Sustaining Livelihoods through Organic Agriculture in Tanzania - UMB

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Cotton Essential oils Culinary spices Spices and Herbs Hibiscus, Kimango Farm lemongrass, Enterprises Ltd. peppermint Hibiscus Bonde la chem chem Cocoa Biolands International Ltd. Cotton ECOL Cotton Project Cotton BioRe Tanzania Ltd. Essential oils Zanzibar State Trading Company (ZSTC) Essential oils Clove Stem Oil Distillery (CSOD) Turmeric cinnamon Cardamom Nutmeg Clove Ginger Black pepper Chillies Lemongrass Zanzgerm Enterprises Ltd. Kimango Farm Enterprises Ltd. Tanzania Organic Products Ltd. (TAZOP) Morogoro Siha, Kilimanjaro Kyela, Mbeya Handeni, Tanga Meatu, Shinyanga Zanzibar Pemba Lemon grass oil, cinnamon leaf oil, sweet basil oil and Zanzibar, Tanga, Kigoma eucalyptus oil Ginger, turmeric, pepper, chilli and lemongrass Morogoro Paprika, chillies, lemongrass Zanzibar, Morogoro Ginger, turmeric, pepper, cinnamon, cloves, etc. Vanilla MAYAWA Bukoba, Kagera ADP Isangati Isangati, Mbeya Dried turmeric ZAFFIDE Zanzibar Fresh Avocadoes Mikese Organic Morogoro Mangoes tropical Mangoes Farm fruits Pineapples Papaya Dried fruits Dried fruits Matunda Mema, Kipepeo Karagwe Dried pineapple, Claphjo Kibaha, Dar es mango, bananas tomatoes Enterprises Salaam Canned Canned pineapple Dabaga Vegetable Njombe fruits & Fruit Canning Company Ltd. Honey Honey Fidahussein Co. Rufiji delta Ginger Ginger syrup Arusha Vegetables Amaranths, cassava, Mkuranga Women Mkuranga, tomatoes Vegetable Growers Coast 38
Mushrooms Dried mushrooms Songea and Njombe in Iringa region Fish Tuna Tanga Sustainably harvested Seaweed Seaweed powder Pemba For use as a binding agent in toothpaste, also used in ice cream and pet Medicinal plants Nuts and oil seeds Pyrethrum Artemisia Aloe Vera Cashew nuts Shea, Macadamia Groundnuts Premier Cashew Industries Ltd. (PCI) Kerekese, Mkuranga food Cashew-nuts TANPRO Sumbawanga Groundnuts Sesame Singida Safflower Envirocare Kilimanjaro Source: Compiled from the literature including, Mwasha & Leijdens (2004), Taylor (2006), UNEP- UNCTAD (2006), and interviews. Estimates of the certified land area range from 37,000 ha to over 64,000 ha. The 2001 SOEL Survey recorded an organic area of 55,867 ha, comprising 0.14% of the agricultural area (Willer & Yussefi, 2004). It is likely that the situation has changed since then although it is not clear whether the amount of certified land area has increased due to increasing projects or decreased as a result of farmer drop-out. In addition, there is thought to be more than 200,000 ha of uncertified organic agricultural land. In 2001 it was estimated that there were almost 27,000 certified organic farms in Tanzania (Willer & Yussefi, 2004), which makes it likely that there are now over 30,000 farmers in Tanzania producing organically. Although Tanzania exports sizeable quantities of organic food products, the exact amounts are unclear because customs do not classify them separately (Tairo, 1999). At least 10,467.41 tonnes were thought to have been exported in 2005 (Taylor, 2006). In the past few years approximately 60% of certified organic commodities produced in Tanzania have been exported (Chilongola, 2005). Certified organic agriculture in Tanzania is predominantly export-oriented, supported by development funding and aimed at improving incomes. Through EPOPA, certified organic agriculture has been promoted in Tanzania as ‘an instrument for African exporters to improve their business and for thousands of farmers to improve their livelihood’ (EPOPA, 2004). Certified organic projects generally have the following components: farmer organisations, an exporter, a facilitating agency and a certifying agency. Smallholders are contracted by exporting companies who generally pay for certification, sometimes in collaboration with donor programmes. In addition to this out-grower model, there are also a few individuals farming organically on a large-scale, and one cooperative (the Kilimanjaro Native Cooperative Union) engaged in commercial organic agriculture. The main export destinations for 39
Page 1 and 2: Sustaining Livelihoods through Orga
Page 3 and 4: 6 Assessment of Organic Systems in
Page 5 and 6: TBS Tanzanian Bureau of Standards T
Page 7 and 8: Abstract Since certified organic ag
Page 9 and 10: Chapter Two: Literature Review The
Page 11 and 12: Typology of Organic Systems Source:
Page 13 and 14: healthy life’ (FAO, 1996). This i
Page 15 and 16: Impact of Organic Agriculture on Ca
Page 17 and 18: Furthermore, participatory action r
Page 19 and 20: considerations as well as economic
Page 21 and 22: When sites are selected on the basi
Page 23 and 24: Hawkesbury hierarchy of approaches
Page 25 and 26: Chapter Four: Research Process ‘O
Page 27 and 28: y stakeholders during fieldwork. As
Page 29 and 30: Feedback on the initial research pr
Page 31 and 32: This was drawn as a mind-map and us
Page 33 and 34: Specific activities that were under
Page 35 and 36: preliminary rich picture, these wer
Page 37: The mission of TOAM is to develop a
Page 41 and 42: 2. an export standard 3. a standard
Page 43 and 44: Representatives of the national far
Page 45 and 46: companies and ICS field staff. This
Page 47 and 48: Chapter Seven: Summary of Case Stud
Page 49 and 50: sustainable livelihoods for smallho
Page 51 and 52: organic farming allow farmers to ta
Page 53 and 54: constitute only 4 out of the 27 gra
Page 55 and 56: Low level or “pseudo” participa
Page 57 and 58: In contrast to other countries in E
Page 59 and 60: Tanzania has a distinct advantage o
Page 61 and 62: newsletters on the organic market a
Page 63 and 64: The specific interests of different
Page 65 and 66: Rather than initiating new systems
Page 67 and 68: Mozambique to provide certification
Page 69 and 70: Pretty et al. (2003: 13) notes that
Page 71 and 72: terms of learning so that farmers b
Page 73 and 74: Ellinor, L. and Gerard, G. (1998) D
Page 75 and 76: Lerdahl, E. (2001) Staging for crea
Page 77 and 78: Senge, P. M. (1990) The Fifth Disci
Page 79 and 80: APPENDIX 1 Interviews Summary Date
Page 81 and 82: APPENDIX 2 Case Study Protocol Over
Page 83 and 84: emphasis on “success stories”,
Page 85 and 86: APPENDIX 3 Report on Case Study Res
Page 87 and 88: Thus the sustainable livelihood’s
Page 89 and 90:
once per year, provide training, mo
Page 91 and 92:
Summary of Two Organic Initiatives
Page 93 and 94:
Cross-Case Livelihood Analysis The
Page 95 and 96:
Drought Dependence on rainfed agric
Page 97 and 98:
Human Capital Human capital compris
Page 99 and 100:
Social Capital The dominant tribes
Page 101 and 102:
esult in soil acidificiation. Only
Page 103 and 104:
livestock components. The influx of
Page 105 and 106:
Stakeholder Analysis A stakeholder
Page 107 and 108:
farmers and the PCI management, and
Page 109 and 110:
(government directive in response t
Page 111 and 112:
Whilst not exclusively promoting OA
Page 113 and 114:
Conclusion In conclusion we may ask
Page 115 and 116:
In some respects this is the ideal
Page 117 and 118:
APPENDIX 4 January 26, 2006 R.e. In
Page 119 and 120:
APPENDIX 5 Background Information t
Page 121 and 122:
Organic agriculture offers a very r
Page 123 and 124:
Outcome: Participants share immedia
Page 125 and 126:
People go into groups defined by wh
Page 127 and 128:
APPENDIX 8 Organic Stakeholders’
Page 129 and 130:
Introduction After welcoming the pa
Page 131 and 132:
2003 The Tanzanian organic certific
Page 133 and 134:
PRODUCTION POLICY AND LEGISLATION I
Page 135 and 136:
Institutional development Enhance n
Page 137 and 138:
Acronyms ACT Agricultural Council o
Page 139 and 140:
Accommodative knowledge Convergent
Page 141 and 142:
Similarly in the CSR, there were or
Page 143 and 144:
issues in the organic sector. Lack
Page 145 and 146:
commitment to the task of developin
Page 147 and 148:
important not to dwell on negative
Page 149:
of transport, breakfast and dinners
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Sustaining Livelihoods through Organic Agriculture in Tanzania - UMB

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