32 CAS/In Focus A view <strong>of</strong> the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility campus. SSRF Phase-I Beamlines BL08U1-A: S<strong>of</strong>t X-Ray Spectromicroscopy Beamline BL13W1: X-Ray Imaging and Biomedical Applications Beamline BL14W1: XAFS Beamline BL14B1: Diffraction Beamline BL15U1: Hard X-Ray Micro-Focusing Beamline BL16B1: Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Beamline BL17U1: Macromolecular Crystallography Beamline Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) is a third-generation medium-energy light source. It consists <strong>of</strong> a 150 MeV electron linac, a full-energy booster, a 3.5 GeV electron storage ring, and seven Phase-I beamlines and experimental stations (see table above). The SSRF storage ring, consisting <strong>of</strong> 20 lattice cells, is designed to run at a beam current <strong>of</strong> 200~300 mA in beam emittance <strong>of</strong> 3.9 nm.rad. It can provide a very bright light beam in both the s<strong>of</strong>t X-ray and hard X-ray regions, ranging from 0.1 keV to 40 keV, and a maximum brilliance <strong>of</strong> 10 20 photons/s/mm 2 / mrad 2 /0.1%BW can be produced using advanced insertion devices. Since May 2009, SSRF has provided 4,000 to 4,500 hours <strong>of</strong> beam time annually, with a beam availability <strong>of</strong> 95.7% and 97.6% in 2010 and 2011, <strong>res</strong>pectively. To date it has accepted 2,171 <strong>res</strong>earch proposals and received 3,780 individual users, with 9,710 user visits from 235 institutions. Over 400 papers have been published using SSRF data, including 12 papers in Nature, Science, and Cell, and 89 papers in other high-impact journals. SSRF has become a very important experimental platform in China for studies in structural biology, chemical and environmental sciences, condensed matter physics, materials science, nanosciences, biomedical applications, and many other multidisciplinary fields. However, the existing beam lines at SSRF are far from meeting users’ demands. New beam lines are currently under construction with further lines proposed in the future. In addition, a s<strong>of</strong>t X-ray free-electron laser facility will be built on the campus adjacent to SSRF. So far, SSRF has signed collaboration agreements with nearly 20 synchrotron radiation laboratories around the world, and is inte<strong>res</strong>ted in strengthening further international cooperation involving both the synchrotron radiation facility and its application. Contact: Dr. Hou Zhengchi, houzhengchi@ sinap.ac.cn The Guoshoujing Telescope during winter. Aperture <strong>of</strong> primary mirror Aperture <strong>of</strong> reflecting corrector Main Characteristics <strong>of</strong> LAMOST Effective aperture in diameter Research Guoshoujing Telescope The Guoshoujing Telescope, or Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST), is a quasi-meridian reflecting Schmidt telescope located in the Xinglong Station, a National Research Facility open to the astronomical community and operated by the National Astronomical Observatories <strong>of</strong> China (NAOC). Its optical system consists <strong>of</strong> a reflecting Schmidt corrector, Ma, at the northern end, a spherical primary mirror, Mb, at the southern end, and a focal plane in between. Mb has a size <strong>of</strong> 6.67 m x 6.05 m, which consists <strong>of</strong> 37 hexagonal spherical sub-mirrors, each with a diagonal diameter <strong>of</strong> 1.1 m and a thickness <strong>of</strong> 75 mm. Ma is 5.72 m x 4.40 m and consists <strong>of</strong> 24 hexagonal plane sub-mirrors with a diagonal diameter <strong>of</strong> 1.1 m and a thickness <strong>of</strong> 25 mm. The 4 m focal plane accommodates up to 4,000 fibers, which collects light from distant and faint celestial objects, al<strong>low</strong>ing several tens <strong>of</strong> thousands <strong>of</strong> spectra per night to be achieved. This is the highest spectrum acquisition rate in the world and will be a useful tool for studying the largescale structure <strong>of</strong> the universe, the structure and evolution <strong>of</strong> the Milky Way, and the cross-identification <strong>of</strong> multiwaveband surveys <strong>of</strong> celestial objects. Observation plans for the first pilot project were designed in 2011 with the help <strong>of</strong> scientists in the Center for Operation and Development <strong>of</strong> LAMOST. The pilot survey began on October 23, 2011, and by the end <strong>of</strong> 2011, 230,000 spectra across 117 observation areas were released. Contact: Dr. Wang Dan, dwang@nao.cas.cn Field <strong>of</strong> view Focal plane 6.67 m x 6.05 m 5.72 m x 4.40 m f3.6 m-4.9 m f 5° f 1.75 m Focal length Number <strong>of</strong> fibers Spectral ranges Spectral <strong>res</strong>olution 20 m 4,000 370~900 nm 1,800 Sky coverage Declination -10°~ +90° CREDITS: (FROM TOP) BY HU WEICHENG, THE SHANGHAI INSTITUTE OF APPLIED PHYSICS, CAS; COURTESY OF THE NATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES, CAS
CREDITS: (CLOCKWISE FROM TOP) COURTESY OF THE SHANGHAI INSTITUTE OF OPTICS AND FINE MECHANICS, CAS; BY LI LIANYI; THE DAYA BAY COLLABORATION Research CAS/In Focus ShenGuang-II upgrade device. Stored seeds at the Germplasm Bank <strong>of</strong> Wild Species. • Operation ability: 500 fi<strong>res</strong> per year • Operation time: >2,100 hours/year (
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