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8 CAS Headquarters in Beijing CAS consists of three parts: research institutes, educational institutions, and the Academic Membership Divisions. Overview of the Chinese Academy of Sciences The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was founded on November 1, 1949, in Beijing. As a leading national academic institution, a premier advisory body in science and technology, and the largest research and development organization in natural sciences and high technologies in China, CAS consists of three parts: research institutes, educational institutions, and the Academic Membership Divisions. The academy is a ‘national team’ embodying the country’s highest ideals in science and technology (S&T), a ‘locomotive’ driving national innovation in S&T, a ‘pioneer’ in supporting nationwide S&T reform and transparency, a ‘think tank’ offering consulting services for S&T development, and a ‘big school’ cultivating S&T research talent. According to its mission statement, the academy targets the “national strategic needs and world frontiers of science,” focusing on scientific breakthroughs, innovation, and the integration of key technologies. The academy also strives to produce world-class science and to continuously make fundamental, strategic, and forwardlooking contributions to China’s economy, national security, and sustainable social development. Covering most areas of basic research, strategic advanced technologies, and issues related to public welfare, CAS comprises 98 research institutes, 11 branch Overview offices, two universities, and six supporting organizations in 23 provinces or autonomous regions throughout the country. Of the 60,600 CAS staff, approximately 7,200 are research professors and 3,200 are guest researchers. As one of the bases for national higher education, CAS built up its unique education system with the affiliated University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) and the Graduate University of CAS (GUCAS) as its core. Relying on the research institutes, CAS shares postgraduate education between the universities and research institutes, while graduate students complete their graduate programs at related institutes. Researchers from various CAS institutes are invited to USTC or GUCAS as guest professors. The USTC is a comprehensive university, with a total enrollment of 17,800, of which 10,600 are graduate students. GUCAS—with its current enrollment of 38,320—is China’s first and largest graduate school. The life-long title of CAS member is the highest academic honor in the field of science and technology in China. The membership system includes regular members, emeritus members, and foreign members, all of whom are categorized into six academic divisions: Mathematics and Physics, Chemistry, Life Sciences and Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences, Information Technological Sciences, and Technological Sciences. The academic divisions, which together function as a national scientific think tank, provide advisory and appraisal services to the government and society on major issues of the national economy, social development, and S&T progress. Currently, there are 727 regular and emeritus members plus 64 foreign members. Large, advanced S&T infrastructure is a key resource and provides a foundation for top quality scientific research. CAS has built and runs over 90% of China’s “big science” facilities. Eleven are currently in operation, including the Beijing Electron Positron Collider, the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak, and the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Facilities under construction or planned include the China Spallation Neutron Source and the Five-Hundred Meter Aperture Spherical Telescope. The academy also runs the China Ecosystem Research Network with about 150 field stations throughout the country covering ecological systems, space environment, and offshore marine sciences. Supporting countrywide research are 18 biological herbaria, a 150 terabyte scientific data storage facility, and 267 academic journals. CAS also plays a pioneering role in the high-technology industry, initiating the country’s first S&T industry park and the first private S&T enterprise, and nurturing a series of spin-off companies including the computer maker, Lenovo. In cooperation with companies, universities, and local governments, CAS has set up 29 technology-transfer or incubation centers, eight S&T parks, and over 250 joint research entities. In 2011, a total of 1,800 CAS technologies were processed through the transfer offices, with contract OF revenue of 1.7 billion yuan (US$267.9 million). The sale of over 700 CAS spin-off companies grossed 262.9 billion yuan (US$41.43 million), with pretax profits of 8.7 billion yuan (US$1.37 billion). COURTESY CAS attaches great importance to international cooperation and exchange, with the aim of establishing strategic cooperative relationships CREDIT:
CREDIT: COURTESY OF CAS Overview with premier research institutions, universities, multinational corporations, and international organizations through various mechanisms, including joint sponsorships to build research institutes, partner groups, research cooperation, and personnel exchange and training. In collaboration with the German Max Planck Society and the French Institut Pasteur, CAS has built two international institutes, the CAS-MPG Partner Institute of Computational Biology and the Institut Pasteur of Shanghai. CAS scientists initiated several international research programs, such as the Third Pole Environment, the Northwestern Pacific Ocean Circulation and Climate Experiment, and the International Ecosystem Management Partnership. CAS also took an active part in well-known global programs such as the Human Genome Program; international programs on climate change, including IGBP, IHDP, WCRP, and DIVERSITAS; and the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Program. CAS scientists conduct quality research work in such fields as chemistry, physics, material sciences, mathematics, and geology, resulting in a number of scientific achievements, including the synthesis of artificial bovine insulin, the development of the Mathematics-Mechanization Platform, the description of finite element methodology in mathematics, providing a proof that may aid in solving the Goldbach conjecture, sequencing 1% of the human genome, the development of the Godson general-purpose CPU chip, the building of the Dawning and Shenteng supercomputers, the development of scientific instruments for manned space missions and lunar exploration, the technology to convert methanol to light olefins, coal liquefaction techniques, permafrost roadbed technology CAS Institutional Map in China crucial for construction of the Qinghai-Tibet railway, and realization of the efficient and long-lived quantum memory with cold atoms inside a ring cavity. For years, CAS has been actively involved in supporting China’s modernization drive, including initiating the National High-Technology R&D Program (“863” Program), aiding in creating the national science foundation system, participating in national territorial planning, and supporting global climate change research. In 2009, the Science & Technology in China: A Roadmap to 2050 series was published, outlining major scientific issues and critical technical problems in China’s modernization process, and offering suggestions on how to resolve them to cement the role of science and technology in realizing China’s modernization goals by 2050. Rapid global development requires that CAS enhance its innovation capabilities. CAS is currently preparing a new plan called “Innovation 2020” which will succeed the Knowledge Innovation Program. This new project addresses a list of strategic S&T issues concerning national modernization across many areas, such as space, information, energy, resources, agriculture, marine science, human health, ecology and the environment, and advanced materials and manufacturing. With “reform and innovation for harmonious development” as its motto, CAS is committed to being an organization with “first-class achievements, first-class efficiency, first-class management, and first-class talent.” It is the aim of CAS to always make fundamental, strategic, and forward-thinking contributions to China’s economy, national security, and social development. 9
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