Vertical flow constructed wetlands for the treatment of inorganic ...

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of constructed wetlands used for industrial wastewater treatment can be seen in Table 2.1 below: Table 2.1: Examples of CWs treating industrial wastewater Low organic load Acid coal mine drainage Spain (Ramirez Masferrer, 2002) Metal ores mine drainage Ireland (O’Sullivan et al., 2004) Metallurgic industry Argentina (Maine et al., 2007) Refinery process waters U.S (Litchfield & Schatz, 1989) Paper and pulp wastewaters* U.S. (Tettleton, et al., 1993) Fertiliser and chemical manufacturer High organic load Australia (Domingos et al., 2007, 2008) Dairy effluents Italy (Mantovi et al., 2003) Winery effluents US/italy (Shepherd et al., 2001; Masi et al., 2002) Meat processing Australia (Kurup, 2007) Potato processing US (Burgoon et al., 1999) Tannery Portugal (Calheiros et al., 2007) Olive oil Greece (Grafias et al., 2010) Sugar mill Brazil (Salati et al., 1999) *Paper and pulp mill wastewater can have high organic load content. 2.3.3. Storm water runoff Stormwater runoff is surface water resultant from rain events. Uncontrolled urban stormwater has been identified as a major contributor to non point source pollution of surface waters and shallow aquifers. Concentrations and loads of pollutants can range from high, in heavily developed industrialised and urban areas, to low in undeveloped areas and parkland. In order to address surface and ground water pollution stormwater management has gained special attention in recent years (Reed et al., 2005; DEC, 2004b). As a result, best management practices (BMPs) to control the quantity and quality of runoff have been implemented in Australia, Europe and United States (DEC, 2004b; Scholes et al., 1999; Kadlec and Wallace, 2009). These practices include the incorporation of pervious surfaces in urban landscapes, construction of swales, ponds and treatment wetlands. The main type of constructed wetland applied in runoff treatment is FWS, which can be unlined to allow aquifer recharge or lined to prevent seepage to groundwater. 12
These systems favour settling of suspended solids and transformation of dissolved pollutants prior to discharge. Reed et al. (1995) state that stormwater wetlands usually include a combination of deep ponds and shallow marshes, additionally wet meadows and shrub areas can be present. Wetlands and ponds can also be used to collect and store stormwater during the rainy season and allow controlled discharges during dry periods. The hydraulic characteristics and therefore design rationale of stormwater wetlands differ from other wetlands such as those treating domestic, municipal or industrial effluents. The main difference is that stormwater wetlands are event based systems receiving irregular flows as consequence of rain patters and storm events. Wetlands treating domestic, municipal and industrial wastewaters, on the other hand, tend to have more regular inflows throughout the year. Flow variations in these systems either reflect human daily and seasonal water use patterns in domestic and municipal systems or process water usage in industrial systems. The full scale VFCWs at CSBP Ltd, analysed in the case study component of this thesis (Chapters 6 to 8), are subject to more or less regular inflows generated at the production and processing facilities of the industry and also to irregular stormwater flows which vary according to the local climate. These regular and irregular flow conditions have implications on the performance of these systems; such implications will be further discussed in Chapters 6, 7 and 8. 2.4 Pollutant removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands Removal of pollutants from wastewater is essential for the protection and maintenance of receiving aquatic environments. In order to avoid depreciation of water resources, regulating government agencies are setting increasingly more stringent pollutant levels in discharged waters. In an attempt to meet licensed discharge criteria the wastewater industry realises that the use of cost-effective and environmentally friendly technologies such as constructed wetlands play an important role in pollutant removal. With the ability to mimic nature and yet being an engineered system, key parameters such as hydraulic loading rate (HLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT), pH, 13
Page 1: Vertical flow constructed wetlands
Page 4 and 5: 1. Journal articles: Items derived
Page 6 and 7: Berryman and Frances Brigg provided
Page 8 and 9: The feasibility of using carbon ric
Page 10 and 11: Table of Contents Items derived fro
Page 13 and 14: 1.1 Industrial wastewaters Chapter
Page 15 and 16: eneficial as long as the water is t
Page 17 and 18: 1.4 Scope of this thesis The main r
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 8 describes the design rati
Page 21 and 22: similar to aerobic ponds, usually s
Page 23: 2.3 Common uses of constructed wetl
Page 27 and 28: Total organic carbon (TOC) determin
Page 29 and 30: organically bound N is called ammon
Page 31 and 32: Biochemically equation 2.11 is subd
Page 33 and 34: oxidised. External carbon sources s
Page 35 and 36: 2009) in FWS wetlands, and also oxy
Page 37 and 38: intensive (Reed et al., 1995). Harv
Page 39 and 40: limited because they only allow the
Page 41 and 42: whose distribution followed a clear
Page 43 and 44: The concentration of heavy metal io
Page 45 and 46: Metal carbonates: When the concentr
Page 47 and 48: and 8.3g Na2SO4/L. The authors attr
Page 49 and 50: therefore were selected for a 97 da
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 3: Salinity impact on nitri
Page 53 and 54: associated with the reduced number
Page 55 and 56: 2000). The theoretical HRT is the a
Page 57 and 58: 3.2.3 Water sampling and analysis W
Page 59 and 60: Table 3.1: Sediment sampling dates
Page 61 and 62: threshold calculation suggested by
Page 63 and 64: 18 days. The plants in T2 wetlands,
Page 65 and 66: Even though known amounts of sea sa
Page 67 and 68: 3.3.3.1 Ammonia removal Ammonia rem
Page 69 and 70: NH 3-N (mg/L) 160 140 120 100 80 60
Page 71 and 72: attempted to be answered in one of
Page 73 and 74: During Phase I, the overall average
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NH3-Nconcentration out (mg/L) Figur
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to the literature, some peaks have
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3.3.5.2.1 Control wetland TRFLP ana
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% of total peak area 100 90 80 70 6
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% of total peak area 100 90 80 70 6
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3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Plant health S
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ones reported by Kantawanichkul et
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Chen et al. (2003) observed nitrite
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Ward et al. (2000) found that in th
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Chapter 4: Nitrification and denitr
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Figure 4.1: Experimental set up dem
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of sediment was performed through t
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4.2.7 Data analysis Microsoft Excel
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4.3.2.2 NO3-N Effluent nitrate conc
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The load vs concentration chart pre
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Because the influent pump did not d
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increased during the first two week
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clear seasonal variation in nosZ ge
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4.4 Conclusions The unplanted semi
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Fick 1997; Ingersoll and Baker, 199
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Both systems were planted with nati
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A B C Figure 5.2: A. Containers hol
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5.3.1.1 Implications of storage for
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NO 3-N (mg/L) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
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COD (mg/L) 600 500 400 300 200 100
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Chapter 6: Heavy metals in a constr
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Figure 6.1: Photo of the constructe
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potassium, phosphorus, sulphur and
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Table 6.2: Mean (standard deviation
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values are comparable to the Aqua R
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On a dry weight basis, macrophyte r
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Chapter 7: Nitrogen removal and amm
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etween the sand surface and 0.3m ab
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profiles were analysed using Genema
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Table 7.1: Monthly total flows, ave
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clones S8-sludge and S9-sand which
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specific 119bp OTU. Even though N.
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Chapter 8: Design and monitoring of
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VF wetlands operated in parallel in
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8.2.1.1.4 Distribution/collection p
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Figure 8.4: Wetland cell 1 on the f
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Figure 8.7: Cell 2 being tested at
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on Figure 8.7. Within a year vegeta
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NH3-N Load (kg/d) 900 800 700 600 5
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The same strong positive correlatio
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construction and planting costs, in
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Considering the findings and limita
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Brant A.H., Jagoe C.H., Kelsey-Wall
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Crites, R., Tchobanoglous, G. (1998
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Gorra, R., Coci, M., Ambrosoli, R.
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Kadlec, R.H., Bastiaens, W.V. and U
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eactors. WEFTEC 79th Annual Technic
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16S rRNA and amoA sequence analysis
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Sun, G. and Austin, D. (2007). Comp
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Wu, Y., Tam, N.F.Y. and Wong, M.H.
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Figure A2: Permeability of the sand
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Treatment 1 wetland Dec-08 Mar-09 A
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Comparison of Surface samples from
Page 191 and 192:
Treatment 1 wetland Mar-09 Figure B
Page 193 and 194:
Appendix C. Complementary results f
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