Introduction to Microcontrollers

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8 CHAPTER 1. MICROCONTROLLER BASICS • When we talk about the values of digital lines, we generally mean their logical values, 0 or 1. We indicate the complement of a logical value X with X, so 1 = 0 and 0 = 1. • Hexadecimal values are denoted by a preceding $ or 0x. Binary values are either given like decimal values if it is obvious that the value is binary, or they are marked with (·)2. • The notation M[X] is used to indicate a memory access at address X. • In our assembler examples, we tend to use general-purpose registers, which are labeled with R and a number, e.g., R0. • The ∝ sign means “proportional to”. • In a few cases, we will need intervals. We use the standard interval notations, which are [.,.] for a closed interval, [.,.) and (.,.] for half-open intervals, and (.,.) for an open interval. Variables denoting intervals will be overlined, e.g. dlatch = (0, 1]. The notation dlatch+2 adds the constant to the interval, resulting in (0, 1] + 2 = (2, 3]. • We use k as a generic variable, so do not be surprised if k means different things in different sections or even in different paragraphs within a section. Furthermore, you should be familiar with the following power prefixes 4 : 1.4 Exercises Name Prefix Power Name Prefix Power kilo k 10 3 milli m 10 −3 mega M 10 6 micro µ, u 10 −6 giga G 10 9 nano n 10 −9 tera T 10 12 pico p 10 −12 peta P 10 15 femto f 10 −15 exa E 10 18 atto a 10 −18 zetta Z 10 21 zepto z 10 −21 yotta Y 10 24 yocto y 10 −24 Table 1.2: Power Prefixes Exercise 1.1 What is the difference between a microcontroller and a microprocessor? Exercise 1.2 Why do microcontrollers exist at all? Why not just use a normal processor and add all necessary peripherals externally? Exercise 1.3 What do you believe are the three biggest fields of application for microcontrollers? Discuss you answers with other students. Exercise 1.4 Visit the homepage of some electronics vendors and compare their stock of microcontrollers. (a) Do all vendors offer the same controller families and manufacturers? often. 4 We include the prefixes for ±15 and beyond for completeness’ sake – you will probably not encounter them very
1.4. EXERCISES 9 (b) Are prices for a particular controller the same? If no, are the price differences significant? (c) Which controller families do you see most often? Exercise 1.5 Name the basic components of a microcontroller. For each component, give an example where it would be useful. Exercise 1.6 What is an embedded system? What is a real-time system? Are these terms synonyms? Is one a subset of the other? Why or why not? Exercise 1.7 Why are there so many microcontrollers? Wouldn’t it be easier for both manufacturers and consumers to have just a few types? Exercise 1.8 Assume that you have a task that requires 18 inputs, 15 outputs, and 2 analog inputs. You also need 512 bytes to store data. Which controllers of Table 1.1 can you use for the application?
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Introduction to Microcontrollers

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