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I.2. DEFINITIONS AND INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATIONS 20 A narrower definition developed by the <strong>OECD</strong> Secretariat more targeted at value-chains is: “The space economy includes: all public and private actors involved in developing and providing space-enabled products and services. It comprises a long valueadded chain, starting with research and development actors and manufacturers of space hardware (e.g. launch vehicles, satellites, ground stations) and ending with the providers of space-enabled products (e.g. navigation equipment, satellite phones) and services (e.g. satellite-based meteorological services or direct-to-home video services) to final users.” (<strong>OECD</strong>, 2007c) The <strong>OECD</strong> Space Forum participants established that the space economy should not be limited to just a few characteristics, because of the growing pervasiveness of space applications in many daily activities (meteorology, telecommunications…). Using lessons learned from other sectors (the information society notably), a broad definition of the space economy seemed appropriate, to encompass the different dimensions of programmes, services, actors. The following working definition is the starting point of the “<strong>Handbook</strong> to Measuring the Space Economy”. “The Space Economy is the full range of activities and the use of resources that create and provide value and benefits to human beings in the course of exploring, understanding, managing and utilising space. Hence, it includes all public and private actors involved in developing, providing and using space-related products and services, ranging from research and development, the manufacture and use of space infrastructure (ground stations, launch vehicles and satellites) to spaceenabled applications (navigation equipment, satellite phones, meteorological services, etc.) and the scientific knowledge generated by such activities. It follows that the Space Economy goes well beyond the space sector itself, since it also comprises the increasingly pervasive and continually changing impacts (both quantitative and qualitative) of space-derived products, services and knowledge on economy and society.” The space economy’s value chain may vary, depending on the types of activities taking place in a given country. In general, the following components can be found: ● R&D Centres, laboratories, universities: whether they are public (e.g. technology centre of a space agency) or private establishments, they often play a key role in basic research and science, via contracts from government agencies. ● Manufacturers (satellites, launchers, ground segment): in addition to the large aerospace groups which tend to be active in the entire space manufacturing sector, smaller actors are active in specific manufacturing segments. An interesting trend since the early 2000s is the emergence of many small actors, <strong>OECD</strong> HANDBOOK ON MEASURING THE SPACE ECONOMY © <strong>OECD</strong> 2012
I.2. DEFINITIONS AND INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATIONS in parallel to the large groups (e.g. companies such as: Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd, OHB System AG). ● Operators including satellite signal providers (telecommunications, positioning), but also digital contents providers (e.g. satellite imagery). They increasingly tend also to be involved in the next segment of the value chain. ● Information services providers. They include not only information valueadders/integrators, but also actors in retail delivery. They work with ground equipment/devices developers. Figure 2.1. The space economy’s simplified value chain Space actors (Institutional R&D, industry and services providers) R&D centres Laboratories Universities Manufacturers Satellites Launchers Ground segment Operators Digital data providers Satellite signal providers Source: Adapted from <strong>OECD</strong> (2011), The Space Economy at a Glance 2011, <strong>OECD</strong> Publishing, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264111790-en, p. 15. The key actors in the space economy and different value chains will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 3. Space in international classifications There are a number of international and national classification systems in use. They structure industrial and economic activities in ways that facilitate comparison of national economic data on a year-by-year basis, or evaluate comparisons between countries. However, as this section will demonstrate, the diversity of space systems and applications explain the difficulty of pinpointing the space sector in existing industrial classifications. Introducing industrial classifications Non-space actors Information services providers Value adders/integrators Retail delivery Ground equipment/devices developers A classification is a “set of discrete, exhaustive and mutually exclusive observations, which can be assigned to one or more variables to be measured in the collation and/or presentation of data” (<strong>OECD</strong>, 2007a). The terms “classification” and “nomenclature” are often used interchangeably, despite the definition of a “nomenclature” being narrower than that of a “classification”. Hierarchical classifications range from the broadest level (e.g. division) to the <strong>OECD</strong> HANDBOOK ON MEASURING THE SPACE ECONOMY © <strong>OECD</strong> 2012 21
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