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BASIC CAPABILITIES INDEx 2011 The boom and the busted BCI values for 2011 ranged from 47.9 to 99.5, with Japan in the top position and Chad at the bottom. The global BCI has progressed between 1990 and 2011, although in general there has been a slower rate of progress between 2000 and 2011 than between 1990 and 2000. In the first decade of the xxI century, in fact, the social indicators moved up just 3 points, while world CO 2 emissions moved up to 4.6 tons per capita. World trade and per capita income grew faster in the first decade of the xxI century than the decade before, but progress against poverty slowed down. In spite of the declared commitment with poverty eradication and the Millennium Development Goals, the year 2000 was a turning point for the worse: social progress slowed down while environmental destruction accelerated. The Basic Capabilities Index (BCI) was designed by social watch as an alternative way to monitor the situation of poverty in the world. Most of the available poverty-measurement is based on the premise that poverty is a monetary phenomenon and they measure, for example, how many persons live with an income of less than one dollar a day. The BCI is an alternative non-monetary measure of poverty and well-being based on key human capabilities that are indispensable for survival and human dignity. The indicators that make up the BCI are among the most basic of those used to measure the millennium development goals (MDGs). The BCI assigns equal weight to three basic capabilities: (1) the capability to be well-nourished;(2) the capability for healthy and safe reproduction; (3) and the capability to be educated and be knowledgeable. The index is computed as the average of three indicators: 1) mortality among children under five, 2) reproductive or maternal-child health (measured by births attended by skilled health personnel), and 3) education (measured with a combination of enrolment in primary education, the proportion of children reaching fifth grade and adult literacy rate). All the indicators are expressed in percentages and they range from 0 to 100. Under-five mortality, which is usually expressed in number of deaths per thousand children born alive, is expressed as 100 minus that value. So that, for example, a value of 20 deaths per thousand becomes 2% and, when deducted from 100, yields a basic indicator value of 98. Thus, the theoretical maximum value in infant mortality is 100, which would mean that all children born alive survive until they are five years old. Reproductive health takes the maximum value 100 when all women giving birth are attended by skilled health personnel. Similarly, the education indicator registers 100 when all school age children are enrolled in education and they all attain five years of schooling. These three indicators are then averaged, so the total value of the index will vary between 0% and 100%. BCI levels BCI values for 2011 were computed for 167 countries where data are available out of the 193 member states of the United Nations. The BCI values for 2011 ranged from 47.9 to 99.5 with Japan, along with Norway, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Iceland occupying the top five positions. The top performing countries having the highest BCI are mostly from the developed world of Europe, North America and East Asia/Pacific. In contrast, the countries with the lowest BCI values are mostly from Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, with Chad at the bottom, along with Sierra Leone, Niger, Somalia and Guinea Bissau. Countries with basic BCI level have reached a reasonable level of human development and have basically met the MDG targets way ahead of the 2015 deadline. Countries with medium BCI level have achieved a certain level of momentum to address key human development concerns and have a fair chance of meeting the MDG targets by 2015. Countries with low BCI level are still struggling to provide basic serv- Social Watch 45 BCI ices for their citizens and will more likely miss the MDG targets by 2015. Countries with very low and critical BCI levels will certainly miss the MDG targets. Most of these countries, particularly those with critical BCI level, are experiencing severe economic difficulties, social unrest or wars. Some have just emerged from armed conflict and are still transitioning to normalize Government operations and public services. The number of countries with medium BCI levels increased from 44 in 1990 to 52 in 2011. Countries that have scaled up their BCI levels from low/very low to medium include the following: Algeria, Iran, The world Turns rIghT InsTead of movIng up With carbon dioxide emissions of three tons of per capita a year, Costa Rica and Uruguay have managed to lower their infant mortality to the same level of a country that emits twenty tons a year: the United States. At the same time, with the same level of emissions than Norway, South Africa has a set of social indicators similar to that of Indonesia, which consumes five times less fossil fuels. The notion that eradicating poverty and reaching basic dignity for all requires a model of development that destroys the environment is wrong. The leaders of the world made that point in Rio twenty years ago at the “Earth Summit” and stated that “the major cause of the continued deterioration of the global environment is the unsustainable pattern of consumption and production, particularly in industrialized countries (...) aggravating poverty and imbalances”. Between 1990 and 2000 the world’s index of basic capabilities improved five points (from 79 to 84) while the world per capita emissions of CO 2 actually decreased from 4.3 tons to 4.1. In the first decade of the xxI century, world CO 2 emissions moved up to 4.6 tons per capita but the social indicators only moved up 3 points (see chart 3). In spite of the declared commitment with poverty eradication and the Millennium Development Goals, the year 2000 was a turning point for the worse: social progress slowed down while environmental destruction accelerated. a losT deCade In The fIghT agaInsT poverTy World trade and per capita income grew faster in the first decade of the xxI century than the decade before, but progress against poverty slowed down. A gap widened, due to the unequal distribution of the benefits of prosperity. Now the boom years seem to give way to a bust. The vulnerable did not benefit from the accelerated growth in the economy, but they will undoubtedly suffer the most with a new contraction. The 2011 Basic Capabilities Index show that economic performance and well being of the people do not go hand in hand (see chart 4). Progress on education, health and nutrition was already too slow when gross income was growing fast. While using the latest available figures, the Index does not capture yet the whole impact of the global financial and economic crisis that started in 2008, because social indicators are gathered and published much slower than the economic numbers. Yet, social watch is receiving evidence from its members on how the crisis is burdening the most those already vulnerable and that situation can only become worse if the big industrialized countries enter into prolonged stagnation or recession.
CHART 1 BCI levels (1990, 2000 & 2011) 1990 2000 2011 CHART 2 BCI level by region (1990, 2000 & 2011) 100 90 80 70 60 50 CHART 3 1990 2000 2011 Basic Capabilities Index and Co 2 emissions by regions BCI 100 90 80 70 60 50 0 0% 2011 2011 1990 2000 19902011 2011 2011 2000 2000 2000 1990 2000 2011 1990 2000 1990 1990 World average 2011 2000 2011 1990 2000 1990 Basic 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Medium Low Very low Critical Measuring progress 46 Central Asia Europe and North America Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia and the Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Middle East & North Africa World Average 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 CO 2 emissions in tons of coal equivalent per capita World average North America European Union Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia and the Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Arab Region China 2011 1990 Social Watch 2000 CHART 4 Trade, income and basic capabilities World trade World per capita income World Basic Capabilities Index 1990 2000 2011 Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Tunisia (Middle East and North Africa); Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Maldives and Vietnam (Central, South and East Asia); and Belize, Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname (Latin America). El Salvador registered the highest increment in BCI in this group accounting for a 17 point increase for the period 1990 to 2011. In contrast, countries such as Ukraine, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Thailand have moved down from basic BCI to medium level. (See chart 1) Nineteen countries registered low BCI levels in 2011. Countries such as Bolivia, Honduras and Nicaragua in Latin America, and Cape Verde, Zimbabwe, and Swaziland in the Sub-Saharan Africa region, improved their standing from very low/critic BCI level to low BCI. Within this group of countries that registered low BCI levels, Bhutan in South Asia recorded the highest increase of 28 points, climbing up from critical to low BCI level. The number of countries in the critical BCI list has declined from 42 in 1990 to only 28 by 2011. Countries such as Benin, Cameroon, Eritrea, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania and Togo in Sub-Saharan Africa; Guatemala in Latin America; Djibouti, Egypt, Morocco and Yemen in the Middle East and North Africa; Laos and Myanmar in East Asia; and Bhutan and India in South Asia, have moved up from their previous critical BCI levels. Nonetheless, the number of countries in the critical list remains substantial especially if one considers that many poor countries with no reliable data collection system, indicating poor functioning institutions, would more likely fall in the critical BCI levels. The global BCI has progressed between 1990 and 2011, although in general there has been a slower rate of progress between 2000 and 2011 than between 1990 and 2000. In 1990, the average BCI value (population weighted) for countries with available data was 79.4. In 2000, the BCI increased by 4.9 points to 84.3. BCI further increased to 87.1 by 2011, but at a lower increment of 2.8 points – lower than the rate of increase registered in the previous decade. (See chart 2) n
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SOCIAL WATCH R E P O R T 2 0 1 2 SU
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SOCIAL WATCH REPORT 2012 The right
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Social Watch in the world SW Nation
Page 8 and 9: • GUATEMALA: CONGCOOP - Coordinac
Page 10 and 11: Española de la Educación; Movimie
Page 12 and 13: Social Watch: promoting accountabil
Page 14 and 15: Global Assembly The Global Assembly
Page 16 and 17: Table of contents The right to a fu
Page 18 and 19: The right to a future An overview o
Page 20 and 21: has similarly led to population dis
Page 22 and 23: In the current international trade
Page 24 and 25: Rio+20 and beyond: no future withou
Page 26 and 27: ated into many other international
Page 28 and 29: • Emphasizing progressive taxatio
Page 30 and 31: A compensation scheme to pay off cl
Page 32 and 33: Rio+20: implementation is the key A
Page 34 and 35: Sustainable development and a renew
Page 36 and 37: policies that have only exacerbated
Page 38 and 39: neoliberal model, it gained even mo
Page 40 and 41: Thus, the advances of the sustainab
Page 42 and 43: Networking cities that use new indi
Page 44 and 45: Green and equal: financing for sust
Page 46 and 47: fROM AID EffECTIvENESS TO TAx jUSTI
Page 48 and 49: casions, often reaching agreement.
Page 50 and 51: The indignados are asking the right
Page 52 and 53: Green jobs but no justice From the
Page 54 and 55: Human right to adequate housing and
Page 56: have its most negative impacts and
Page 62 and 63: TeChnICal noTes 1 The following are
Page 64 and 65: surviving under-5 Birth atended Chi
Page 66 and 67: education malawi 89 57 32 59 malays
Page 68 and 69: Achievement Possibility Frontiers (
Page 70 and 71: promoTIng eConomIC and soCIal rIghT
Page 72 and 73: Core Country serf Index Country Cor
Page 74 and 75: From the grassroots: NATIONAL REPOR
Page 76 and 77: Education and gender equality Accor
Page 78 and 79: - have gradually put sustainable de
Page 80 and 81: FIGURE 1 GDP - Real growth rate (%)
Page 82 and 83: diversified manner and underscored
Page 84 and 85: was re-opened shortly afterwards wi
Page 86 and 87: waste water is often polluted by hu
Page 88 and 89: “Europe is alone with its unilate
Page 90 and 91: into the atmosphere, with emissions
Page 92 and 93: The Kyoto Protocol includes an anti
Page 94 and 95: However, the Government has not tak
Page 96 and 97: One egregious example is the offici
Page 98 and 99: The grim face of militarized develo
Page 100 and 101: Cooperation Agency study stated dur
Page 102 and 103: Unemployment According to a 2009 st
Page 104 and 105: and experience their status in the
Page 106 and 107: vere reduction in productivity in t
Page 108 and 109: However, discussions about reform d
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harmful impact on the environment.
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FIGURE 1 Unemployment in Croatia me
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the Ministry of Education and Cultu
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have been more women in the judicia
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liable to arbitrary detention and c
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companies acquired State concession
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Taking a broad view, even though in
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a government which does not hesitat
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Indigenous peoples’ rights A conf
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WORLD LEVEL COMMITMENTS The world h
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A study by Diakonie, the Protestant
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TABLE 1 Trends in Forest Cover in G
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union and research groups and other
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underlying factors that generate la
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Energy consumption declining In the
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te Mitigation Action Plan for low c
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nance of an exclusionary culture in
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In terms of development cooperation
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State shall (…) ensure sustainabl
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trial effluents have caused water p
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has been a high priority, efforts a
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ment protection agency. There have
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concerning the La Parota dam since
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droughts and by modifications to na
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The question of transparency was hi
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sustainable development. Realizing
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THE COORDINADORA CIVIL TAxATION PRO
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Beach of the Atlantic Ocean. 10 Riv
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direction, implement a system for t
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lacked access to continuous water s
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According to ANAM’s Environment I
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• To promote the active participa
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is almost twice that of Latin Ameri
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The conflict in Mindanao is instruc
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postcolonialism, he writes, “The
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them. Initially this was a wide-bas
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and environmental hotspot clean-up
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the employer is not obliged to pay
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try. Research has shown that this m
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eflected in Parliament by the progr
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ASIA’S LONGEST CIVIL WAR The Sri
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TABLE 1 Summary of general educatio
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Agriculture and food security Chall
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damage and destruction to the fishi
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FIGURE 1 Increase in after-tax inco
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which unemployment decreased, since
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emissions. It is important that emi
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3%, is due not only to its small si
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The national biomass (above and bel
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