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18 CAS/In Focus Important results have been produced in atmospheric science, focusing on weather prediction and climate modeling... Ecosystem Restoration Regions: Cooperating with Eight Provinces Tarim River Basin Sources of Three Rivers Upper Reach of Minjiang River Figure 2. Ecosystem restoration regions Southwest Karst processes and their impacts, debris flows, and landslides. Through intensive work over three decades, CAS researches have provided unique scientific solutions, such as proactive cooling techniques, for maintaining the stability of the warm and icerich permafrost roadbed of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (Figure 1). Different challenges are present in dry regions. CAS scientists have developed theories and principles for the design, construction, and maintenance of desert railways and roads affected by wind action. For example, protection systems to mitigate sand erosion and supplementary measures that reduce the effects of drifting sand have ensured the smooth operation of the Baotou-Lanzhou Railway and the Tarim Desert Highway. Atmospheric Science Important results have been produced in atmospheric science, focusing on weather prediction and climate modeling, the interactive 3-D radiativedynamical-chemical-hydrological structure of the climate system, chemical atmospheric process, mechanisms and modeling, and the atmospheric environment. Example: Climate Numerical Model Fully coupled climate system models (incorporating atmosphere, ocean, and land surface), developed and refined by CAS scientists Heihe River Basin IMAR Loess Plateau Three-Gorges Reservoir Research since the 1980’s, have been shown by the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project to have advantages over other systems in simulating monsoons. In terms of short-term climate prediction, combined prediction theories, approaches, and error correction schemes have greatly improved the accuracy of inter-seasonal predictions; meanwhile, the physical processes that affect summer climate anomalies, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), have been identified, and the mechanisms for the interannual climate anomaly and the drought-flood related monsoon anomaly have been revealed. Marine science Marine science is an interdisciplinary field that employs marine biology, marine geology, marine ecology, and physical oceanography for the study of the ocean environment. CAS has developed a regional coastal observation system and outfitted six research vessels for scientists at home and abroad to carry out annual marine science expeditions. Example: Marine Physics Significant achievements have been made in marine physics, including establishing the axial symmetric theory for the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass and uncovering the “Ocean Channel” dynamics of the Indian Ocean Dipole-forced El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Additionally, CAS scientists have actively participated in international collaborative projects, such as the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere program and World Ocean Circulation Experiment. Meanwhile, they have set up an international research plan called the Northwestern Pacific Ocean Circulation and Climate Experiment, through which scientists have discovered important oceanic phenomena such as the Mindanao Undercurrent, the South China Sea Warm Current, and the Taiwan Warm Current. CREDIT: COURTESY OF CAS
CREDIT: COURTESY OF CAS Research CAS/In Focus Figure 3. Ecological rehabilitation of hydrofluctuation belt of Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Ecology and Regional Agriculture In this field, research has mainly focused on soil science and ecosystem processes based on field monitoring networks, ecological restoration, agricultural geography and regionalization, and regional agricultural technical trials and transfer. Example: Ecological Restoration and Demonstration Significant progress has been made in ecological restoration based on data from eight ecological restoration experimental regions that have been set up in fragile and at-risk areas of West China (Figure 2). Advances have been seen in understanding the mechanisms of restoration for degraded ecological systems, ecological system restoration modeling, comprehensive management and regulation of river basins, highly efficient development and exploration of water resources, and regional economic development modeling. Related technologies and models have been applied extensively in the region. The models developed provide a basis for carrying out more eco-friendly construction and economic development in West China (Figure 3). Environmental Science and Technology Research fields in this area include the study of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), environmental impact studies and regional environmental quality assessments, as well as the development of water pollution control technologies and demonstration projects, soil pollution control technologies and demonstration projects, air pollution monitoring and control technologies, and cleaner production technologies and demonstration projects. Example: Study on Persistent Organic Pollutants The results from studies on POPs have aroused wide concerns. Innovative methods for the analysis of dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other POPs have recently been developed and validated, enabling the development of state-of-the-art techniques for POPs monitoring in China. Dioxin formation during the production of pdichlorobenzene has been clarified for the first time. New mechanisms of action of the toxin pentachlorophenol and its metabolite, tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (also called p-chloranil), have been revealed through the discovery of a new pathway for the formation of the extremely reactive hydroxyl radical and a novel carbon-centered quinone ketoxy radical. The emission factor for dioxins during production of p-dichlorobenzene has been determined and has been adopted and recommended by the United Nations Environment Program to estimate dioxin emissions worldwide. In addition, the emission inventory of dioxins in China has been established, which provides a scientific basis to implement the Stockholm Convention on POPs in China. Global Climate Change China was one of the first countries to actively promote establishment of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program and several other international research programs on global climate change. Since the mid 1980s, global climate change research has been considered a priority by most of the national funding agencies and has led to fruitful scientific results, including key data and theories on the causes of global environmental change. Example: Study on Global Climate Change CAS scientists have made important contributions in this area. Data on terrestrial long-term climate changes that is on a par with marine and ice-core records has been collected. Scientists have documented a complete and continuous climate history of the Asian continent on both the tectonic and orbital timescales. Various climate data, in particular historical records and a reliable climate time line (at a resolution of years to decades), show that the 20th century may not in fact be the warmest in the past 2,000 years. Studies of the lacustrine records from Heqing have extended the history of the Indian summer monsoon back to 2.6 million years ago, providing a new understanding of glacial-interglacial Indian monsoon dynamics. Outlook Looking to the future, the research focus will be in the following areas: deep processes and lithosphere evolution; interactions among multispheres on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; models of climate systems, earth systems, and land surface process integration systems; the origin of life and evolution; and the ocean environment and ecosystems. At the same time, to meet the strategic requirements for state economic and sustainable development, special emphasis will be placed on the restoration of damaged ecosystems and restoration trials, key metallogenic theories and exploration technologies, key oil and gas exploration theories and technologies, comprehensive estimations for water resources and their efficient utilization, and offshore biological resources and marine biotechnology. 19
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