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10 CAS/In Focus The Five Hundred Meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) in Guizhou Province. Quantum communication is a new interdisciplinary research field with the potential of realizing secure communication by exploiting information theory and the physical laws of quantum mechanics. Scientific Research at CAS Research Focus and Progress at CAS Recent Progress in Basic Research Overview A primary function of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is to conduct basic scientific research to discover and understand matter in its many forms, from the subatomic level through to the scale of the universe. It also seeks to use its broad knowledge base to advance technological innovation and promote technology transfer. Fields of study include particle physics, nuclear physics, condensed matter physics, chemistry, mechanics, astronomy, and the highly interdisciplinary fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Mathematics Research at CAS covers many of the major research fields in mathematics and systems science, including number theory, algebra, geometry and topology, mathematical physics, operational research and management sciences, systems and control, probability theory and statistics, scientific computing, and computational mathematics. The National Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences (NCMIS) was founded in 2010 with the mission of combining mathematics and other sciences in a national research platform for interdisciplinary studies. Representative advances in mathematics in recent years include: the “Multiplicity One Conjecture” in infinite dimensional representation (1), the Deligne-Langlands Conjecture for affine Hecke algebras (2), hyperbolic rational maps (3), the Kadison-Singer Algebra (4,5), the Schubert Calculus (6), and the limit of the Boltzmann Equation to the Euler Equations for Riemann problems. Physics Over the last few years, global attention has been garnered by contributions from China in the field of condensed matter physics, particularly in the area of iron-based superconductors in 2008, when six different groups from CAS institutes and laboratories were involved in searching for new iron-based superconductors with higher transition temperatures. In fact, China still holds a world record for the highest transition temperature. Research achievements include the pairing mechanism of iron superconductivity and the discovery of the new materials (7–9). CAS physicists have also made important contributions to topological materials, one of the frontiers of condensed matter physics—including the theoretical and experimental demonstration of three dimensional topological insulators, such as Bi 2 Se 3 and Bi 2 Te 3 , which have become two of the most popular topological insulators (10). Work on the Bi 2 Se 3 family of insulators was first done in collaboration with physicists at Stanford University in the United States (11). Quantum communication is a new interdisciplinary research field with the potential of realizing secure communication by exploiting information theory and the physical laws of quantum mechanics. Pan Jianwei, a scientist at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), is leading the CAS Quantum Science Satellite project, the purpose of which is to explore quantum communication on a global scale. He and his team have made several pioneering achievements in the field, for example, successfully demonstrating quantum teleportation over 97 km in open air. Quantum teleportation is the process of transferring quantum information from one point to another. His group has made important developments, including an ultrabright entangled photon source; a high-frequency and high-accuracy acquiring, pointing, and tracking technique; and tailored telescope designs for satellite-based free-space transmission (12). Organic photoresponse materials and devices. CREDIT: COURTESY OF CAS
CREDIT: (FROM TOP) FROM THE HEFEI INSTITUTES OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE, CAS; FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA Research CAS/In Focus The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) Chemistry Over the past decade, CAS has worked hard to develop its research capacity in chemistry. A group from USTC, following the demonstration of single-molecule magnetism through molecular manipulation (13), succeeded in integrating two functions into one molecule (14). In addition, through resonant tuning of molecular states by nanocavity plasmons, they discovered an unusual molecular electroluminescence at the nanoscale level (15). These findings provide new insights into the functioning of single-molecule devices and nanoscale optoelectronic integration. At a supramolecular level, advances in understanding the driving forces behind the formation of nanoarchitectures has enabled the rational design of nano-patterned, hierarchical molecular assemblies, which have been further used to investigate surface host-guest chemistry, surface chirality, molecular electrochemistry, and other fundamental physiochemical properties (16–18). CAS scientists have made significant progress in studying the catalytic performance of dual catalysts (19) and in understanding the interfacial confinement (20) and morphological effects (21) of some catalytic systems. CAS chemists have also achieved a series of breakthroughs in molecular electronics. Synthesis and controllable assembly of new conjugated molecular systems (e.g., graphdiyne) have led to organic semiconductors (p- and n-types) with high mobility (>1.0 cm 2 .V -1 .S -1 ) (22, 23) and photovoltaic materials with high energy conversion efficiency (>7.0%) (24, 25). Moreover, the interfacial properties Hefei Synchrotron Light Source within organic field-effect transistors have been investigated and new technologies have been developed for low-cost, large-area, and flexible organic circuits (26). Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CAS has pioneered and played a leading role in nanoscience research in China. With its strategic deployment in the fields of nanomaterials, nanocharacterization, nanodevices, and nanobiomedicine, CAS has achieved significant progress in revealing fundamental aspects of the novel properties of a wide range of engineered nanostructures. For examples, CAS researchers have developed a series of nanostructures and multifunctional nanodevices based on carbon nanotubes (27–30); graphene (31, 32); graphdiyne (33); nanocrystalline copper with superplastic extensibility (34, 35), ultrahigh strength, and high electrical conductivity (36, 37); nanostructures for high density memory devices (38) and high efficiency solar cells (39); and drug delivery systems for cancer therapies (40). Significant progress has been made in advancing technology transfer in the energy, health, environmental, and manufacturing sectors. A series of superhydrophobic surfaces based on micro- and nanostructures have been fabricated (41, 42), leading to the invention of the nanomaterial-based green printing plate technology which has already been applied successfully in the printing industry. A nanocoating technology using room temperature vulcanization with silicone rubber capable of dirt-flashover resistance has been developed and applied 11
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