GLYCOSIDES IN Viola Tricolor L.

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CHAPTER 1 Preliminaries and aimsof the studies The use of medicinal plants was always an important part of the medical sys- temsoftheworld.Herbalmedicinalproductsareusefultherapeuticoptionsof- ten providing a saferform of therapy, andin manyinstances, specific remedies have been shown to be clinically effective. Their use is extensive and increas- ing. The evidence-based analyses of the traditional medicinal plants’ chemical composition and biological effect is inevitable in the development of new and effective phytomedicines. Althoughheartsease(<strong>Viola</strong>tricolorL.)hasbeenextensivelyusedinthetradi- tional medicine for the treatment of skin disorders and upper respiratory tract problemsforcenturies,thebiologicalactivityofitsmainsecondarymetabolites hashardlybeenstudied. Recent(yetunpublished)resultsofKeryetal. [1]sug- gest,however,thebeneficialeffectsofheartseaseinfusiononthemitochondria. A part of those interesting data are represented and discussed in Tab. 1.1 and Tab. 1.2. Mitochondriaareindispensableenergy-producingorganellesoftheeukary- oticcells. BytheprocessofcellularrespirationtheygenerateATP,whichisused asasourceofchemicalenergy. Besides,mitochondriaareinvolvedinarangeof other processes, such as signaling, cellulardifferentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Apparently, several diseases were found to be brought about by the impairment of mitochondrial functions e.g. Parkinson disease, Morbus Alzheimer’sand diabetes[2,3]. It was demonstrated that a specific mutation of the mitochondrial DNA results in β-cell dependent type 1 diabetes [4], and a decline in mitochondrial 3
CHAPTER 1: PRELIM<strong>IN</strong>ARIES AND AIMS OF THE STUDIES Table 1.1: Effects of a 4-day long administration of heartsease water extract (V.t.e.) and/orglucose solution (g.s.) onprotein levelsindifferentcellcultures. n.d. =not detected RelativeOD unit(sample/control) Cellculture Administration PGC-1 eNOS HSP90 HSP72 primerpigendothel 8 µg/mlV.t.e n.d. 1.6/1.0 1.1/1.0 2.3/1.0 HaCaTkeratocyte HaCaTkeratocyte HaCaTkeratocyte 50mM g.s. + 4 µg/mlV.t.e. 50mM g.s. + 8 µg/mlV.t.e. 50mM g.s. + 16 µg/mlV.t.e. 8.0/0.0 n.d. 6.0/0.0 6.0/0.0 6.0/0.0 n.d. 5.0/0.0 4.0/0.0 5.0/0.0 n.d. 4.7.0/0.0 4.2/0.0 PGC-1: Key enzime in mitochondria regulation. Its decreased level was reportedtobe in connectionwithinsulin resistance. eNOS: Increases PGC-1 expression. Its decreased level was reported to be in connection with diabetes gastropathy, high blood pressure, andotherCVDs. HSP90,72: Play a key role in the stabilization of the active eNOS complex andin thetransportof importantmitochondrialproteins. Table 1.2: Glucose tolerance test of NMRI mice after five days i.p. administration offreeze-dried heartsease waterextract. 2g/kg glucose i.p. time elapsedafter Control + V. tricolor extract +V. tricolor extract glucose administration 5x30mg/kg 5x100mg/kg min mMglucose 0 12 11.2 12.6 30 22 13.9 14.9 60 20.4 18 12.7 90 12.8 16 12.5 4
Page 1 and 2: ANTIOXIDANT FLAVONOID GLYCOSIDES IN
Page 3 and 4: Összefoglaló Avadárvácska(Viola
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS 3.10 Anthocyanidin and fla
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66 Table 4.3: Principal ESI-MS/MS p
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION o
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76 Table 4.6: The antocyanidin and
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CHAPTER 5 Conclusion Although heart
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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION proposedtober
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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION UIBK-HorvathL
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BIBLIOGRAPHY insulinresistanceanddi
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [28] N. Saito, C. F. T
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BIBLIOGRAPHY electrospray ionizatio
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Listof publications Papersrelatedto
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BIBLIOGRAPHY The antioxidant activi
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was evaporated to dryness under red
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151, 135, 119, and 103 ( 1,3 B + )
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Anal Bioanal Chem DOI 10.1007/s0021
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Anal Bioanal Chem The eluate was co
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Anal Bioanal Chem Column chromatogr
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Anal Bioanal Chem a HO OH d HO OH O
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Anal Bioanal Chem 3. Witkowska-Bana
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12 V. Vukics et al. / J. Chromatogr
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Table 2 Principal ESI-MS/MS product
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