Vertical flow constructed wetlands for the treatment of inorganic ...

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Table of Contents Items derived from this study ................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... iii Abstract ................................................................................................................................. v Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Industrial wastewaters ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment ................................................................ 2 1.3 Benefits of using constructed wetlands ............................................................................... 3 1.4 Scope of this thesis ............................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2: Literature Review .................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Initial constructed wetland research .................................................................................... 8 2.2 Types of constructed wetlands ............................................................................................. 8 2.3 Common uses of constructed wetlands ............................................................................. 11 2.4 Pollutant removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands .................................................. 13 2.5 Treatment of saline wastewaters ....................................................................................... 33 2.6 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 38 Chapter 3: Salinity impact on nitrification and on the ammonia oxidising bacterial community in vertical flow constructed wetlands treating inorganic industrial wastewater ................... 39 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 39 3.2 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................... 40 3.3 Results ................................................................................................................................ 50 3.4 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 73 3.5 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 79 Chapter 4: Nitrification and denitrification in semi-saturated sand filters: Effect of salinity and dosing of external carbon ..................................................................................................... 81 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 81 4.2 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................... 82 4.3 Results and discussion ........................................................................................................ 87 4.4 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 99 Chapter 5: Combining industrial wastewaters to improve nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands: Effect of external carbon on denitrification .........................................................100 5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 100 5.2 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................... 102 5.3 Results and Discussion ...................................................................................................... 104 5.4. Conclusions and Outlook ................................................................................................. 112 viii
Chapter 6: Heavy metals in a constructed wetland treating industrial wastewater: Distribution in the sediment and rhizome tissue ................................................................. 113 6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 113 6.2 Study Site and Methods ................................................................................................... 114 6.3 Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 117 6.4 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 124 Chapter 7: Nitrogen removal and ammonia-oxidising bacteria in a vertical flow constructed wetland treating inorganic wastewater .............................................................................. 125 7.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 125 7.2 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................... 126 7.3 Results and discussion ..................................................................................................... 129 7.4 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 136 Chapter 8: Design and monitoring of vertical flow constructed wetlands for ammonia removal: Performance in the first year of operation ........................................................... 137 8.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 137 8.2 Materials and methods .................................................................................................... 138 8.3 Results and discussion ..................................................................................................... 148 8.4 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 153 Chapter 9: Conclusions and further research ....................................................................... 154 References .......................................................................................................................... 156 Appendices ......................................................................................................................... 172 Appendix A: Particle size and permeability of sand ............................................................... 172 Appendix B: Results from TaqI and HaeIII based T-RFLP of the amoA gene ......................... 174 Appendix C. Complementary results for Chapter 5 ............................................................... 181 ix
Page 1: Vertical flow constructed wetlands
Page 4 and 5: 1. Journal articles: Items derived
Page 6 and 7: Berryman and Frances Brigg provided
Page 8 and 9: The feasibility of using carbon ric
Page 13 and 14: 1.1 Industrial wastewaters Chapter
Page 15 and 16: eneficial as long as the water is t
Page 17 and 18: 1.4 Scope of this thesis The main r
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 8 describes the design rati
Page 21 and 22: similar to aerobic ponds, usually s
Page 23 and 24: 2.3 Common uses of constructed wetl
Page 25 and 26: These systems favour settling of su
Page 27 and 28: Total organic carbon (TOC) determin
Page 29 and 30: organically bound N is called ammon
Page 31 and 32: Biochemically equation 2.11 is subd
Page 33 and 34: oxidised. External carbon sources s
Page 35 and 36: 2009) in FWS wetlands, and also oxy
Page 37 and 38: intensive (Reed et al., 1995). Harv
Page 39 and 40: limited because they only allow the
Page 41 and 42: whose distribution followed a clear
Page 43 and 44: The concentration of heavy metal io
Page 45 and 46: Metal carbonates: When the concentr
Page 47 and 48: and 8.3g Na2SO4/L. The authors attr
Page 49 and 50: therefore were selected for a 97 da
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 3: Salinity impact on nitri
Page 53 and 54: associated with the reduced number
Page 55 and 56: 2000). The theoretical HRT is the a
Page 57 and 58: 3.2.3 Water sampling and analysis W
Page 59 and 60: Table 3.1: Sediment sampling dates
Page 61 and 62:
threshold calculation suggested by
Page 63 and 64:
18 days. The plants in T2 wetlands,
Page 65 and 66:
Even though known amounts of sea sa
Page 67 and 68:
3.3.3.1 Ammonia removal Ammonia rem
Page 69 and 70:
NH 3-N (mg/L) 160 140 120 100 80 60
Page 71 and 72:
attempted to be answered in one of
Page 73 and 74:
During Phase I, the overall average
Page 75 and 76:
NH3-Nconcentration out (mg/L) Figur
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to the literature, some peaks have
Page 79 and 80:
3.3.5.2.1 Control wetland TRFLP ana
Page 81 and 82:
% of total peak area 100 90 80 70 6
Page 83 and 84:
% of total peak area 100 90 80 70 6
Page 85 and 86:
3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Plant health S
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ones reported by Kantawanichkul et
Page 89 and 90:
Chen et al. (2003) observed nitrite
Page 91 and 92:
Ward et al. (2000) found that in th
Page 93 and 94:
Chapter 4: Nitrification and denitr
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 4.1: Experimental set up dem
Page 97 and 98:
of sediment was performed through t
Page 99 and 100:
4.2.7 Data analysis Microsoft Excel
Page 101 and 102:
4.3.2.2 NO3-N Effluent nitrate conc
Page 103 and 104:
The load vs concentration chart pre
Page 105 and 106:
Because the influent pump did not d
Page 107 and 108:
increased during the first two week
Page 109 and 110:
clear seasonal variation in nosZ ge
Page 111 and 112:
4.4 Conclusions The unplanted semi
Page 113 and 114:
Fick 1997; Ingersoll and Baker, 199
Page 115 and 116:
Both systems were planted with nati
Page 117 and 118:
A B C Figure 5.2: A. Containers hol
Page 119 and 120:
5.3.1.1 Implications of storage for
Page 121 and 122:
NO 3-N (mg/L) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 123 and 124:
COD (mg/L) 600 500 400 300 200 100
Page 125 and 126:
Chapter 6: Heavy metals in a constr
Page 127 and 128:
Figure 6.1: Photo of the constructe
Page 129 and 130:
potassium, phosphorus, sulphur and
Page 131 and 132:
Table 6.2: Mean (standard deviation
Page 133 and 134:
values are comparable to the Aqua R
Page 135 and 136:
On a dry weight basis, macrophyte r
Page 137 and 138:
Chapter 7: Nitrogen removal and amm
Page 139 and 140:
etween the sand surface and 0.3m ab
Page 141 and 142:
profiles were analysed using Genema
Page 143 and 144:
Table 7.1: Monthly total flows, ave
Page 145 and 146:
clones S8-sludge and S9-sand which
Page 147 and 148:
specific 119bp OTU. Even though N.
Page 149 and 150:
Chapter 8: Design and monitoring of
Page 151 and 152:
VF wetlands operated in parallel in
Page 153 and 154:
8.2.1.1.4 Distribution/collection p
Page 155 and 156:
Figure 8.4: Wetland cell 1 on the f
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 8.7: Cell 2 being tested at
Page 159 and 160:
on Figure 8.7. Within a year vegeta
Page 161 and 162:
NH3-N Load (kg/d) 900 800 700 600 5
Page 163 and 164:
The same strong positive correlatio
Page 165 and 166:
construction and planting costs, in
Page 167 and 168:
Considering the findings and limita
Page 169 and 170:
Brant A.H., Jagoe C.H., Kelsey-Wall
Page 171 and 172:
Crites, R., Tchobanoglous, G. (1998
Page 173 and 174:
Gorra, R., Coci, M., Ambrosoli, R.
Page 175 and 176:
Kadlec, R.H., Bastiaens, W.V. and U
Page 177 and 178:
eactors. WEFTEC 79th Annual Technic
Page 179 and 180:
16S rRNA and amoA sequence analysis
Page 181 and 182:
Sun, G. and Austin, D. (2007). Comp
Page 183 and 184:
Wu, Y., Tam, N.F.Y. and Wong, M.H.
Page 185 and 186:
Figure A2: Permeability of the sand
Page 187 and 188:
Treatment 1 wetland Dec-08 Mar-09 A
Page 189 and 190:
Comparison of Surface samples from
Page 191 and 192:
Treatment 1 wetland Mar-09 Figure B
Page 193 and 194:
Appendix C. Complementary results f
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