Map 3.1 Shigar Oasis - Freie Universität Berlin

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project could materialise. In addition we enjoyed the company from students of the Karakoram International University (KIU) Gilgit and the National University of Science and Technology (NUST) in Islamabad during our stay in Shigar. Mutual learning and knowledge transfer becomes easier when personal dialogue is enabled and enhanced by sympathy and friendship. In Shigar we have found such a constellation. Other governmental and nongovernmental institutions were supportive and our thanks go to the Raja of Shigar, the Assistant Commissioner, the representatives of Aga Khan Development Network and to the local interpreters, guides and resource persons. A project like this is planned in offices, institutions and universities. Without the support, the hospitality and the by now long-standing friendship with citizens of Shigar we would not have dared to suggest such a research enterprise. Consequently this report is dedicated to the people of Shigar and we hope that it supports planning exercises and might even be useful as a reference work for future research and knowledge transfer. Berlin, July 2008 Participants from the Freie Universitaet Berlin Prof. Dr. Hermann Kreutzmann Prof. Dr. Hermann Kreutzmann, Chair of Human Geography and Director of the Centre for Development Studies Dr. Matthias Schmidt, Research Associate at the Centre for Development Studies Andreas Benz, Doctoral Student at the Centre for Development Studies Students: Altenkirch, Rachid Bittner, Christian Bräunig, Lars Dieckhoff, Svenja Guenther, Nadine Höber, Johannes Koss, Christina Landschulze, Jana Leimbach, Johannes Mahrwald, Susanne Maikowski, Tine Methke, Danielo Michel, Christina Neutz, Sabrina Paul, Daniel Piel, Sarah II Schoger, Heinke Steinert, Julia Voss, Franziska Wächter, Tim Wegner, Nicole Wiemer, Stefanie Wrede, Malte
Content 1. LAND USE IN SHIGAR ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Methods and implementation ................................................................................... 1 1.3 Results ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.3.1 Present state of land use in Shigar Proper ........................................................... 2 1.3.2 The cropping system ............................................................................................ 4 1.3.3 Spatial structure of land use ................................................................................. 6 1.3.4 Impact of animal husbandry on livelihood ............................................................. 7 1.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 9 2. BUILT ENVIRONMENT: CHANGES IN THE SHIGAR OASIS ............................. 11 2.1 Introduction and research concept ......................................................................... 11 2.2 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Built environment of Shigar .................................................................................... 13 2.4 Construction activities in Shigar ............................................................................. 19 2.4.1 Reasons for new constructions ........................................................................... 21 2.4.2 Choice of settlement area ................................................................................... 21 2.4.3 Reconstruction activities by IUCN ...................................................................... 23 2.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 26 3. INFRASTRUCTURE IN SHIGAR ........................................................................... 27 3.1 Introduction and research concept ......................................................................... 27 3.2 Traffic infrastructure ............................................................................................... 28 3.3 Public power grid .................................................................................................... 31 3.4 Telecommunication infrastructure .......................................................................... 32 3.5 Conclusions and recommendations ....................................................................... 34 4. ENERGY SUPPLY IN SHIGAR: ORGANISATION AND CHALLENGES ............. 35 4.1 Introduction and methods applied .......................................................................... 35 4.2 Utilisation of energy resources ............................................................................... 35 4.2.1 Sources of energy ............................................................................................... 36 4.2.2 Expenses on energy ........................................................................................... 37 4.2.3 Energy expenses and consumption related to income ....................................... 39 4.2.4 Challenges of energy supply .............................................................................. 41 4.3 Hydroelectric power plant ....................................................................................... 41 4.4 Discussion and conclusion ..................................................................................... 43 5. IRRIGATION IN SHIGAR ....................................................................................... 45 5.1 Introduction and research question ........................................................................ 45 5.2 Methods applied ..................................................................................................... 45 5.3 Results ................................................................................................................... 45 5.3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 46 5.3.2 Physical irrigation system ................................................................................... 47 5.3.3 Water rights documents and oral tradition .......................................................... 49 5.3.4 Distribution ratio and rotating system ................................................................. 49 III
Page 1 and 2: 35 Occasional Papers Geographie ZEL
Page 3: OCCASIONAL PAPERS GEOGRAPHIE Heft 3
Page 8 and 9: 5.3.5 Construction and maintenance
Page 10 and 11: List of Figures Figure 1.1 Spatial
Page 12 and 13: Figure 9.5 Enrolment by gender and
Page 14 and 15: Annex A Map 1.1 Shigar Oasis - land
Page 16 and 17: erence the location of big trees an
Page 18 and 19: currently used as irrigated meadows
Page 20 and 21: Box 1.1 Market orientation and new
Page 22 and 23: The average number of animals per h
Page 24 and 25: Shigar. In account of this there mu
Page 26 and 27: Figure 2.1 Old settlement core of C
Page 28 and 29: oundaries identified in 1997, young
Page 30 and 31: Type II predominantly sun-dried ado
Page 32 and 33: The vast majority of houses in Shig
Page 34 and 35: a closer look on the age of the hou
Page 36 and 37: Figure 2.12 Reasons for the choice
Page 38 and 39: On the one hand the interviewees in
Page 40 and 41: Fort and the bordering villages in
Page 42 and 43: Beside the traffic development, ele
Page 44 and 45: However, a high level of contentmen
Page 46 and 47: distribution of materials and spare
Page 48 and 49: already has internet access in his
Page 50 and 51: 4.2.1 Sources of energy In Shigar,
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.1 Prices for energy sources
Page 54 and 55: Usage of LPG in Shigar Figure 4.6 T
Page 56 and 57:
mum current of 400 kW each. Since m
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ing ecosystem and using dung as a f
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among water users are explained. A
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Figure 5.5 Main irrigation canals o
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nal. The stone sizes range from yak
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5.3.6 Financing For maintaining the
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increase in prices and needs. As a
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6. Water management: Drinking water
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From there, pipelines with a diamet
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are supplied by the state-owned pip
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Table 6.2 Functionality of public w
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Table 6.4 Regularity of water (avai
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Figure 6.13 Regularly working taps:
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Table 6.6 Chudongs in Shigar Proper
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6.7 Water quality 6.7.1 Bacteriolog
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strong efforts are made by the staf
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With regard to the water infrastruc
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7. Property rights in Shigar: a gen
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esearch approach chosen here is tha
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7.3.2 Ownership of land and other r
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nant women owning land posses only
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Figure 7.2 Parallel use and interac
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many women the ability to read the
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and even the bazaar in the next ham
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7.3.6 The decision-making power “
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Figure 7.9 Male shopkeeper Photo: G
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inheritance. As a consequence, the
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and 20 customers, generates a more
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With a view to the map of utilisati
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egarded as another indicator for th
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ucts and branches and the prices ar
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The discrepancy between official an
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9.1 Introduction 9. Formal educatio
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9.4 Results of the field visit 9.4.
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Figure 9.4 School infrastructure in
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Evaluating the teacher-student rati
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9.4.5 Availability of teaching mate
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F.G. Boys Primary School Shigar Kha
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The community and parents respectiv
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students are catching up in educati
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Figure 9.16 Age structure and liter
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Figure 9.19 Status of education by
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The primary net enrolment ratio for
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ments often form the basis for sett
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But even if there are sufficient pr
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Middle Schools No. of teachers per
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10. References and further reading
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GOP MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (2002): E
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tion, potentials and prospects. Isl
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STOEBER, G. & H. HERBERS (2000): An
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zing B water reservoir Shigar Prope
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Annex A (see supplement) 12. Annex
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!( !(!( !( !( ! ( !( !( !( !( !( !(
Page 166 and 167:
Annex B Annex B 1 Demographic devel
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Annex B 5 Average income of Shigar
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Annex B 9 Governmental land (khalis
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Annex B 11 Selling of agricultural
Page 174:
Annex B 15 Infrastructure and educa
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Map 3.1 Shigar Oasis - Freie Universität Berlin

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