 and 187: CULICINI 169 LUJ-ZU. Head subquadra
Page 188 and 189: CULICINI 171 painful biters and the
Page 190 and 191: CUWCINI 173 golden scales, black fl
Page 192 and 193: CULICI~I 17.5 Czt$/e.x i&biktor occ
Page 194 and 195: CULICINI 177 Air-tube five times as
Page 196 and 197: CULICINI 179 Larvae 1. Air-tube wit
Page 198 and 199: CULICINI 181 spots or ill defined r
Page 200 and 201: CULICINI 183 Lateral comb of the ei
Page 202 and 203: CULICINI 18.5 adults are not persis
Page 204 and 205: CULICINI 187 GENUS PSOROPHORA Psoro
Page 206 and 207: CULICINI 189 4. Upper and Lower hea
Page 208 and 209: CULICINI 191 and pupal life is shor
Page 210 and 211: CULICINI as to form no distinct pat
Page 212 and 213: CULICIKI 195 blackish scales and br
Page 214 and 215: CULICINI 197 brown with silvery hai
Page 216 and 217: CULICINI 199 Mesosome a stout, heav
Page 218 and 219: CULICINI 201 Fellzale. Length 3 mm.
Page 220 and 221: CULICINI 203 This genus is of wide
Page 222 and 223: CULICINI 205 and violet scales, the
Page 224 and 225: CULICINI 207 This species is widely
Page 226 and 227: REFERENCES 209 Knowles, R., and Sen
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PLATE III. I. View across a marsh a
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PLATE V. 5. A deep woodland pool in
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I PLATE VIII. Wings of Anopheles: I
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PL~ITE X. Hypopygia of Aedes. I. A.
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PLATE XIII. Hypopygia of Aedes. I.
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PLATE XV. Hypopygia of Aedes. I. A.
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PLATE XWa. Hypopygia of Culex. I. C
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PLATE XVIII. Hypopygia. I. Psovopho
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PLATE XX. Larvae of mosquitoes. 17
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PLATE XXII. Larvae of mosquitoes. I
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:_ \. ‘. ._I PLATE XXIV, Ill us t
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INDEX
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264 INDEX C taco tlzius, 158 cnllit
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266 IiYDEX maculipennis, 41, 52, St
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268 INDEX tcmzinalis, 192 territans
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