burden of deforestation, desertification, erosion of ... - Social Watch

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education malawi 89 57 32 59 malaysia 98 40 31 56 maldives 97 60 31 63 mali 35 42 19 32 malta 100 58 31 63 mauritania 69 61 28 53 mauritius 98 59 42 67 mexico 98 56 37 64 moldova 98 87 45 77 mongolia 99 94 50 81 montenegro* 0 0 0 0 morocco 72 29 19 40 mozambique 59 68 48 58 myanmar* 97 65 0 0 namibia 100 76 54 77 nepal 65 56 21 47 netherlands 100 82 56 79 new Zealand 100 83 63 82 nicaragua 100 58 64 74 niger 21 38 18 26 nigeria* 60 38 0 0 norway 100 90 78 89 oman 94 13 27 45 pakistan 55 19 14 29 panama 99 69 60 76 papua new guinea 89 88 2 60 paraguay 99 70 49 73 peru 96 69 43 69 philippines 100 67 61 76 poland 100 75 52 76 portugal 99 78 55 77 Qatar 98 53 30 60 romania 99 80 39 72 russian federation 100 81 44 75 rwanda 84 72 74 77 saudi arabia 93 4 15 37 * There are no available data on GEI. economic activity empowerment geI Social Watch 51 GEI education senegal 63 57 28 50 serbia 98 75 51 75 sierra leone 33 87 11 44 singapore 94 71 40 69 slovakia 100 75 43 73 slovenia 100 79 47 75 somalia* 0 0 0 0 south africa 98 74 66 79 spain 99 71 73 81 sri lanka 97 58 31 62 sudan 76 25 20 40 suriname* 98 62 0 swaziland 93 73 31 65 sweden 99 85 77 87 switzerland 98 80 58 79 syria 89 38 24 50 Tajikistan 74 67 13 51 Tanzania 71 68 42 60 Thailand 97 77 39 71 Togo 53 54 14 40 Trinidad and Tobago 99 72 64 78 Tunisia* 93 18 0 0 Turkey 83 34 19 45 Turkmenistan 100 73 13 62 uganda 82 59 48 63 ukraine 100 67 41 69 united arab emirates 98 49 43 63 united Kingdom 100 81 47 76 united states of america 100 69 47 72 uruguay 100 72 51 74 uzbekistan 87 71 13 57 venezuela 100 65 28 64 viet nam 95 75 41 70 yemen 30 40 2 24 Zambia 78 49 18 49 Zimbabwe 88 57 21 55 economic activity empowerment geI
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS FULFILLMENT INDEx (SERF) a new human rights approach Countries have a duty to progressively realize economic and social rights to the maximum of available resources. This means that assessing the extent of each State’s obligation requires specifying what is reasonably feasible to achieve using best policy and technological practices. Measuring economic and social rights fulfillment requires considering the perspectives of both the rightsholding individual and the duty-bearing government. The composite SERF Index does this and is comprised of separate scores for each economic and social right considered, and estimates obligations for progressive realization by using an innovative approach that maps an ‘achievement possibilities frontier’. Although other human rights indices exist, almost all focus on civil and political rights, while the new Social and Economic Rights Fulfillment Index (SERF Index) provides a means of determining the extent to which countries are meeting their obligations to fulfil five of the substantive human rights enumerated in The International Covenant of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR): the right to food, the right to adequate shelter, the right to healthcare, the right to education, and the right to decent work 1 . What makes the SERF Index methodology unique is the construction of Achievement Possibilities Frontiers (APFs) which specify each country’s level of obligation for progressive realization with regard to the various aspects of each economic and social right considered. Moreover, many human rights and governance measures rely on subjective information, using expert opinion to rate conditions in countries. This raises issues about who is making these judgements, what criteria are used, who is publishing the indices for what purpose, and local advocacy groups replicating the measures. Aware of these pitfalls, the SERF Index uses survey based quantitative data series, published by international agencies that assure comparability across countries and that is readily accessible through the internet. The serf methodology 2 States bear the primary responsibility for the realization of the rights of citizens and individuals residing within their borders. States have a three-fold responsibility – to protect, respect, and fulfill rights – and with respect to each, obligations for conduct 1 United Nations (1966) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Adopted 16 Dec. 1966, General Assembly Res. 2200 (xxI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force 3 Jan. 1976). 2 A full discussion of the SERF Index and the methodology underlying its construction can be found in the following papers all available from the Economic and Social Rights Empowerment Initiative’s website, Fukuda-Parr, Lawson-Remer, and Randolph, “An Index of Economic and Social Rights fulfillment: Concept and Methodology”, Journal of Human Rights, 8: 195-221, (2009); Randolph, Fukuda-Parr, and Lawson-Remer, “Economic and Social Rights Fulfillment Index: Country Scores and Rankings,” Journal of Human Rights, 9: 230-61, (2010); and Fukuda-Parr, Lawson-Remer, and Randolph, SERF index Methodology Version 2011.1: Technical Note. TABLE 1 Indicators of Core rights social/ economic right Core serf Index high-Income oeCd serf Index Right to Food % Children under 5 not stunted % infants without low birth weight Right to Education Primary School Completion Rates Combined Gross School Enrollment Rates Right to Health Under 5 Survival rate (%) Age 65 Survival rate Contraception Use rate Right to Adequate Housing % Rural Population with Access to Improved Water Source % Population with Access to Improved Sanitation Right to Decent Work % with income >$2 (2005 PPP$) per day as well as obligations of result. Composite SERF Index scores are comprised of separate scores on each economic and social right considered. The SERF methodology draws on international law – in addition to the ICESR, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the General Comments of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), reports of Special Rapporteurs, and reports of relevant task forces, seminars, and working groups, to define relevant aspects of substantive economic and social rights guaranteed under the ICESCR as well as the obligations of State Parties to the Covenant. When considering any given aspect of an economic or social right, two pieces of information are compared: 1) the level of achievement on a socio-economic indicator reflecting fulfillment of the aspect of the socio-economic right concerned, and 2) the level of achievement feasible on the socioeconomic indicator concerned given the country’s resource capacity. Standard Socio-Economic Indicators Measure the Extent of Rights Enjoyment The General Comments of the CESCR single out six substantive rights – food, adequate shelter, healthcare, education, decent work and social security – and expand on the relevant aspects of each right. The selection of indicators of rights enjoyment for the SERF Index involved translating the narrative of the legal documents into specific aspects of rights, Measuring progress 52 Social Watch Combined Gross School Enrollment Rates Average Math and Science PISA scores Under 5 Survival rate Age 65 Survival rate Data Not Available Right to Social Security Data Not Available Data Not Available % with Income > 50% median income % Unemployed not Long Term Unemployed the enjoyment of which can be quantitatively measured using socio-economic indicators. A number of criteria governed the selection of indicators used to construct the SERF Index, beyond making sure the indicators adequately reflected the right aspect of concern. First, selected indicators had to be based on reliable data, measured with objective methods, legitimately comparable over time and across countries, and publicly accessible. Second, indicators were selected to reflect the current challenges to fulfillment of a given right for the context at hand and not to encompass all aspects of each right. Bellwether indicators sensitive to a variety of relevant challenges were prioritized over multiple distinct indicators of each relevant aspect of a right. Further, emphasis was placed on selecting indicators that discriminate well between degrees of enjoyment in the context at hand. Some of the indicators relevant to high income OECD countries differ from those relevant to developing countries. For example, an indicator of the quality of education is much more relevant to high income OECD countries than an indicator of the proportion of children attending or completing primary school. Further, the latter does not discriminate between levels of enjoyment of the right to education in high income OECD countries. As a result, the SERF Index is actually a pair of indices, the Core SERF Index covering most countries, and a supplementary index, the SERF Index for High Income OECD Countries.
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SOCIAL WATCH R E P O R T 2 0 1 2 SU
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SOCIAL WATCH REPORT 2012 The right
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Social Watch in the world SW Nation
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• GUATEMALA: CONGCOOP - Coordinac
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Española de la Educación; Movimie
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Social Watch: promoting accountabil
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Global Assembly The Global Assembly
Page 16 and 17: Table of contents The right to a fu
Page 18 and 19: The right to a future An overview o
Page 20 and 21: has similarly led to population dis
Page 22 and 23: In the current international trade
Page 24 and 25: Rio+20 and beyond: no future withou
Page 26 and 27: ated into many other international
Page 28 and 29: • Emphasizing progressive taxatio
Page 30 and 31: A compensation scheme to pay off cl
Page 32 and 33: Rio+20: implementation is the key A
Page 34 and 35: Sustainable development and a renew
Page 36 and 37: policies that have only exacerbated
Page 38 and 39: neoliberal model, it gained even mo
Page 40 and 41: Thus, the advances of the sustainab
Page 42 and 43: Networking cities that use new indi
Page 44 and 45: Green and equal: financing for sust
Page 46 and 47: fROM AID EffECTIvENESS TO TAx jUSTI
Page 48 and 49: casions, often reaching agreement.
Page 50 and 51: The indignados are asking the right
Page 52 and 53: Green jobs but no justice From the
Page 54 and 55: Human right to adequate housing and
Page 56: have its most negative impacts and
Page 60 and 61: BASIC CAPABILITIES INDEx 2011 The b
Page 62 and 63: TeChnICal noTes 1 The following are
Page 64 and 65: surviving under-5 Birth atended Chi
Page 68 and 69: Achievement Possibility Frontiers (
Page 70 and 71: promoTIng eConomIC and soCIal rIghT
Page 72 and 73: Core Country serf Index Country Cor
Page 74 and 75: From the grassroots: NATIONAL REPOR
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Page 78 and 79: - have gradually put sustainable de
Page 80 and 81: FIGURE 1 GDP - Real growth rate (%)
Page 82 and 83: diversified manner and underscored
Page 84 and 85: was re-opened shortly afterwards wi
Page 86 and 87: waste water is often polluted by hu
Page 88 and 89: “Europe is alone with its unilate
Page 90 and 91: into the atmosphere, with emissions
Page 92 and 93: The Kyoto Protocol includes an anti
Page 94 and 95: However, the Government has not tak
Page 96 and 97: One egregious example is the offici
Page 98 and 99: The grim face of militarized develo
Page 100 and 101: Cooperation Agency study stated dur
Page 102 and 103: Unemployment According to a 2009 st
Page 104 and 105: and experience their status in the
Page 106 and 107: vere reduction in productivity in t
Page 108 and 109: However, discussions about reform d
Page 110 and 111: harmful impact on the environment.
Page 112 and 113: FIGURE 1 Unemployment in Croatia me
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have been more women in the judicia
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liable to arbitrary detention and c
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companies acquired State concession
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Taking a broad view, even though in
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a government which does not hesitat
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Indigenous peoples’ rights A conf
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WORLD LEVEL COMMITMENTS The world h
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A study by Diakonie, the Protestant
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TABLE 1 Trends in Forest Cover in G
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union and research groups and other
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underlying factors that generate la
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Energy consumption declining In the
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te Mitigation Action Plan for low c
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nance of an exclusionary culture in
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In terms of development cooperation
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State shall (…) ensure sustainabl
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trial effluents have caused water p
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has been a high priority, efforts a
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ment protection agency. There have
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concerning the La Parota dam since
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droughts and by modifications to na
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The question of transparency was hi
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sustainable development. Realizing
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THE COORDINADORA CIVIL TAxATION PRO
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Beach of the Atlantic Ocean. 10 Riv
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direction, implement a system for t
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lacked access to continuous water s
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According to ANAM’s Environment I
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• To promote the active participa
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is almost twice that of Latin Ameri
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The conflict in Mindanao is instruc
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postcolonialism, he writes, “The
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them. Initially this was a wide-bas
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and environmental hotspot clean-up
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the employer is not obliged to pay
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try. Research has shown that this m
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eflected in Parliament by the progr
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ASIA’S LONGEST CIVIL WAR The Sri
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TABLE 1 Summary of general educatio
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Agriculture and food security Chall
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damage and destruction to the fishi
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FIGURE 1 Increase in after-tax inco
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which unemployment decreased, since
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emissions. It is important that emi
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3%, is due not only to its small si
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The national biomass (above and bel
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