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developments at the level of the state are only partially mirrored by the society, where considerable intolerance persists. The main driving causes of intolerance seem to be nationalism (both Romanian and Hungarian) and ethnic competition for administrative resources among elites, but also less rational, self-esteem enhancing drives at the level of intellectuals (a return to Orthodoxy as a new form of nationalism). While tolerance towards other groups has been constantly increasing in the past twenty years (as shown, for instance, in the reduction of social distance in surveys), it still remains high. Intolerance is due to collective action of politically active groups seeking to enhance the status of one’s group at the detriment of another. Reducing these stories at an individual level renders them incomprehensible. Intolerance is group behaviour, and seems to result to challenges to the group identity, status or resources. Discourses’ used to provoke or maintain mobilization are rather self-enhancing and reassuring towards one’s group than necessarily directed against others in the discourses we analyzed. State institutions are more neutral than political elites, but tend to follow the majority opinion where no clear regulations exist (the case of Byzantine icons in the schools). Our research focus selection followed a simple logic: we selected the most notorious cases filled at the Discrimination Council, which generated hundreds of media titles and thousands of blog posts. The most important thing we learned from these case studies is that although diversity is carefully regulated, the existence of intolerance entrepreneurs, of the type of Barna, trigger a chain of intolerant responses. Tolerance is higher when the majority is not fundamentally challenged, either by secularists or by Hungarian secessionists. Any engineering of a feeling of threat leads to defensive discourses and brings an end to acceptance. The case studies from Romania presented in this research highlight a development which might prove more general for countries under Europeanization. Although the policy infrastructure of tolerance exists, there are numerous groups which promote their self-interest or values through intolerant, even provocative behaviour. Most of what could have been done at the level of rights was done: what seems to be missing is more general education at the level of behaviour control, of teaching self-restraint in situation when others, particularly minorities, might be hurt. 81
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TOLERANCE AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY DI
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© 2012 Romanian Academic Society T
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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When considering religious or ethni
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Introduction The main diversity cha
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Most of the interwar discourse that
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political life than more hypocrisy.
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now EU. If the new Europe is to be
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organizations, their issues have no
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Hungarian minority Despite some sti
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Since DAHR became a member of the g
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The Roma: the ignored challenge Hav
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as a recently interviewed mayor ans
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The discourse and definitions of to
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Government, being directly subordin
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The “area of benefit” financial
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Chapter 2: The Embodiment of Tolera
Page 38 and 39: specific needs, children from forme
Page 40 and 41: answers) cannot provide any informa
Page 42 and 43: enough qualified teachers 18 . The
Page 44 and 45: Analysis of the field research Gene
Page 46 and 47: childrens’parents officially 42 c
Page 48 and 49: The Court started with the conseque
Page 50 and 51: subject, part of the curriculum, st
Page 52 and 53: eligion, conscience and beliefs of
Page 54 and 55: consequences on the presence of rel
Page 56 and 57: In the same school, during religion
Page 58 and 59: (ii) During Orthodox religious clas
Page 60 and 61: tradition could be deconstructed if
Page 62 and 63: Romanians’ resistance to offer sp
Page 64 and 65: anked citizens. Although the Hungar
Page 66 and 67: Ethnicity is defined as a sense of
Page 68 and 69: communist president of Romania, Ion
Page 70 and 71: decision, in an ironic style, sayin
Page 72 and 73: Symbols and rituals as triggers of
Page 74 and 75: Romanians against Hungarians. Perha
Page 76 and 77: Szekler Hungarians used Hungarian i
Page 78 and 79: their hard feelings were fed by med
Page 80 and 81: communities. The suggestion would b
Page 82 and 83: itself did not express a single com
Page 84 and 85: successfully being implemented, whi
Page 86 and 87: conflict was between those who saw
Page 90 and 91: Gellner, E., 1983. Nation and Natio
Page 92 and 93: Preda, M., 2002. Estimarea numărul
Page 94 and 95: Open Society Institute, 2007. Equal
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