GLYCOSIDES IN Viola Tricolor L.

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CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION (a) (b) Figure 2.1: (a) flowering part of heartsease (Viola tricolor L.) (b) habitus of gar- den pansy (Viola x wittrockiana Gams.) (c) habitus of Viola tricolor L. (left) and ViolaarvensisMurray. (right) 9 (c)
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION A number of Viola species are grown for their ornamental flowers, but sev- eralmembersofthegenushavebeenwidelyusedintraditionalphytomedicine. Leavesandroots ofV.odoratahavebeenreported topossessexpectorant, suda- tory, and metabolisms enhancing abilities, whilst its flowers exhibited expec- torant, tranquillizer, and antihypertensive effects. Infusions of V. tricolor and V.arvensiswerealsodescribedasexpectorantsandmetabolismsenhancers[23]. Otherpapersreviewtheheartseaseherb’sexpectorant,diuretic,astringent,and anti-inflammatory effects and its indication in skin disorders and upper res- piratory tract problems [22, 24]. On the other hand V. odorata were utilized in cough mixtures for chronic bronchitis, whooping chough (pertussis), and asthma bronchiale, against migraine, or as a sedative [22]. In addition, heartsease herb also increases mitochondria formation and its application provides prophylaxis and treatment for illnesses brought about by impaired mitochon- drial activity or by decreased functioning of the constitutive nitric oxide syn- thase enzyme (unpublished results ofKery etal.). Although the discussed Violaspecies were considered as remarkable herbal remedies, only scarce information was reported on their phytochemical anal- ysis. One of the most significant group of heartsease’s active compounds, the flavonoids have been analyzed only by outworn, sometimes even unreliable methodologies. Accordingly, papers from the 1980’s report on the presence of O-glycosyl(luteolin-7-O-glucosideandrutin)andC-glycosylflavonoids(isoori- entin, isovitexin, orientin, scoparin, vicenin-2, and vitexin) [22, 25, 26]. From the C,O-glycoside group only saponarin was detected [22]. For their chemi- cal structures see Tab. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2a. Anthocyanins are also classified as flavonoid glycosides [27]. In heartsease, the presence of violanin, platyconin, and violanin-chloride (all delphinidin glycosides Fig. 2.2b) was described [28]. On the other hand, from V. arvensis a flavone-di-C-glycoside was isolated, and identified as violarvensin by NMR spectroscopy [29]. Besides, the presence of ursolicacidbased,galactoseorgalacturonicacidcontainingtriterpenesaponins was not reliably confimed in V. tricolor [22], and other authors claim a peptide component: violapeptide-1 responsible for heartsease’s hemolytic activity [30]. Carotenoids such as violaxantin, violeoxantin, lutein, luteinepoxid, and neox- antin were also identified in heartsease [31–34]. Besides phenolic acids such asp-coumaric, gentisinic, p-hydroxy benzoic, p-hydroxyl-phenylacetic, caffeic, protocatechuic, vanillic,andsalicylicacidsaswellastheirderivatives,polysac- 10
Page 1 and 2: ANTIOXIDANT FLAVONOID GLYCOSIDES IN
Page 3 and 4: Összefoglaló Avadárvácska(Viola
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS 3.10 Anthocyanidin and fla
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS R Recoveryin the fortified
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Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION cyanidins w
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Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION icant Y −
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION a
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION s
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION a
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66 Table 4.3: Principal ESI-MS/MS p
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION t
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION o
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION T
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION F
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76 Table 4.6: The antocyanidin and
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CHAPTER 5 Conclusion Although heart
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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION proposedtober
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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION UIBK-HorvathL
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BIBLIOGRAPHY insulinresistanceanddi
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [28] N. Saito, C. F. T
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BIBLIOGRAPHY electrospray ionizatio
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Listof publications Papersrelatedto
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BIBLIOGRAPHY The antioxidant activi
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was evaporated to dryness under red
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151, 135, 119, and 103 ( 1,3 B + )
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Anal Bioanal Chem DOI 10.1007/s0021
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Anal Bioanal Chem The eluate was co
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Anal Bioanal Chem Column chromatogr
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Anal Bioanal Chem a HO OH d HO OH O
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Anal Bioanal Chem 3. Witkowska-Bana
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12 V. Vukics et al. / J. Chromatogr
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Table 2 Principal ESI-MS/MS product
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