Map 3.1 Shigar Oasis - Freie Universität Berlin

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Usage of LPG in Shigar Figure 4.6 Type of LPG use in households with different income. Data: Survey by FU Berlin Team 2008 Number of Electrical Appliances in Shigar Figure 4.7 Number of electrical appliances in 123 households in Shigar. Data: Survey by FU Berlin Team 2008 Altogether, 463 electrical appliances are being used in 123 households, which have been interviewed. Most common are mobile phones, electric irons and radio receivers. Though, not as many microwave ovens, TV sets and personal computers are owned by some households. Nevertheless, it is to assume that the number of electrical appliances and with that the demand for electricity will be rising. Electric irons and radio receivers are most prevalent also 40
in low-income households. More than half of the appliances recorded, especially those which consume a lot of electricity, are located in households with a monthly income above 10,000 Rs. In fact there are 258 electrical appliances in 41 of those households. But the consumption of electricity is not only limited by income, but also by availability. This is a problem particularly in winter when less electricity can be produced. As a result, the usage of electrical appliances with high power consumption, such as electric heaters is prohibited during winter season. 4.2.4 Challenges of energy supply The main problems mentioned by the respondents are the increasing prices especially for wood and LPG, the insufficient supply with electricity and the decrease in forest cover (Figure 4.8). Main Problems Concerning the Supply of Energy in Shigar Figure 4.8 Problems concerning energy supply mentioned by interviewees Data: Survey by Bräunig & Wiemer 2008 Collecting wood from the forest is a time consuming and exhausting work. And as to the interviewees the amount of wood in the forests is decreasing. Out of 31 persons who are collecting their wood themselves, 25 said that distances became longer. Many people stated that they would like to use more LPG instead of wood but are not able to afford it. A further shortcoming is the insufficient supply with electricity, which cannot comply with the demand. Particularly craftsmen are affected, as they need more electricity for their work. In general, the respondents complained about load shedding and a lack of electricity. Furthermore, it has been mentioned that sometimes not enough wood is available on the bazaar and also a shortage of energy sources like LPG and kerosene is perceivable, e.g. when the Karakoram Highway is blocked. 4.3 Hydroelectric power plant Information on the present operating efficiency of the HPP was gathered by interviews with the supervisor of the HPP (Muhammad Iqbal) and his colleagues, with the persons in charge of the sub-station of the HPP (Amir Ali, Askari) and with the president of the STMS and member of the District Council of Skardu (Wazir Fida Ali). Although, on record the hydro plant is designated to produce 1,000 kW, de facto its maxi- mum capacity is 800 kW. In doing so, two turbines connected in parallel generate a maxi- 41
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35 Occasional Papers Geographie ZEL
Page 3: OCCASIONAL PAPERS GEOGRAPHIE Heft 3
Page 6 and 7: project could materialise. In addit
Page 8 and 9: 5.3.5 Construction and maintenance
Page 10 and 11: List of Figures Figure 1.1 Spatial
Page 12 and 13: Figure 9.5 Enrolment by gender and
Page 14 and 15: Annex A Map 1.1 Shigar Oasis - land
Page 16 and 17: erence the location of big trees an
Page 18 and 19: currently used as irrigated meadows
Page 20 and 21: Box 1.1 Market orientation and new
Page 22 and 23: The average number of animals per h
Page 24 and 25: Shigar. In account of this there mu
Page 26 and 27: Figure 2.1 Old settlement core of C
Page 28 and 29: oundaries identified in 1997, young
Page 30 and 31: Type II predominantly sun-dried ado
Page 32 and 33: The vast majority of houses in Shig
Page 34 and 35: a closer look on the age of the hou
Page 36 and 37: Figure 2.12 Reasons for the choice
Page 38 and 39: On the one hand the interviewees in
Page 40 and 41: Fort and the bordering villages in
Page 42 and 43: Beside the traffic development, ele
Page 44 and 45: However, a high level of contentmen
Page 46 and 47: distribution of materials and spare
Page 48 and 49: already has internet access in his
Page 50 and 51: 4.2.1 Sources of energy In Shigar,
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.1 Prices for energy sources
Page 56 and 57: mum current of 400 kW each. Since m
Page 58 and 59: ing ecosystem and using dung as a f
Page 60 and 61: among water users are explained. A
Page 62 and 63: Figure 5.5 Main irrigation canals o
Page 64 and 65: nal. The stone sizes range from yak
Page 66 and 67: 5.3.6 Financing For maintaining the
Page 68 and 69: increase in prices and needs. As a
Page 70 and 71: 6. Water management: Drinking water
Page 72 and 73: From there, pipelines with a diamet
Page 74 and 75: are supplied by the state-owned pip
Page 76 and 77: Table 6.2 Functionality of public w
Page 78 and 79: Table 6.4 Regularity of water (avai
Page 80 and 81: Figure 6.13 Regularly working taps:
Page 82 and 83: Table 6.6 Chudongs in Shigar Proper
Page 84 and 85: 6.7 Water quality 6.7.1 Bacteriolog
Page 86 and 87: strong efforts are made by the staf
Page 88 and 89: With regard to the water infrastruc
Page 90 and 91: 7. Property rights in Shigar: a gen
Page 92 and 93: esearch approach chosen here is tha
Page 94 and 95: 7.3.2 Ownership of land and other r
Page 96 and 97: nant women owning land posses only
Page 98 and 99: Figure 7.2 Parallel use and interac
Page 100 and 101: many women the ability to read the
Page 102 and 103: and even the bazaar in the next ham
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7.3.6 The decision-making power “
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Figure 7.9 Male shopkeeper Photo: G
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inheritance. As a consequence, the
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and 20 customers, generates a more
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With a view to the map of utilisati
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egarded as another indicator for th
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ucts and branches and the prices ar
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The discrepancy between official an
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9.1 Introduction 9. Formal educatio
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9.4 Results of the field visit 9.4.
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Figure 9.4 School infrastructure in
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Evaluating the teacher-student rati
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9.4.5 Availability of teaching mate
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F.G. Boys Primary School Shigar Kha
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The community and parents respectiv
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students are catching up in educati
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Figure 9.16 Age structure and liter
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Figure 9.19 Status of education by
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The primary net enrolment ratio for
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ments often form the basis for sett
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But even if there are sufficient pr
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Middle Schools No. of teachers per
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10. References and further reading
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GOP MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (2002): E
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tion, potentials and prospects. Isl
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STOEBER, G. & H. HERBERS (2000): An
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zing B water reservoir Shigar Prope
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Annex A (see supplement) 12. Annex
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!( !(!( !( !( ! ( !( !( !( !( !( !(
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Annex B Annex B 1 Demographic devel
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Annex B 5 Average income of Shigar
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Annex B 9 Governmental land (khalis
Page 172 and 173:
Annex B 11 Selling of agricultural
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Annex B 15 Infrastructure and educa
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Map 3.1 Shigar Oasis - Freie Universität Berlin

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